Geography of the United Kingdom
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[[Image:United Kingdom satellite image bright.png|200px|thumb|right|The [[United Kingdom]] occupies a substantial part of the [[British Isles]]. ]]
The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', or '''UK''', is in [[Western Europe]]. It comprises the island of [[Great Britain]] ([[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Wales]]) and the northeastern one-sixth of the island of [[Ireland]] ([[Northern Ireland]]), together with many smaller islands. The mainland areas lie between latitudes 49°N and 59°N (the [[Shetland Islands]] reach to nearly 61°N), and longitudes 8°W to 2°E. The [[Royal Greenwich Observatory]], in [[South East London]], is the defining point of the [[Prime Meridian]]. The [[United Kingdom]] has a total area of about 245,000 [[square kilometre|km²]], almost a quarter-of-a-million square kilometres.
The UK lies between the North [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[North Sea]], and comes within 35 [[kilometre|km]] (22 [[mile]]s) of the northwest coast of [[France]], from which it is separated by the [[English Channel]]. Northern Ireland shares a 360 km international land boundary with the [[Republic of Ireland]]. The [[Channel Tunnel]] ("Chunnel") bored beneath the English Channel, now links the UK with France.
==Physical geography==
[[Image:uk topo en.jpg|thumb|UK's topography]]
[[Image:Geological map of Great Britain.jpg|thumb|right|As this [[geology|geological]] map of [[Great Britain]] demonstrates, the [[geology]] of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] is varied and complex.]]
The [[physical geography]] of the UK varies greatly. It includes the [[chalk]] [[cliff]]s of [[Kent]] and [[Dorset]], the rolling hills and fields of southeast England, the [[granite]] cliffs of [[Cornwall]], the [[mountain]]s of Wales, the uplands of the [[Peak District]] and the [[Pennines]], the [[lake]]s and mountains of [[Cumbria]], the Scottish [[Scottish Lowlands|lowlands]], [[Scottish Highlands|highlands]] and [[List of islands of Scotland|islands]], and the fields, lakes and mountains of Northern Ireland. The country can be roughly divided into highland and lowland along the [[Tees-Exe line]].
The overall [[geomorphology]] of the UK was shaped by the combined forces of [[tectonics]] and [[climate change]], in particular [[glaciation]].
The exact centre of the island of [[Great Britain]] is disputed. Depending upon how it is calculated it can be either [[Haltwhistle]] in [[Northumberland]], or [[Dunsop Bridge]] in [[Lancashire]].
===Geology===
{{main|Geology of the United Kingdom}}
The [[geology]] of the United Kingdom is varied and diverse. This gives up to the wide variety of landscapes found across the UK. This variety, coupled with the early efforts of UK based scientists and geologists to understand it, has influenced the naming of many geological concepts, including many of the [[Geologic timescale|geological periods]] (for example, the [[Ordovician]] period is named after the [[Ordovices]], a people of early Britain; the [[Devonian]] period is named after the county of [[Devon]] in south-west England).
The oldest rocks in the UK are [[gneiss]]es which date from at least 2,700 Ma ("Ma" means "millions of years ago") in the [[Archaean]] Period, which are found in the far north west of Scotland and in the [[Hebrides]], with a few small outcrops elsewhere. South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North West [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] and [[Grampian]] Highlands in Scotland. These are essentially the remains of folded [[sedimentary rock]], deposited over the gneiss, from 1,000 Ma, with a notable 7 km thick layer of [[Torridon Sandstone]] being deposited about 800 Ma, as well as the [[Moraine|debris]] deposited by an [[ice sheet]] 670 Ma.
The remains of ancient [[volcano|volcanic]] islands underlie much of central England with small outcrops visible in many places. Around 600 Ma, the [[Cadomian Orogeny]] (mountain building period) caused the English and Welsh landscape to be transformed into a mountainous region, along with much of north west [[Europe]].
