Genoa
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El Greco
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/89.96.237.130|89.96.237.130]] ([[User talk:89.96.237.130|talk]]) to last version by 98.224.147.12
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{{redirect|Genova}}
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = {{lang|it|Comune di Genova}}
|nickname =
|motto =
|website = http://www.comune.genova.it/
|image_skyline =
|image_flag = Flag of Genoa.svg
|image_shield = Genova-Stemma.png
|image_map = Genova posizione.png
|map_caption =
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]]
|subdivision_name = [[Italy]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Liguria]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Italy|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Liguria]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Italy|Province]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Province of Genoa]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor of Milan|Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[Marta Vincenzi]]
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_total_km2 = 243
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_total = 620,316 ( [[Largest 100 Cities of Italy by Population|6<sup>th</sup>]])
|population_urban =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_density_km2 = 2553
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title = [[Demonym|Called]]
|population_blank1 = Genovesi
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|latd=44 |latm=24 |lats= |latNS=N |longd=08 |longm=55 |longs= |longEW=E
|elevation_m = +20
|elevation_ft = 66
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 16100
|area_code = 010
|blank_name = [[Patron saint]]s
|blank_info = [[St. John the Baptist]]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Genoa''' (''Genova'', {{pronounced|ˈdʒɛːnova}}, in [[Italian language|Italian]]; ''Zena'' {{IPA|[ˈzeːna]}} in [[Genoese dialect|Genoese]]; ''Genua'' in Latin and, archaically, in English) is a [[city]] and an important [[seaport]] in northern [[Italy]], the capital of the [[Province of Genoa]] and of the [[region]] of [[Liguria]]. The city has a population of ca. 620,000 and the urban area has a population of ca. 890,000.
== Origins of the name ==
''Genua'' was a city of the ancient [[Ligures|Ligurians]]. Its name is probably [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]], meaning "knee", i.e. "angle", from its geographical position, thus akin to the name of [[Geneva]]. Or it could derive from the Celtic root genu-, genawa (pl. genowe), meaning "mouth", i.e., estuary, or from the Latin word of Celtic origin "ianua", meaning "door". Part of the old city of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below).
== Flag ==
[[Image:Flag of Genoa.svg|200px|thumb|left|Flag of Genoa]]
The flag of Genoa is a [[St. George's Cross]] flag, a red cross on a lime white field, identical to the [[Flag of England]], which also incorporates the St. George's Cross.
== History ==
=== Ancient era and early Middle Ages ===
Genoa's history goes back to ancient times. The first historically known inhabitants of the area are the [[Ligures]], an Italic tribe. The attribution of its foundation to [[Celts]] in 2500–2000 BC has been recently recognized as wrong.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
A city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries BC, testifies to the occupation of the site by the [[Greeks]], but the fine harbor probably was in use much earlier, perhaps by the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]]. It is also probable that the [[Phoenicians]] had bases in Genoa, or in the nearby area, since an inscription with an alphabet similar to that used in [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] has been found {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
In the [[ancient Rome|Roman era]], Genoa was overshadowed by the powerful [[Marseille]] and ''Vada Sabatia'', near modern [[Savona]]. Different from other Ligures and Celt settlements of the area, it was allied to Rome through a ''foedus aequum'' ("Equal pact") in the course of the [[Second Punic War]]. It was therefore destroyed by the [[Carthaginians]] in 209 BC. The town was rebuilt and, after the end of the Carthaginian Wars, received municipal rights. The original ''castrum'' thenceforth expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Genoese trades included skins, wood, and honey. Goods were shipped in the mainland up to important cities like [[Tortona]] and [[Piacenza]].
[[Image:Genova Porta Soprana.jpg|thumb|Medieval gates of Genoa is a rare survival of the city's golden age and its best known landmark.]]
After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], Genoa was occupied by the [[Ostrogoths]]. After the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]], the Byzantines made it the seat of their vicar. The [[Lombards]] submitted it in 643. In 773 the Lombard Kingdom was annexed by the [[Franks|Frank]] empire; the first Carolingian count of Genoa was Ademarus, who was given the title ''praefectus civitatis Genuensis''. Ademarus died in Corsica while fighting against the Saracens. In this period the Roman walls, destroyed by the Lombards, were rebuilt and extended.
