George Frideric Handel
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[[Image:Haendel.jpg|thumb|300px|George Frideric Handel, 1733]]
'''George Frideric Handel''' (Friday, [[23 February]] [[1685]] – Saturday, [[14 April]] [[1759]]) was a [[Germany|German]]-born [[Baroque music|Baroque]] composer who is famous for his [[opera]]s, [[oratorio]]s and [[concerto grosso|concerti grossi]]. Born as '''Georg Friedrich Händel''' ({{IPA2|ˈhɛndəl}}) in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]], he spent most of his adult life in England, becoming a subject of the British crown on [[22 January]] [[1727]]. His most famous works are ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'', an oratorio set to texts from the [[King James Bible]]; ''[[Water Music (Handel)|Water Music]]''; and ''[[Music for the Royal Fireworks]]''. Strongly influenced by the techniques of the great composers of the Italian Baroque and the English composer [[Henry Purcell]], his music was known to many significant composers who came after him, including [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]].
==Biography==
[[Image:Halle an der Saale Haendelhaus.jpg|thumb|left|The house in the city of Halle, a province of [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], where Handel was born.]]
Handel was born in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] in the [[Duchy of Magdeburg]] (province of Brandenburg-Prussia) to Georg and Dorothea (née Taust) Händel in 1685, the same year that both [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] and [[Domenico Scarlatti]] were born. Handel displayed considerable musical talent at an early age; by the age of seven he was a skilful performer on the [[harpsichord]] and [[pipe organ]], and at nine he began to compose music. However, his father, a distinguished citizen of Halle and an eminent [[Barber surgeon|barber-surgeon]] who served as valet and barber to the Courts of [[Saxony]] and [[Brandenburg]]<ref>Adams Aileen, K., Hofestadt, B., "Georg Handel (1622–97): the barber-surgeon father of George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)", Journal of Medical Biography, 2005, Aug;13(3):142–49. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16059526&dopt=Abstract]</ref>, was opposed to his son's wish to pursue a musical career, preferring him to study law. By contrast, Handel's mother, Dorothea, encouraged his musical aspirations.<ref>[http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/composers/H/GeorgeHandel.html Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary Composer Biographies]</ref>
[[Image:Handel as a Boy.jpg|right|thumb|Handel as a boy.]]
Nevertheless, the young Handel was permitted to take lessons in musical composition and keyboard technique from [[Friedrich Wilhelm Zachau]], the organist of the Liebfrauenkirche, Halle. His aunt, Anna, had given him a [[spinet]] for his seventh birthday, which was placed in the attic so that Handel could play it whenever he could get away from his father.<ref>[[Otto Erich Deutsch|Deutsch, Otto Erich]], [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0027-4224(195507)36%3A3%3C269%3AHADB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W "Handel: A Documentary Biography"], Music & Letters, 36(3) (July 1955), pp. 269–72.</ref> <ref>Hird, Edward, Rev., ''[http://www3.telus.net/st_simons/cr9304.htm Rediscovering Handel's Messiah]'', April 1993, Deep Cove Crier, North Vancouver, B.C., Canada.</ref>
In 1702, following his father's wishes, Handel began the study of law at the [[University of Halle]], but after his father's death the following year, he abandoned law for music, becoming the organist at the Protestant Cathedral. In 1704, he moved to [[Hamburg]], accepting a position as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the opera house. There, he met [[Johann Mattheson]], [[Christoph Graupner]] and [[Reinhard Keiser]]. His first two operas, ''[[Almira]]'' and ''[[Nero (opera)|Nero]]'', were produced in 1705. Two other early operas, ''[[Daphne (Handel opera)|Daphne]]'' and ''[[Florindo]]'', were produced in 1708.
During 1706–09, Handel travelled to Italy on the invitation of [[Gian Gastone de' Medici]], and met Medici's brother [[Ferdinando (III) de' Medici|Ferdinando]], a musician himself. While opera was banned by the pope, Handel found work as a composer of sacred music; the famous ''Dixit Dominus'' (1707) is from this era. He wrote many [[cantata]]s in operatic style for gatherings in the palace of [[Pietro Ottoboni (cardinal)]]. His ''[[Rodrigo (opera)|Rodrigo]]'' was produced in [[Florence]] in 1707, and his ''[[Agrippina (opera)|Agrippina]]'' at [[Venice]] in 1709. ''Agrippina'', which ran for an unprecedented 27 performances, showed remarkable maturity and established his reputation as an opera composer. Two [[oratorio]]s, ''[[La Resurrezione]]'' and ''Il Trionfo del Tempo'', were produced in Rome<!--Better, which opera house there?--> in 1709 and 1710, respectively.
