Genotyping
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225445194
2008-07-13T18:59:09Z
Wmasterj
1496855
'''Genotyping''' refers to the process of determining the [[genotype]] of an individual by the use of [[bioassay|biological assays]]. Current methods of doing this include [[PCR]], [[DNA sequencing]], [[Allele specific oligonucleotide|ASO]] probes, and [[Sequencing_by_hybridization|hybridization]] to [[DNA microarray|DNA microarrays]] or beads. The technology is important in clinical research for the investigation of disease-associated genes.
Due to current technological limitations, almost all genotyping is partial. That is, only a small fraction of an individual’s genotype is determined. New innovations, like the [http://www.illumina.com/pages.ilmn?ID=151 Human-1 BeadChip] developed by [http://www.illumina.com/ Illumina] or mass-sequencing technologies, promise to provide whole-genome genotyping in the future.
Genotyping applies to a broad range of "individuals" including microorganisms. [[Viruses]] for instance, or [[bacteria]], can be genotyped. Genotyping in this context may help in controlling the spreading of pathogens, by tracing the origin of outbreaks. This area is often referred to as [[molecular epidemiology]] or [[forensic microbiology]].
The "individuals" can also be human beings. When testing for father-/motherhood for instance, scientists typically only need to look at 10 or 20 genomic regions (like [[Single nucleotide polymorphism]] (SNPs) to determine relationship or lack thereof. That is a tiny fraction of the human [[Genome|genome]], which consists of three billion or so [[Nucleotide|nucleotides]].
When genotyping [[Transgenic|transgenic]] organisms, a single genomic region may be all that scientists need to look at to determine the genotype. The [[Mouse|mouse]] is the mammalian model of choice for much of medical research today. A single [[PCR]] assay is typically enough to genotype a transgenic [[Mouse|mouse]]. Companies that provide mouse genotyping services include[http://www.Transnetyx.com/ Transnetyx],[http://www.taconic.com/wmspage.cfm?parm1=695 Taconic], [http://www.genetyper.com/ GeneTyper],and [http://www.mousegenotype.com/ Mouse Genotype LLC].
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== See also ==
* [[Mendelian error]]
* [[Quantitative trait locus]]
* [[SNP genotyping]]
==External links==
*[http://www.genetyper.com/ PCR genotyping - GeneTyper]
*[http://www.coriell.org/index.php/content/view/92/167/ Delaware Valley Personalized Medicine Project] Uses genotyping to make medicine personal
*[http://www.taconic.com/wmspage.cfm?parm1=695 Taconic's mouse genotyping service]
*[http://www.hapmap.org/ International HapMap Project]
*[http://www.genetics.ucla.edu/sequencing UCLA Genotyping Core]
*[http://minisatellites.u-psud.fr/ resources for genotyping microorganisms]
*[http://kbioscience.co.uk/ research & glp genotyping service]
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[[fr:Génotypage]]