For the following several centuries, Genoa was little more than a small, obscure fishing center, slowly building its merchant fleet which was to become the leading commercial carrier of the Mediterranean Sea. The town was sacked and burned in 934 by Arab pirates but it was quickly rebuilt.
In the 10th century the city, now part of the ''Marca Januensis'' ("Genoese Mark") was under the Obertenghi family, whose first member was Obertus I. Genoa was one of the first cities in Italy to have some citizenship rights granted by local feudataries.
=== Middle Ages and Renaissance ===
{{Main|Republic of Genoa}}
Before 1100, Genoa emerged as an independent [[city-state]], one of a number of [[Italian city-states]] during this period. Nominally, the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]] was overlord and the [[Bishop of Genoa]] was president of the city; however, actual power was wielded by a number of "consuls" annually elected by popular assembly. Genoa was one of the so-called "Maritime Republics" (''[[Repubbliche Marinare]]''), along with [[Venice]], [[Pisa]], and [[Amalfi]]) and trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support one of the largest and most powerful navies in the [[Mediterranean]]. The [[Adorno (family)|Adorno]], [[Campofregoso]], and other smaller merchant families all fought for power in this [[Republic]], as the power of the consuls allowed each family faction to gain wealth and power in the city. The [[Republic of Genoa]] extended over modern [[Liguria]] and [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]], Sardinia, Corsica and had practically complete control of the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. Through Genoese participation on the [[Crusades]], colonies were established in the [[Middle East]], in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], in [[Sicily]] and Northern [[Africa]]. Genoese Crusaders brought home a green glass goblet from the [[Levant]], which Genoese long regarded as the [[Holy Grail]].
[[Image:colombus genoa.jpg|thumb|Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Acquaverde.]]
[[Image:Genova-Porto antico-IMG 0299.JPG|thumb|The Ancient Port of Genoa.]]
The collapse of the [[Crusader States]] was offset by Genoa’s alliance with the [[Byzantine Empire]], which opened opportunities of expansion into the [[Black Sea]] and [[Crimea]]. Internal feuds between the powerful families, the [[Grimaldi]] and [[Fieschi]], the [[Doria]], [[Spinola]], and others caused much disruption, but in general the republic was run much as a business affair. In 1218–1220 Genoa was served by the [[Guelph]] ''[[podestà]]'' [[Rambertino Buvalelli]], who probably introduced [[Occitan literature]] to the city, which was soon to boast such [[troubadour]]s as [[Jacme Grils]], [[Lanfranc Cigala]], and [[Bonifaci Calvo]]. Genoa's political zenith came with its victory over the Duchy of [[Pisa]] at the naval [[Battle of Meloria (1284)|Battle of Meloria]] (1284), and its persistent rival, Venice, in 1298.
However, this prosperity did not last. The [[Black Death]] was imported into Europe in 1349 from the Genoese trading post at [[Caffa]] ([[Theodosia]]) in Crimea, on the Black Sea. Following the economic and population collapse, Genoa adopted the Venetian model of government, and was presided over by a [[doge]] (see [[Doge of Genoa]]). The wars with Venice continued, and the [[War of Chioggia]] (1378–1381), ended with a victory for Venice. In 1390 Genoa initiated a crusade against the Barbary pirates with help of the French and laid [[Siege of Mahdia|siege to Mahdia]]. After a period of French domination from 1394–1409, Genoa came under rule by the [[Visconti]] of [[Milan]]. Genoa lost Sardinia to [[Aragon]], Corsica to internal revolt and its Middle Eastern colonies to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the Arabs.
[[Christopher Columbus]], a native of Genoa, donated one-tenth of his income from the discovery of the [[Americas]] for [[Spain]] to the [[Bank of San Giorgio]] in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods. The Spanish connection was reinforced by [[Andrea Doria]], who established a new constitution in 1528, making Genoa a satellite of the Spanish Empire. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many Genoese families amassed tremendous fortunes. At the time of Genoa’s peak in the 16th century, the city attracted many artists, including [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], [[Caravaggio]] and [[Van Dyck]]. The famed architect [[Galeazzo Alessi]] (1512–1572) designed many of the city’s splendid [[palazzo|palazzi]]. A number of [[Genoese Baroque and Rococo artists]] settled elsewhere and a number of local artists became prominent.