In 1710, Handel became ''[[Kapellmeister]]'' to George, Elector of [[Hanover]], who would soon be King [[George I of Great Britain]]. He visited [[Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici]] on his way to London in 1710, where he settled permanently in 1712, receiving a yearly income of £200 from [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]]. During his early years in London, one of his most important patrons was the young and wealthy [[Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington]], who showed an early love of his music.<ref>Handel. A Celebration of his Life and Times 1685–1759. National Portrait Gallery, p. 92.</ref> Handel had a happy time and wrote a few of his best pieces for the Earl.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
[[Image:London Handel House.jpg|thumb|left|Handel House at 25 [[Brook Street]], London.]]
In 1723 Handel moved into a newly built house at 25 [[Brook Street]], London, which he rented until his death in 1759. This house is now the [[Handel House Museum]], a restored [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] house open to the public with an events programme of [[Baroque]] music. There is a [[blue plaque|blue commemorative plaque]] on the outside of the building. It was here that he composed ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'', ''[[Zadok the Priest]]'' and [[Music for the Royal Fireworks]]. (In 2000, the upper stories of 25 Brook Street were leased to the Handel House Trust, and after an extensive restoration program, the [[Handel House Museum]] opened to the public on [[8 November]] [[2001]].)
In 1726 Handel's opera ''[[Scipio (opera)|Scipio]]'' (Scipione) was performed for the first time, the [[March (music)|march]] from which remains the regimental slow march of the British [[Grenadier Guards]]. He was naturalised a British subject in the following year.
In 1727 Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation ceremony of [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]. One of these, ''[[Zadok the Priest]]'', has been played at every British coronation ceremony since. Handel was director of the Royal Academy of Music 1720–1728, and a partner of [[J.J. Heidegger]] in the management of the [[King's Theatre]] 1729–1734. Handel also had a long association with the [[Royal Opera House]] at [[Covent Garden]], where many of his Italian operas were premiered.
In April 1737, at age 52, he suffered a [[stroke]] or some other malady which left his right arm temporarily [[paralysis|paralysed]] and stopped him from performing. He also complained of difficulties in focusing his sight. Handel went to [[Aix-la-Chapelle]], taking hot baths and playing organ for the audience. Handel gave up operatic management entirely in 1740, after he had lost a fortune in the business.
[[Image:London Kings Theatre Haymarket.jpg|thumb|200px|Queen's Theatre on Haymarket by [[William Capon]].]]
Following his recovery, Handel focused on composing oratoria instead of opera. Handel's ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'' was first performed in New Musick Hall in Fishamble Street, Dublin on [[13 April]] [[1742]], with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St Patrick's]] and [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christ Church]] cathedrals participating.
In 1749 he composed [[Music for the Royal Fireworks]]; 12,000 people came to listen. Three people died, including one of the trumpeters on the day after.
In 1750 Handel arranged a performance of ''Messiah'' to benefit the [[Foundling Hospital]]. The performance was considered a great success and was followed by annual concerts that continued throughout his life. In recognition of his patronage, Handel was made a governor of the Hospital the day after his initial concert. He bequeathed a fair copy of ''Messiah'' to the institution upon his death. His involvement with the Foundling Hospital is today commemorated with a permanent exhibition in London's [[Foundling Museum]], which also holds the ''Gerald Coke Handel Collection''.
In August 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured in a carriage accident between [[The Hague]] and [[Haarlem]] in the [[Netherlands]].<ref name="Dent">{{cite book
| last = Dent
| first = Edward Joseph
| title = Handel
| origdate = 2004-06-17
| publisher = R A Kessinger Publishing
| id = ISBN 1-4191-2275-4
| pages = 63
}}</ref> In 1751 his eyesight started to fail in one eye. The cause was unknown and progressed into his other eye as well. He died some eight years later, in 1759, in London, his last attended performance being his own ''Messiah''. More than three thousand mourners attended his funeral, which was given full state honours, and he was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].
Handel never married, and kept his personal life very private. Unlike many composers, he left a sizable estate at his death—worth £20,000 (an enormous amount for the day), the bulk of which he left to a niece in Germany—as well as gifts to his other relations, servants, friends and to favourite charities.