The Welsh [[Skiddaw]] [[slate]] deposits formed at around 500 Ma, during the [[Ordovician]] Period. At about this time, around 425 Ma, north [[Wales]] (and south [[County Mayo|Mayo]] in Ireland) experienced [[volcanism|volcanic]] activity. The remains of these volcanoes are still visible, for example Rhobell Fwar, dating from 510 Ma. Large quantities of volcanic [[lava]] and ash known as the [[Borrowdale Volcanics]] covered both Wales and the [[Lake District]], still seen in the form of mountains such as [[Helvellyn]] and [[Scafell Pike]].
In the [[Silurian]] Period, between 425 and 400 Ma, the Caledonian fold mountains formed (the [[Caledonian Orogeny]]), covering much of what is now the UK to perhaps 8,000 feet (2,500 m) thick. Volcanic ashes and lavas deposited during this period are still found in the [[Mendip Hills]] and in [[Pembrokeshire]].
Volcanic deposits formed [[Ben Nevis]] in the [[Devonian]] Period. Sea levels varied considerably, with the coastline advancing and retreating from north to south across England, and with the deposition of numerous sedimentary rock layers. The [[Old Red Sandstone]] of [[Devon]] gave the period its name, though deposits are found in many other places.
During the [[Carboniferous]] Period, around 360 Ma, the UK was lying at the equator, covered by the warm shallow waters of the [[Rheic Ocean]], during which time the Carboniferous limestone was deposited, still found in areas such as the [[Mendip Hills]] and the [[Pennines]]. The [[coal measures]] were formed at this time, in [[river delta]]s, [[swamp]]s and [[rain forest]]s. Coal can be found in many areas of the UK, as far North as Sutherland and as far south as [[Kent]], though it has largely been mined in the [[Midlands]], northern England and Wales. Also formed were the [[Millstone Grit]]s.
During the [[Permian]] and [[Triassic]] Periods, much of the UK was beneath shallow seas, leading to the deposition of sedimentary rocks such as [[shale]], limestone, [[gravel]], and [[marl]]. The seas finally receded to leave a flat desert with [[salt pan]]s.
At the beginning of the [[Jurassic]] Period, the UK was under-water again, leading to the deposition of sedimentary rocks which now underlie much of England from the [[Cleveland Hills]] of [[Yorkshire]] to the [[Jurassic Coast]] in [[Dorset]], including [[clay]]s, sandstones, and the [[oolite|oolitic]] limestone of the [[Cotswold Hills]]. The burial of [[algae]] and [[bacterium|bacteria]] below the mud of the sea floor during this time resulted in the formation of [[North Sea oil]] and [[natural gas]].
In the [[Cretaceous]] Period, much of the UK was again below the sea and [[chalk]] and [[flint]]s were deposited over much of Great Britain. These are now notably exposed at the White Cliffs of [[Dover]], and form [[Salisbury Plain]], the [[Chiltern Hills]], the [[South Downs]] and other similar features.
The last volcanic rocks in the UK were formed in the early [[Tertiary]] Period, between 63 and 52 Ma, with the major eruptions that formed the [[County Antrim|Antrim Plateau]] and the [[basalt]]ic columns of the [[Giant's Causeway]]. Further sediments were deposited over southern England, including the [[London clay]], while the [[English Channel]] consisted of [[mud flat]]s and river deposited [[sand]]s.
The major changes during the last few million years, during the [[Quaternary]] Period, have been brought about by several recent [[ice age]]s, leaving a legacy of U-shaped valleys in highland areas, and fertile (if often stoney) soil in southern U.K.
===Mountains and hills===
[[Image:BenNevis2005.jpg|thumb|At 1,344 [[metre]]s, [[Ben Nevis]] is the highest peak in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].]]