Genoa suffered from French bombardment in 1684, and was occupied by [[Austria]] in 1746 during the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. In 1768, Genoa was forced to also cede Corsica to France.
=== Modern history ===
[[Image:Genova-IMG 2285.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The center of Genoa, ''Piazza De Ferrari'']]
With the shift in world economy and trade routes to the New World and away from the Mediterranean, Genoa's political and economic power went into steady decline. {{Fact|date=July 2007}}
In 1797, under pressure from [[Napoleon]], Genoa became a French protectorate called the [[Ligurian Republic]], which was annexed by France in 1805. This affair is commemorated in the famous first sentence of [[Tolstoy]]'s ''[[War and Peace]]'':
<blockquote>"Well, Prince, so Genoa and Lucca are now just family estates of the Buonapartes.(...) And what do you think of this latest comedy, the coronation at Milan, the comedy of the people of Genoa and Lucca laying their petitions [to be annexed to France] before Monsieur Buonaparte, and Monsieur Buonaparte sitting on a throne and granting the petitions of the nations?" (spoken by a thoroughly anti-Boanapartist Russian aristocrat, soon after the news reached [[Saint Petersburg]]).</blockquote>
[[Image:Genova porto-IMG 2531.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The commercial port of Genoa today]]
Although the Genoese revolted against France in 1814 and liberated the city on their own, delegates at the [[Congress of Vienna]] sanctioned its incorporation into [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]] ([[Kingdom of Sardinia]]), thus ending the three century old struggle by the [[House of Savoy]] to acquire the city. The king of Piedmont even sent the Bersaglieri to sack the city, defining the Genoese as "scum". The city soon gained a reputation as a hotbed of anti-Savoy republican agitation, although the union with Savoy was economically very beneficial. With the growth of the [[Risorgimento]] movement, the Genoese turned their struggles from [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]'s vision of a local republic into a struggle for a unified [[Italy]] under a liberalized Savoy monarchy. In 1860, [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] set out from Genoa with over a thousand volunteers to begin the campaign. This is called the departure of the thousands and a monument is set on the rock where the group departed from.
During [[World War II]] the British fleet bombarded Genoa and one bomb fell into the cathedral of San Lorenzo without exploding. It is now available to public viewing on the cathedral premises.
The [[27th G8 summit]] in the city, in July 2001, was overshadowed by violent protests, with one protester, [[Carlo Giuliani]], killed amid accusations of police brutality. Trials of accused officials are ongoing as of 2007. In 2004, the [[European Union]] designated Genoa as the [[European Capital of Culture]], along with the French city of [[Lille]].
== Main sights ==
:''For a more extensive list, see [[:category:Buildings and structures in Genoa|Buildings and structures in Genoa]].
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS = Genoa: ''Le Strade Nuove'' and the system of the ''Palazzi dei Rolli''
| Image =[[Image:Genova-DSCF7470.JPG|250px]]
| State Party = {{ITA}}
| Type = Cultural
| Criteria = ii, iv
| ID = 1211
| Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
| Year = 2006
| Session = 30th
| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1211
}}
The main features of central Genoa include Piazza de Ferrari, around which are sited the Opera and the [[Palazzo Ducale, Genoa|Palace of the Doges]]. There is also a house where [[Christopher Columbus]] is said to have been born.
[[Strada Nuova]] (now Via Garibaldi), in the old city, was inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in 2006. This district was designed in the mid-16th century to accommodate Mannerist palaces of the city's most eminent families, including [[Palazzo Rosso]] (now a museum), [[Palazzo Bianco (Genoa)|Palazzo Bianco]], Palazzo Grimaldi and [[Palazzo Reale, Genoa|Palazzo Reale]]. The famous art college, Musei di Strada Nuova and the Palazzo del Principe are also located on this street.
Other landmarks of the city include [[St. Lawrence Cathedral]] (''Cattedrale di San Lorenzo''), the Old Harbor (''Porto Antico''), transformed into a mall by architect [[Renzo Piano]], and the famous [[cemetery of Staglieno]], renowned for its monuments and statues. The [[Museo d'Arte Orientale]] has one of the largest collections of Oriental art in Europe. The 19th century neo-gothic castle, [[Albertis Castle|Castello d'Albertis]], once home to explorer Enrico Alberto d'Albertis, now houses the [[Museum of World Cultures]].