==Works==
{{main|List of compositions by George Frideric Handel}}
Handel's compositions include 42 operas; 29 oratorios; more than 120 [[cantata]]s, [[Trio (music)|trio]]s and [[duet]]s; numerous [[aria]]s; [[chamber music]]; a large number of ecumenical pieces; [[ode]]s and [[serenata]]s; and sixteen organ [[concerti]]. His most famous work, the ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'' [[oratorio]] with its "Hallelujah" chorus, is among the most popular works in [[choral music]] and has become a centerpiece of the Christmas season. Also popular are the Opus 3 and 6 [[Concerti Grossi]], as well as "The Cuckoo and the Nightingale", in which birds are heard calling during passages played in different keys representing the vocal ranges of two birds. Also notable are his sixteen keyboard suites, especially [[The Harmonious Blacksmith]].
Handel introduced various previously uncommon musical instruments in his works: the [[viola d'amore]] and [[violetta marina]] (Orlando), the [[lute]] (Ode for St. Cecilia's Day), three [[trombone]]s (Saul), [[clarinet]]s or small high [[cornet]]s (Tamerlano), [[theorbo]], [[French horn]] ([[Water Music]]), [[lyrichord]], [[double bassoon]], [[viola da gamba]], [[bell chimes]], [[positive organ]], and [[harp]] (Giulio Cesare, Alexander's Feast).<ref>Textbook in CD ''Sacred Arias with Harp & Harp Duets by Rachel Ann Morgan & Edward Witsenburg.</ref>
Handel's works have been catalogued and are commonly referred to by a [[HWV|HWV]] number. For example, Handel's ''Messiah'' is also known as ''HWV 56''.
==Legacy==
After his death, Handel's Italian operas fell into obscurity, save for selections such as the ubiquitous aria from ''[[Serse]]'', "[[Ombra mai fu]]". His reputation throughout the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, particularly in the Anglophone countries, rested primarily on his English oratorios, which were customarily performed by enormous choruses of amateur singers on solemn occasions. These include ''[[Esther (oratorio)|Esther]]'' (1718); ''[[Athalia (oratorio)|Athalia]]'' (1733); ''[[Saul (Handel)|Saul]]'' (1739); ''[[Israel in Egypt (oratorio)|Israel in Egypt]]'' (1739); ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'' (1742); ''[[Samson (oratorio)|Samson]]'' (1743); ''[[Judas Maccabaeus (oratorio)|Judas Maccabaeus]]'' (1747); ''[[Solomon (oratorio)|Solomon]]'' (1748); and ''[[Jephtha (oratorio)|Jephtha]]'' (1752). His best are based on a libretto by [[Charles Jennens]].
Since the 1960s, with the revival of interest in baroque music, [[Authentic performance|original instrument]] playing styles, and the prevalence of [[countertenors]] who could more accurately replicate [[castrato]] roles, interest has revived in Handel's Italian operas, and many have been recorded and performed onstage. Of the fifty he wrote between 1705 and 1738, ''Agrippina'' (1709), ''[[Rinaldo (opera)|Rinaldo]]'' (1711, 1731), ''[[Orlando (opera)|Orlando]]'' (1733), ''[[Alcina]]'' (1735), ''[[Ariodante]]'' (1735), and ''[[Serse]]'' (1738, also known as ''Xerxes'') stand out and are now performed regularly in opera houses and concert halls. Arguably the finest, however, are ''[[Giulio Cesare]]'' (1724) and ''[[Rodelinda]]'' (1725), which, thanks to their superb orchestral and vocal writing, have entered the mainstream opera repertoire.
[[Image:RoyalFireworks.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Fireworks in 1749.]]
Also revived in recent years are a number of secular [[cantata]]s and what one might call ''secular oratorios'' or ''concert operas''. Of the former, ''[[Ode for St. Cecilia's Day]]'' (1739) (set to texts of [[John Dryden]]) and ''[[Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne]]'' (1713) are particularly noteworthy. For his secular oratorios, Handel turned to classical mythology for subjects, producing such works as ''[[Acis and Galatea]]'' (1719), ''[[Hercules (music drama)|Hercules]]'' (1745), and ''[[Semele (oratorio)|Semele]]'' (1744). In terms of musical style, particularly in the vocal writing for the English-language texts, these works have close kinship with the above-mentioned sacred oratorios, but they also share something of the lyrical and dramatic qualities of Handel's Italian operas. As such, they are sometimes performed onstage by small chamber ensembles.
With the rediscovery of his theatrical works, Handel, in addition to his renown as instrumentalist, orchestral writer, and melodist, is now perceived as being one of opera's great musical dramatists.
Handel has generally been accorded high esteem by fellow composers, both in his own time and since. Bach apparently said "[Handel] is the only person I would wish to see before I die, and the only person I would wish to be, were I not Bach." Mozart is reputed to have said of him, "Handel understands effect better than any of us. When he chooses, he strikes like a thunder bolt", and to Beethoven he was "the master of us all". The latter emphasized above all the simplicity and popular appeal of Handel's music when he said, "Go to him to learn how to achieve great effects, by such simple means."