{{main|Mountains of the United Kingdom}}
The ten tallest [[mountain]]s in the UK are all found in Scotland. The highest peaks in each part of the UK are:
*Scotland: [[Ben Nevis]] ([[Nevis Range]], 1,344 [[metre]]s)
*Wales: [[Snowdon]] ([[Cambrian Mountains]], 1,085 metres)
*England: [[Scafell Pike]] ([[Cumbrian Mountains]], 977 metres)
*Northern Ireland: [[Slieve Donard]] ([[Mourne Mountains]], 852 metres)
The ranges of mountains and [[hill]]s in the UK include:
*Scotland: [[Cairngorms]], [[Cheviot Hills]], [[Scottish Highlands]], [[Southern Uplands]], [[Grampian Mountains (Scotland)|Grampian Mountains]]
*Wales: [[Brecon Beacons]], [[Cambrian Mountains]], [[Snowdonia]], [[Black Mountains, Wales|Black Mountains]], [[Preseli Hills]]
*England: [[Chilterns]], [[Cotswolds]], [[Dartmoor]], [[Lincolnshire Wolds]], [[Exmoor]], [[Lake District]], [[Malvern Hills AONB|Malvern Hills]], [[Mendip Hills]], [[North Downs]], [[Peak District]], [[Pennines]], [[Salisbury Plain]], [[South Downs]], [[Shropshire Hills AONB|Shropshire Hills]], [[Yorkshire Wolds]]
*Northern Ireland: [[Mourne Mountains]], [[Antrim Plateau]], [[Sperrin Mountains]]
The lowest point of the UK is in [[the Fens]] of [[East Anglia]], in England, parts of which lie up to 4 metres below [[sea level]].
===Rivers and lakes===
;Main articles:
*[[List of lakes in the United Kingdom]];
*[[Rivers of the United Kingdom]];
*[[List of waterfalls of the United Kingdom|Waterfalls of the United Kingdom]].
The longest river in the UK is the [[River Severn]] (220 [[statute mile|mi]], 354 km) which flows through both Wales and England.
The longest rivers in the UK by country are:
*England: [[River Thames]] (215 mi, 346 km)
*Scotland: [[River Tay]] (117 mi, 188 km)
*N. Ireland: [[River Bann]] (76 mi, 122 km)
*Wales: [[River Tywi]] (64 mi, 103 km)
The largest lakes in the UK by country are:
*N. Ireland: [[Lough Neagh]] (147.39 sq mi, 381.74 km²)
*Scotland: [[Loch Lomond]] (27.46 sq mi, 71.12 km²)
*England: [[Windermere (lake)|Windermere]] (5.69 sq mi, 14.74 km²)
*Wales: [[Lake Vyrnwy]] (3.18 sq mi, 8.24 km²)
The deepest lake in the UK is [[Loch Morar]] with a maximum depth of 309 metres ([[Loch Ness]] is second at 228 metres deep). The deepest lake in England is [[Wastwater]] which descends to 79 [[metre]]s (258 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]).
===Artificial waterways===
''Main articles:'' [[Waterways in the United Kingdom]], [[Canals of Great Britain]], [[Reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom]]
As a result of its industrial history, the United Kingdom has an extensive system of [[canal]]s, mostly built in the early years of the [[Industrial Revolution]], before the rise of competition from the [[railway]]s. The United Kingdom also has numerous [[dam]]s and [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] to store water for drinking and industry. The generation of [[hydroelectric power]] is rather limited, supplying less than 2% of British electricity mainly from the Scottish Highlands.
===Coastline===
[[Image:United Kingdom maritime claims.png|300px|right|thumb|United Kingdom maritime claims]]
The UK has a [[UK coastline|coastline]] which measures about 12,429 km. The heavy indentation of the coastline helps to ensure that no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters.
The UK claims jurisdiction over the [[continental shelf]], as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries, an exclusive fishing zone of 200 [[nautical mile|nmi]] (370 km), and territorial sea of 12 nmi (22 km).