Other than the old city sights, Genoa also has a large [[aquarium]] located in the above-mentioned old harbor. The [[Aquarium of Genoa]] is one of the largest in [[Europe]].
The port of Genoa also contains an ancient [[lighthouse]], called the "[[Torre della Lanterna]]" (i.e., "the tower of the lantern"). It is the oldest working lighthouse in the world{{Fact|date=May 2008}}, one of the five tallest, and the tallest brick one, and it is Genoa's landmark.
[[Boccadasse]] is a picturesque neighborhood in the east side of the city.
== Demographics ==
In 2007, there were 610,887 people residing in Genoa, located in the province of Genoa, [[Liguria]], of whom 47% were male and 53% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 14.12 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 26.67 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Genoa residents is 47 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Genoa grew by 1 percent, while [[Italy]] as a whole grew by 3.85 percent.
[http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html] The current birth rate of Genoa is 7.49 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. Genoa has the lowest birth rate and is the most aged of any large Italian city.
As of 2006, 94.23% of the population was [[Italian people|Italian]]. The largest immigrant group comes the [[Americas]] (mostly from [[Ecuador]]): 2.76%, other [[European]] nations (mostly [[Albania]], and [[Romania]]): 1.37%, and [[North Africa]]: 0.62%. The city is predominantly [[Roman Catholic]], with small [[Protestant]] adherants.
== Sports ==
'''Football'''<br />
[[Genoa Cricket & Football Club]] gives to the City of Genoa the very first [[football club]] founded in Italy. The club was founded in 1893 by James Spensley, an English doctor, and has won 9 championships and a Italy Cup.<br />
Another [[football club]] in the city is [[U.C. Sampdoria]], founded in 1946 from the merger of two existing clubs, Andrea Doria (founded in 1895) and Sampierdarenese (founded in 1911). Sampdoria has won one Italian championship, 4 Italy Cups and 1 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1989/90.
== Famous people ==
Famous Genoese include Sinibaldo and Ottobuono Fieschi (Popes [[Innocent IV]] and [[Adrian V]]) and Pope [[Benedict XV]], navigators [[Christopher Columbus]], [[Albertis Castle|Enrico Alberto d'Albertis]] and [[Andrea Doria]], composers [[Niccolò Paganini]] and [[Michele Novaro]], Italian patriots [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] and [[Nino Bixio]], writer and translator [[Fernanda Pivano]], poet [[Edoardo Sanguineti]], Communist politician [[Palmiro Togliatti]], architect [[Renzo Piano]], Physics 2002 Nobel Prize winner [[Riccardo Giacconi]], Literature 1975 Nobel Prize winner [[Eugenio Montale]], the royal portraitist Giovanni Maria delle Piane (Il Mulinaretto) from the [[Delle Piane family]], the artist [[Vanessa Beecroft]], comedians [[Gilberto Govi]], [[Paolo Villaggio]], [[Beppe Grillo]], [[Luca Bizzarri]], [[Paolo Kessisoglu]] and [[Maurizio Crozza]]; [[singer-songwriters]] [[Fabrizio de André]] and [[Ivano Fossati]], actor [[Vittorio Gassman]], and actress [[Moana Pozzi]], Giorgio Parodi who conceived the motorcycle company [[Moto Guzzi]] with Carlo Guzzi and Giovanni Ravelli. Some reports say Giovanni Caboto ([[John Cabot]]) is also from Genoa, others say he was from [[Savona]].
== Miscellaneous ==
* The [[University of Genoa]], with 40,000 students (one of the largest universities in Italy) was founded in 1471. Its [[botanical garden]], the [[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Genova]], occupies one hectare in the city center.
* The word ''[[jeans]]'' comes from Genoa, as a way to pronounce ''genoese''.
* The Genoese have primarily immigrated to South America; [[Uruguay]], [[Chile]], [[Argentina]] all have strong Genoese communities. The special strong connection with Argentina is witnessed by the famous song [[Ma se ghe penso]], and by the episode ''From the Apennines to the Andes'' in the book ''Cuore'' ([[Heart (novel)|Heart]]) by [[Edmondo De Amicis]]; the supporters of the [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]] football team, rooted in the neighborhood of [[La Boca]], in Buenos Aires, are known as ''los xeneizes'' (a nickname deriving from the word ''zeneise'', which means "genoese" in their language). ''[[Farinata]]'' (''Fainâ'' as they call it, a chickpea flatbread) and ''Torta Pasqualina'' (a salty artichokes, eggs, and cheese pie) are widely spread in those countries as local dishes, but they are from Genoa.
