Gene doping 887836 177091622 2007-12-10T23:23:03Z ClueBot 4928500 Reverting possible vandalism by [[Special:Contributions/75.47.65.34]] to version by Freshapples. If this is a mistake, [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|report it]]. Thanks, [[User:ClueBot|ClueBot]]. (113508) (Bot) '''Gene doping''' is defined by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] as "the non-therapeutic use of [[cell (biology)|cell]]s, [[genes]], genetic elements, or of the modulation of [[gene expression]], having the capacity to improve athletic performance". [http://www.wada-ama.org/docs/web/research_science/prohibited_substances/2005%20list/list_2005.pdf] A complex [[ethical]] and [[philosophical]] issue develops on what exactly defines "gene doping", especially in the context of [[bioethical]] debates about [[human enhancement]].<ref name="Miah 2004">{{cite book| author = [[Andy Miah|Miah, Andy]]| title = Genetically Modified Athletes: Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping and Sport| publisher = Routledge| year = 2004| id = ISBN 0-415-29880-6}}</ref> An example of gene doping would involve the non-therapeutic use of [[gene therapy|gene therapies]] used to treat muscle-wasting disorders and which will soon be entering human [[clinical trials]]. Among these are therapies that give patients a [[synthetic gene]], which can last for years, producing high amounts of naturally occurring muscle-building [[hormone]]s such as [[insulinlike growth factor I]] (IGF-I). The chemicals are indistinguishable from their natural counterparts and are only generated locally in the affected tissue. Nothing unusual enters the [[bloodstream]], so officials will detect nothing in a [[blood test|blood]] or [[urine test]]. With the possibility of introducing completely new synthetic genes in addition the thousands of existing genes available for [[Gene expression|overexpression]], gene therapy (and therefore gene doping) is limited only by the current level of genetic knowledge and the imagination of researchers. The historical development of policy associated with gene doping began in 2001 when the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) Medical Commission met to discuss the implications of gene therapy for sport. It was shortly followed by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA), which met in 2002 to discuss genetic enhancement at the [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] in New York. Also in 2002, the United States [[The President's Council on Bioethics|President’s Council on Bioethics]] met twice to discuss the ethics of genetic technology related to sport. In 2003, WADA decided to include a prohibition of [[gene doping]] within their [[World Anti-Doping Code]], which is formalised in its 2004 World Anti-Doping Code. As well, the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (AAAS) met in 2003 and 2004 to discuss the science and ethics of gene transfer technology for sport. The [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) has already asked scientists to help find ways to prevent gene therapy from becoming the newest means of doping. In December 2005, the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] hosted its second landmark meeting on gene doping, which took place in Stockholm. At this meeting, the delegates drafted a declaration on gene doping which, for the first time, included a strong discouragement on the use of genetic testing for performance. The first product to be associated with genetic doping emerged on the approach to the [[2006 Winter Olympics|Turin 2006 Olympic Winter Games]], where [[repoxygen]] was discussed as a possible substance in use at the Games. ==See also== *[[Doping (sport)|Doping]] *[[Gene therapy]] *[[World Anti-Doping Agency]] ==References== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==External links== *[http://www.msu.edu/~folandwa/gd_index.html Gene Doping Documentary from Michigan State University] *[http://www.wada-ama.org/en/t1.asp World Anti-Doping Agency Website] *[http://www.GMathletes.net Genetically Modified Athletes: Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping and Sport (Routledge, 2004)], by [[Andy Miah]] *[http://www.bioethicsport.org.uk Bioethics & Sport Blog] *[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa008&articleID=000E7ACE-5686-10CF-94EB83414B7F0000&pageNumber=3&catID=2 Scientific American July 2004 - Gene Doping] *[http://www.media.paisley.ac.uk/andymiah/Miah2002GeneDopingGlasaBk.pdf Miah, A. (2003) Gene Doping: Sport, Values & Bioethics. In Glasa, J. (Ed.) The Ethics of Human Genetics. Strasburg, Council of Europe, pp.171-180] *[http://www.fast.paisley.ac.uk Forum for the Analysis of Sport Technology] *[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000E7ACE-5686-10CF-94EB83414B7F0000 Scientific American Magazine (July 2004 Issue) Gene Doping] * The social aspects of Gene Doping is discussed in the [http://www.rusiriusradio.com/2007/06/29/show-117-weekend-edition-cyborgs-revolution-steve-wozniak/ RU Sirius Show #117 6.29.07] with Steve Wozniak and WorldChanger Jamais Cascio. [[Category:Applied genetics]] [[Category:Health risks]] [[de:Gendoping]] [[no:Gendoping]]