====Inlets====
*[[Cardigan Bay]]
*[[Lyme Bay]]
*[[Bristol Channel]]
*[[Thames estuary]]
*[[Morecambe Bay]]
*[[Solway Firth]]
*[[The Wash]]
*[[Humber estuary]]
*[[Firth of Forth]]
*[[Firth of Tay]]
*[[Moray Firth]]
====Headlands====
{{stublist}}
The geology of the UK is such that there are many [[headlands and bays|headlands]] along its coast, here are some of the most notable ones:
*[[Cornwall]]
**[[Land's End]]
**[[The Lizard]]
**[[Cape Cornwall]]
*[[Cumbria]]
**[[Furness]]
*[[Devon]]
**[[Start Point, Devon|Start Point]]
**[[Berry Head]]
**[[Hartland Point]]
**[[Foreland Point]]
*[[Dorset]]
**[[Old Harry Rocks]]
**[[St Alban's Head]]
**[[Portland Bill]]
*[[Isle of Wight]]
**[[The Needles]]
**[[St. Catherine's Point]]
*[[Kent]]
**[[North Foreland]]
*[[West Sussex]]
**[[Selsey Bill]]
*[[East Sussex]]
**[[Beachy Head]]
*[[Sutherland]]
**[[Cape Wrath]]
*[[Wales]]
**[[Gower peninsula]]
*[[Wigtownshire]]
**[[Rhins of Galloway]]
*[[Yorkshire]]
**[[Filey Brigg]]
**[[Flamborough Head]]
**[[Spurn Head]]
====Coastal change====
===Islands===
In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over 1000 small islands, some being natural and some being man-made [[crannog]]s, which were built in past times using stone and wood and which were enlarged by natural waste building up over time.
*[[List of islands of England|Islands of England]]
**[[Lundy]]
**[[Isles of Scilly]]
**[[Isle of Wight]]
**[[Farne Islands]]
**[[Lindisfarne]]
**[[Isle of Portland]]
**[[Walney Island]]
*[[List of islands of Scotland|Islands of Scotland]]
**[[Orkney Islands]]
**[[Shetland Islands]]
**[[Inner Hebrides]]
**[[Outer Hebrides]]
**[[Rockall]]
**[[Bass Rock]]
**[[Fair Isle]]
*[[List of islands of Wales|Islands of Wales]]
**[[Anglesey]]
**[[Skomer Island]]
**[[Skokholm Island]]
**[[Ramsey Island]]
**[[Bardsey Island]]
**[[Holy Island, Anglesey|Holy Island]]
*[[List of islands of Northern Ireland|Islands of Northern Ireland]]
**[[Rathlin Island]]
===Climate===
{{main|Climate of the United Kingdom}}
The climate of the UK varies, but is generally [[temperate]], though significantly warmer than some other locations at similar latitude, such as central [[Poland]], due to the warming influence of the [[Gulf Stream]]. In general, the south is warmer and drier than the north.
The prevailing winds are southwesterly, from the [[North Atlantic Current]]. More than 50% of the days are overcast. There are few natural hazards, although there can be strong winds and floods, especially in winter.
Average annual rainfall varies from over 3,000 [[millimetre|mm]] (120 [[inches]]) in the [[Scottish Highlands]] down to 553 mm (21.8 inches) in [[Cambridge]]. The county of [[Essex, England|Essex]] is one of the driest in the UK, with an average annual rainfall of around 600 mm (24 inches), although it typically rains on over 100 days per year. In some years rainfall in Essex can be below 450 mm (18 inches), less than the average annual rainfall in [[Jerusalem]] and [[Beirut]].
The highest temperature recorded in the UK was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) at [[Brogdale]], near [[Faversham]], in the county of [[Kent]], on [[August 10]], [[2003]]. The lowest was -27.2 °C (-17.0 °F) recorded at [[Braemar]] in the [[Grampian Mountains (Scotland)|Grampian Mountains]], Scotland, on [[February 11]], [[1895]] and [[January 10]], [[1982]] and [[Altnaharra]], also in Scotland, on [[December 30]], [[1995]].
==Human geography==
[[Image:Uk-map.svg|200px|thumb|right|The [[United Kingdom]] is composed of four parts: [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]] and [[Wales]].]]