* A significant portion of [[Gibraltar]]'s population is of Genoese origin, since the arrival of Genoese inhabitants in the XVI century. For that reason, a variant of [[Genoese dialect]] was still spoken in Gibraltar up to the end of the XVIII century.
* The [[Yiddish]] word ''Yanova'' with which [[Ashkenazi Jews]] are most commonly calling the [[Diamante Citron]], is a jargon from the city of Genoa which was the cultivation and shipping center for the [[citron]] or as they are calling it [[Etrog]].
* [[Florida International University]] in [[Miami, Florida]] in the [[United States]] has a regional campus in Genoa.
== Sister cities ==
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[United States|USA]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[United States|USA]]
*{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Chios]], [[Greece]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[United States|USA]]
*{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]]
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Huelva]], [[Spain]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]]
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]]
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
== See also ==
*[[Republic of Genoa]]
*[[Genoese dialect]]
*[[Ligurian language (Romance)|Ligurian language]]
*[[Metropolitana di Genova]]
* [http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia in Ligurian language]
* [[M/T Haven|Amoco Haven tanker disaster]]
== Image gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Genoa_towers.jpg|Porta Soprana
Image:Genoa_alley.jpg|Narrow and tall alleyways are common in Genoa
Image:Lanterna di Genova.jpg|La Lanterna, the famous Genoese lighthouse
Image:Genoa_sunset.jpg|Sunset over harbor with large ships.
Image:Genova-Palazzo Ducale da Piazza Matteotti.jpg|Ducal Palace
Image:Galleria Mazzini.jpg|Galleria Mazzini
Image:Genovaduomo0001.jpg|St. Lawrence Cathedral
Image:Genova-Bigo del porto antico.JPG|The big "bigo" in the ancient port.
</gallery>
== Bibliography ==
*Gino Benvenuti. ''Le repubbliche marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia''. Netwon Compton, Rome, 1989.
* Steven A. Epstein; ''Genoa & the Genoese, 958-1528'' University of North Carolina Press, 1996; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=72341660 online edition]
* Steven A. Epstein; "Labour and Port Life in Medieval Genoa." Mediterranean Historical Review 3 (1988): 114-40.
* Steven A. Epstein; "Business Cycles and the Sense of Time in Medieval Genoa." Business History Review 62 ( 1988): 238-60.
* Face Richard. "Secular History in Twelfth-Century Italy: Caffaro of Genoa." ''[[Journal of Medieval History]]'' 6 (1980): 169-84.
* Hughes Diane Owen. "Kinsmen and Neighbors in Medieval Genoa." In ''The Medieval City,'' edited by Harry A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, and Adam L. Udovitch, pp. 3-28. 1977.
* Hughes Diane Owen. "Urban Growth and Family Structure in Medieval Genoa." ''Past and Present'' 66 (1975): 3-28.
* Lopez Robert S. "Genoa." In ''Dictionary of the Middle Ages,'' pp. 383-87. 1982.
* Vitale Vito. ''Breviario della storia di Genova.'' Vols. 1-2. Genoa, 1955.
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
== External links ==
[[Image:Cimitero staglieno-veduta2-wiki.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Staglieno: A monumental cemetery]]
*[http://www.comune.genova.it/index.jsp Official Site]
*[[w:it:Cimitero monumentale di Staglieno|it.wiki:Cimitero monumentale di Staglieno]]
*[http://www.liguri.org/lanterna/Lighthouse.htm The official lighthouse website]
*[http://www.irolli.it/english.html Palazzi dei Rolli of Genoa]
*[http://www.iit.it/en The Italian Institute of Technology]
*[http://www.sampdoria.it Unione Calcio Sampdoria]
*[http://www.ptoskana-appartement.de/highlights/ligurien/genua/aquarium_genua_acquario_di_genova.html Aquario of Genoa]
{{Regional Capitals of Italy}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}}
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