Genna
1090977
217351366
2008-06-05T17:33:12Z
79.136.60.9
iw:sv
{{for|the crime family|Genna (crime family)}}
{{nihongo|'''Genna'''|元和}} was a {{nihongo|[[Japanese era name]]|年号,|''nengō'',|lit. "[[year]]" name"}} after ''[[Keichō]]'' and before ''[[Kan'ei]].'' This period spanned the years from [[1615]] to [[1624]]. The reigning emperor was {{nihongo|[[Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan|Go-Mizunoo]]''-tennō''|後水尾天皇}}.<ref>Tittsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 410-411.</ref>
==Change of era==
* {{nihongo|'''''Genna gannen'''''|元和元年}}; [[1615]]: The era name was changed to mark the enthronement of [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan|Go-Mizunuoo]] and because of disasters such as the {{nihongo|[[Siege of Osaka]]|大坂の役,|''Ōsaka-no-eki''}}, or more commonly -- {{nihongo|Siege of Osaka|大坂の陣,|''Ōsaka-no-jin''}}. The old era ended and a new one commenced in ''Keichō'' 20.
The Siege of Osaka was a series of battles undertaken by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] against the [[Toyotomi clan]], and ending in that clan's destruction. Divided into two stages (Winter Campaign and Summer Campaign), and lasting from [[1614]] through [[1615]], the siege put an end to the last major armed opposition to the establishment of an enduring Tokugawa shogunate. The end of this period of fighting is also sometimes called the {{nihongo|[[Seige of Osaka|Genna Armistice]]|元和偃武,|''Genna-enbu''}} because the [[Japanese era name|era name]] was changed from ''[[Keichō]]'' to ''Genna'' immediately following its ultimate resolution.
By order of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], the era name of [[Emperor Xianzong of Tang|Emperor Xianzong]] of [[Tang]] [[China]] was adopted.
==Events of the ''Genna'' era==
* '''''Genna 1''''' ([[1615]]): [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] and his son, Shogun Hidetada, marched again to Osaka Castle, which was captured and burned; but Hideyori managed to flee to Satsuma where he had prepared a refuge in advance.<ref name="t410">Titsingh, p. 410.</ref>
* '''''Genna 1''''', on the 9th day of the 7th month ([[September 1]], [[1615]]): Ieyasu pulled down Hōkoku-jinja.<ref name="p317">Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869,'' p. 317.</ref>
* '''''Genna 1''''', on the 28th day of the 7th month ([[1615]]): Ieyasu promulgated the ''Genna-rei'' in 17 clauses.<ref name="p317">[see above]</ref>
* '''''Genna 2''''', on the 17th day of the 4th month ([[1616]]): Ieyasu died at [[Suruga]].<ref name="t410">Titsingh, p. 410.</ref>
* '''''Genna 3''''', on the 26th day of the 8th month ([[1617]]): Former-[[Emperor Go-Yōzei]] died. He is buried at [[Nikkō]].<ref name="t410">Titsingh, p. 410.</ref>
* '''''Genna 4''''', in the 8th month ([[1618]]): A comet appeared in the sky.<ref name="t410">Titsingh, p. 410.</ref>
* '''''Genna 6''''', on the 6th day of the 6th month ([[July 15]], [[1620]]): The emperor was married to [[Tokugawa Kazuko]], the daughter of Shogun Hidetada; and also in that year.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 317; Titsingh, p. 410.</ref>
* '''''Genna 6''''' ([[1620]]): There were severe fires in Mikayo on the 30th day of the 2nd month and on the 4th day of the 3rd month.<ref name="t410">Titsingh, p. 410.</ref>
* '''''Genna 9''''', on the 12th day of the 8th month ([[September 6]], [[1623]]): the ''bakufu'' raised the Imperial maintenance allowance by 10,000 ''koku''.<ref name="p317">[see above]</ref>
* '''''Genna 9''''' ([[1623]]): [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]], son of Hidetada, came to the court of the emperor where he was created Shogun.<ref name="t410">Titsingh, p. 410.</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
* Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A.B. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869.'' Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
* Screech, Timon. (2006). ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822.'' London: [[RoutledgeCurzon]]. ISBN 0-700-71720-X
* Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/[[Hayashi Gahō]], 1652], ''[[Nipon o daï itsi ran]]; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. [[Julius Klaproth|Klaproth]].'' Paris: [[Royal Asiatic Society|Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ... Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)]
===External links===
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]
<center>
<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#CCCCCC;color:#000000;text-align:right"><td>Genna</td><td>1st</td><td>2nd</td><td>3rd</td><td>4th</td><td>5th</td><td>6th</td><td>7th</td><td>8th</td><td>9th</td><td>10th</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"><td>[[Gregorian Calendar|Gregorian]]</td><td>[[1615]]</td><td>[[1616]]</td><td>[[1617]]</td><td>[[1618]]</td><td>[[1619]]</td><td>[[1620]]</td><td>[[1621]]</td><td>[[1622]]</td><td>[[1623]]</td><td>[[1624]]</td></tr>
</table>
<center>
<table border = 1>
<tr>
<td width = 30% align = center>
Preceded by:<br>''[[Keichō]]''
</td><td width = 40% align = center>
'''[[Japanese era name|Era or ''nengō'']]''':<br>[[Genna]]
</td><td width = 30% align = center>
Succeeded by:<br>''[[Kan'ei]]''
</td></tr>
</table>
</center>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Genna}}
[[Category:Japanese eras]]
{{Japan-era-stub}}
[[de:Genna (Ära)]]
[[es:Era Genna]]
[[ko:겐나]]
[[it:Genna]]
[[ja:元和 (日本)]]
[[sv:Genna]]
[[zh:元和 (後水尾天皇)]]