Geophysics
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'''Geophysics''', a major discipline of [[Earth sciences]], is the study of the [[Earth]] by quantitative [[physics|physical]] methods, especially by [[reflection seismology|seismic]], [[Electromagnetism|electromagnetic]], and [[radioactivity]] methods. It calls heavily upon other fields of science such as math, physics, and computer science.[[History of geophysics]] has been motivated by theoretical and practical isues. The term of geophysics was probably first used in Germany, where it appeared in scientific writings of the mid-19th century. The word geophysics was first used by Fröbel <ref>Buntebarth, G. (1981) "Zur Entwicklung des Begriffes Geophysik", Abhandlungen der Braunschwiegischen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 32, 95-109 </ref> <ref> Beck, H. (1961) Alexander von Humboldt, 2 Vols (Wiesbaden: Steiner) </ref> as "geophysik" in 1834. The theories and techniques of geophysics are employed extensively in the [[planetary sciences]] in general.
The field of geophysics includes the branches of:
* [[Seismology]] ([[earthquake]]s and elastic [[wave]]s)
* [[Earth's gravity|Gravity]] and [[geodesy]] (the Earth's gravitational field and the size and form of the Earth)
* [[Atmospheric science]], which includes:
:* [[Atmospheric electricity]] and [[Earth's magnetic field|terrestrial magnetism]] (including [[ionosphere]], [[Van Allen radiation belt|Van Allen belts]], [[telluric current]]s, [[Radiant energy]], etc.)
:* [[Meteorology]] and [[Climatology]], which both involve studies of the weather.
:* [[Aeronomy]], the study of the physical structure and chemistry of the atmosphere.
* [[Geomagnetism]] (study of the [[Earth's magnetic field]])
* [[Geothermobarometry|Geothermometry]] (heating of the Earth, heat flow, [[volcano]]logy, and hot springs)
* [[Hydrology]] (ground and surface water, sometimes including [[glaciology]])
* [[Physical oceanography]]
* [[Tectonophysics]] (geological processes in the Earth)
* [[Geodynamics]] (numerical study of the inner Earth)
* [[Exploration geophysics|Exploration and engineering geophysics]] (see also [[Archaeological geophysics]])
* [[Geophysical Engineering]]
* [[Glaciology]]
* [[Petrophysics]]
* [[Applied geophysics]]
* [[Mineral Physics]]
* [[Engineering geology]]
* [[Archaeological geophysics]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== See also ==
{{portal|Physics}}
* [[Fluid dynamics]]
* [[Society of Exploration Geophysicists]]
* [[American Geophysical Union]]
* [[European Geosciences Union]]
* [[List of publications in geology#Geophysics| Important publications in geophysics(geology)]]
* [[list of publications in physics#Geophysics|important publications in Geophysics(physics)]]
== External links ==
* [http://geomag.usgs.gov USGS Geomagnetism Program]
* [http://www.terradat.co.uk/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=49 Case studies from TerraDat Geophysics documenting the use in shallow engineering and environmental applications]
{{Earth science}}
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