===Demographics===
''Main article:'' [[Demographics of the United Kingdom]]
===Political geography===
''Main article:'' [[Politics of the United Kingdom]]
====National government====
The UK is governed as a whole by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].
Of the four countries that make the UK, [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]] have devolved administrations and parliaments/assembly:
*Northern Ireland - [[Northern Ireland Assembly]]
*Scotland - [[Scottish Parliament]]
*Wales - [[Welsh Assembly]]
England, despite being the largest country in the UK, has no devolved system of government and is governed by UK government ministers and legislated for by the UK parliament. Within England, London has a devolved assembly but proposals for elected [[Regional Assemblies in England]] were rejected in the first referendum covering [[North East England]]. ''See [[Government of England]].''
The UK (specifically, Northern Ireland) has an international land boundary with the [[Republic of Ireland]] of 360 km. There is also a boundary between the jurisdiction of France and of the UK on the Channel Tunnel.
====Local government====
{{main|Local government in England|Local government in Scotland|Local government in Wales|Local government in Northern Ireland}}
Each part of the UK is subdivided in further local governmental regions:
*England: [[unitary authority|Unitary Authorities]], [[county council]]s, [[Districts of England|district council]]s, [[parish council]]s
*Wales: [[Subdivisions of Wales|Principal areas]], [[community council|communities]]
*Scotland: [[Subdivisions of Scotland|Council areas]], [[community council|communities]]
*Northern Ireland: [[Districts of Northern Ireland|Districts]]
Historically the UK was divided into counties or [[shire]]s: administrative areas through which all [[civil]] responsibilities of the [[government]] were passed. Each county or shire had a [[county town]] as its administrative centre and was divided into individual [[parish]]es that were defined along [[ecclesiastic]] boundaries.
Between 1889 (1890 in Scotland) and 1974, the political boundaries were based on the traditional counties, but due to changes in population centres, the traditional counties became impractical as local government areas in certain highly urbanised areas. The [[Local Government Act 1972]] created a new system of administrative counties, designed to take account of the widely differing populations across different parts of the country.
In the 1990s further population growth led to more political changes on a local level. [[Unitary authority|Unitary authorities]] were formed across the entire of Scotland and Wales, and in larger [[city|cities]] in England. Many unpopular administrative counties were also abolished at this time, leading to a mixture of two-tier and single-purpose authorities. Further reorganisations are planned if and when regional assemblies in England are revisited in the future.
===Economic geography===
{{main|Economic geography of the United Kingdom}}
The economic geography of the UK reflects not only its current position in the global economy, but its long history both as a trading nation and an [[British empire|imperial power]].
The UK led the [[industrial revolution]] and its highly urban character is a legacy of this, with all its major cities being current or former centres of all forms of manufacturing. However, this in turn was built on its exploitation of natural resources, especially [[coal]] and [[iron ore]].
====Primary industry====
The UK's primary industry was once dominated by the [[coal]] industry, heavily concentrated in the north, the [[Midlands]] and [[south Wales]]. This is all but gone and the major primary industry is [[North Sea oil]]. Its activity is concentrated on the [[UK Continental Shelf]] to the north-east of [[Scotland]].
====Manufacturing====
At one time or another virtually every product that can be imagined has been made in the UK. In particular its heavy manufacturing drove the industrial revolution. A map of the major UK cities gives a good picture of where this activity occurred, in particular [[Belfast]], [[Birmingham]], [[Glasgow]], [[Liverpool]], [[London]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], [[Nottingham]].
Today there is no heavy manufacturing industry in which UK-based firms can be considered world leaders. However, the [[Midlands]] in particular remains a strong manufacturing centre.
More recently, high technology firms have concentrated largely along the [[M4 motorway]], partly because of access to [[Heathrow Airport]], but also because of agglomeration economies.
====Finance and services====
Once, every great city had a [[stock exchange]]. Now, the UK financial industry is concentrated overwhelmingly in the [[City of London]] and [[Canary Wharf]], with back office and administrative operations often dispersed around the south of England. London is one of the world's great financial centres and is usually referred to as a [[world city]].