He is commemorated as a musician in the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Calendar of Saints]] of the [[Lutheran Church]] on July 28, with [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] and [[Heinrich Schütz]].
Handel's works were edited by [[Samuel Arnold (composer)|Samuel Arnold]] (40 vols., London, 1787–1797), and by [[Friedrich Chrysander]], for the German [[Händel-Gesellschaft]] (100 vols., Leipzig, 1858–1902).
Handel adopted the spelling "George Frideric Handel" on his naturalization as a British subject, and this spelling is generally used in English-speaking countries. The original form of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is generally used in Germany and elsewhere, but he is known as "Haendel" in France, which causes no small amount of grief to cataloguers everywhere. There was another composer with a similar name, Handl, who was a [[Slovenes|Slovene]] and is more commonly known as [[Jacobus Gallus]].
{{Schaff-Herzog}}
==Media==
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==See also==
* [[List of compositions by George Frideric Handel]]
* [[:Category:Compositions by George Frideric Handel]]
* [[:Category:Oratorios by George Frideric Handel]]
* [[:Category:Operas by George Frideric Handel]]
* [[Handel Commemoration]]
* [[Gopsall]]
* [[Charles Jennens]]
== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* Burrows, Donald. ''Handel.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-19-816470-X
* [[Otto Erich Deutsch|Deutsch, Otto Erich]], ''Handel: A Documentary Biography'', 1955.
* Frosch, W.A., [http://gfhandel.org/frosch.htm ''The "case" of George Frideric Handel''], New England Journal of Medicine, 1989; 321:765-769, Sep 14, 1989. [http://content.nejm.org/content/vol321/issue11/index.shtml]
* Harris, Ellen T. (general editor) ''The librettos of Handel's operas: a collection of seventy librettos documenting Handel's operatic career'' New York: Garland, 1989. ISBN 0-8240-3862-2
* Hogwood, Christopher. ''Handel.'' London: Thames and Hudson, 1984. ISBN 0-500-01355-1
* Keates, Jonathan. ''Handel, the man and his music.'' London: V. Gollancz, 1985. ISBN 0-575-03573-0
*Dean, Winton and John Merrill Knapp. ''Handel's Operas, 1704-1726'' (Volume 1) Oxford: Clarendon Press. (1987; 2nd Ed. 1994 (softcover) ISBN 0-198-16441-6
*Meynell, Hugo. ''The Art of Handel's Operas'' The Edwin Mellen Press (1986) ISBN 0-889-46425-1
==Further reading==
<div class="further reading-small">
</div>
* Dean, W. (2006) [http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM “Handel’s Operas, 1726-1741”] (The Boydell Press)
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commonscat|Georg Friedrich Händel}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9089 Edward Dent's Handel biography from Project Gutenberg]
* [http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM The second volume of Winton Dean for "Handel's Operas" covering the years 1726-1741]
* [http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel Friedrich Chrysander's Handel biography (in German)]
* Handel Houses:
**[http://www.handelhouse.org The Handel House Museum]
**[http://www.haendelhaus.de/ENGLISH/haendelhaus_e.htm The Händelhaus in Halle]
*{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-129204}}
=== Scores and recordings ===
* {{ChoralWiki}}
* [http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/eng/index.php?page=show&query=Georg%20Friedrich%20H%E4ndel&order=op www.kreusch-sheet-music.net] Free Scores by Handel
* [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HandelGF&preview=1 The Mutopia Project] provides free downloading of sheet music and [[MIDI]] files for some of Handel's works.
* {{IckingArchive|idx=Handel|name=George Frideric Handel}}
* {{IMSLP|id=Handel%2C_George_Frideric|cname=George Frideric Handel}}
* [http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=Handel+George+Frideric&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Handel cylinder recordings], from the [[Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library.
* Kunst der Fuge: [http://www.kunstderfuge.com/handel.htm George Frideric Handel - MIDI files]
* [http://magnatune.com/collections/handel Water Music, Organ Concertos op. 4, Tamerlano, etc.] Creative Commons recordings
* [[Lorraine Hunt Lieberson]] sings [http://www.valeriodistefano.com/lieberson.htm Handel arias]
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|DATE OF DEATH={{death date|1759|4|14|df=y}}
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[[uk:Гендель Ґеорґ Фредерік]]
[[vo:Georg Friedrich Händel]]
[[zh:格奥尔格·弗里德里希·亨德尔]]