====Regional disparity====
The combined effect of changing economic fortune has created the so-called [[North-South divide in the United Kingdom|North-South divide]], in which decaying industrial areas of the north of England contrast with the wealthy, finance and technology led southern economy.
This has led successive governments to develop [[regional policy]] to try and rectify the imbalance.
This is not to say that the south is uniformly wealthy: some of the worst pockets of deprivation can be found in London.
== Natural resources==
''Main article:'' [[Economy of the United Kingdom]]
Historically, much of the United Kingdom was [[forest]]ed. Since [[prehistoric]] times, man has [[deforestation|deforested]] much of the United Kingdom.
[[Agriculture]] is [[intensive agriculture|intensive]], highly [[mechanisation|mechanised]], and efficient by [[Europe]]an standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labour force. It contributes around 2% of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. Around two thirds of production is devoted to [[livestock]], one third to [[agronomy|arable]] crops.
In 1993, it was estimated that [[land use]] was:
*[[Arable land]]: 25 %
*[[Permanent crop]]s: 0 %
*[[Permanent pasture]]s: 46 %
*[[Forest]]s and [[Woodland]]: 12 %
*Other: 17 %
*[[Irrigation|Irrigated]]: 1,080 km²
The UK has a variety of natural resources including:
*Geological: [[coal]], [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]], [[limestone]], [[chalk]], [[gypsum]],[[silica]], [[rock salt]], [[china clay]], [[iron]] ore, [[tin]], [[silver]], [[gold]], [[lead]].
*Agricultural: [[arable land]], [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[hill farm]]s, [[domestic sheep|sheep]]
The UK has large [[coal]], [[natural gas]], and [[Petroleum|oil]] reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], one of the highest shares of any [[industrial nation]]. Due to the island location of the UK, the country has great potential for generating electricity from [[wave power]] and [[tidal power]], although these have not yet been exploited on a commercial basis.
==Environment==
===Current issues===
The United Kingdom is reducing [[greenhouse]] gas emissions. It has met [[Kyoto Protocol]] target of a 12.5 % reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target of a 20 % cut in emissions by 2010. By 2005, the government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85 % of 1998 levels and to recycle or compost at least 25 % of household waste, increasing to 33 % by 2015. Between 1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling increased from 8.8 % to 10.3 %.
===International agreements===
The United Kingdom is a party to many international agreements, including:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-[[Nitrogen Oxide]]s, Air Pollution-[[Sulfur|Sulphur]] 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, [[Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty|Antarctic-Environmental Protocol]], [[Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources|Antarctic-Marine Living Resources]], [[Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals|Antarctic Seals]], [[Antarctic Treaty]], [[Biodiversity]], [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|Climate Change]], Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, [[Desertification]], Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, [[Wetlands]] and [[Whaling]].
The UK has signed, but not ratified, the international agreement on Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants.
==See also==
*[[British overseas territories]]
*[[Conservation in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Demographics of the United Kingdom]]
*[[Extreme points of the United Kingdom]]
*[[Geography of Scotland]]
*[[Geography of England]]
*[[Geography of Ireland]]
*[[Geography of Wales]]
*[[Geography of Europe]]
*[[List of caves in the United Kingdom]]
*[[List of places in the United Kingdom]]
*[[List of conurbations in the United Kingdom]]
*[[City status in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Towns of the United Kingdom]]
*[[Transport in the United Kingdom]]
==References==
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html CIA Factbook]
*[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/glance/default.asp UK Government Statistics]
==External links==
{{commonscat|Geography of the United Kingdom}}
*[http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/averages/index.html UK climate averages provided by the Meteorological Office]
*[http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/geofacts/ Ordnance Survey geofacts page]
{{Geography of Europe}}
[[Category:Geography of the United Kingdom| ]]
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[[fr:Géographie du Royaume-Uni]]
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