George Santayana 182082 225459705 2008-07-13T20:25:26Z Lestrade 447615 /* Philosopher */ {{Infobox_Philosopher | <!-- Scroll down to edit this page --> <!-- Philosopher Category --> region = Western Philosophy | era = [[20th century philosophy]] | color = #B0C4DE | <!-- Image and Caption --> image_name = GeorgeSantayana.jpg | image_caption = George Santayana | <!-- Information --> name = Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruíz de Santayana y Borrás| birth = [[December 16]] [[1863]] ([[Madrid]]) | death = {{death date and age|1952|9|26|1863|12|16}} ([[Rome]]) | school_tradition = [[Pragmatism]], [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Naturalism]] | main interests = [[moral philosophy]], [[political philosophy]], [[epistemology]], [[metaphysics]] | notable_ideas = [[Animal Faith]], [[natural aristocracy]], [[The Realms of Being|Realms of Being]] | influences = [[Democritus]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Lucretius]], [[Spinoza]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[William James|James]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson|Emerson]]| influenced = [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Naturalism]] | }} '''George Santayana''' ([[December 16]], [[1863]], [[Madrid, Spain|Madrid]] &ndash; [[September 26]], [[1952]], [[Rome, Italy|Rome]]), was a [[philosopher]], [[essayist]], [[poet]], and [[novelist]]. A lifelong [[Spain|Spanish]] [[citizen]], Santayana was raised and educated in the [[United States]], wrote in [[English language|English]] and is generally considered an American [[Intellectual#Nineteenth-century English usage|man of letters]], although, of his nearly 89 years, he spent only 39 in the U.S. He is perhaps best known as an [[aphorist]], and for the oft-misquoted remark, "Those who cannot remember the past, are condemned to repeat it," from ''Reason in Common Sense'', the first volume of his ''[[The Life of Reason]]''. == Biography == Originally '''Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruíz de Santayana y Borrás''', he spent his early childhood in [[Ávila]], [[Spain]]. His father, Agustín Ruíz de Santayana, was a colonial civil servant, painter, and minor intellectual. His mother, Josefina Borrás, was the daughter of a Spanish official in the [[Philippine Islands]]. Jorge was the only child of his mother's second marriage. She had previously been the widow of George Sturgis, a Boston merchant by whom she had five children, two of whom died in infancy. She lived in Boston following her husband's death in 1857, but in 1861 went with her three surviving Sturgis children to live in [[Madrid]]. There she again encountered Agustín Santayana, an old friend from her years in the Philippines and married him in 1862. The family lived in Madrid and Ávila until 1869 when Santayana's mother returned to Boston with her three Sturgis children, leaving Jorge, then five, with his father in Spain. Jorge and his father followed her in [[1872]], but his father, finding neither Boston nor his wife's attitude to his liking, soon returned alone to Ávila, where he remained for the rest of his life. Jorge did not see him again until summer vacations while he was a student at Harvard. Thus from the time he was five, Jorge's parents lived apart. Sometime during this period Jorge became George, the English equivalent. He attended [[Boston Latin School]] and [[Harvard University]], studying under [[William James]] and [[Josiah Royce]], whose colleague he subsequently became. After graduating from Harvard in [[1886]], he studied for two years in [[Berlin]], returning to Harvard to write a thesis on [[Rudolf Hermann Lotze]] and teach philosophy, thus becoming part of the Golden Age of the Harvard philosophy department. Some of his Harvard students became famous in their own right, including [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Gertrude Stein]], [[Wallace Stevens]], [[Walter Lippmann]], [[W.E.B. Du Bois]], and [[Harry Austryn Wolfson]]. From 1896 to 1897, he studied at [[King's College, Cambridge]]. In [[1912]], his careful savings added to a legacy from his mother allowed him to resign his Harvard position and spend the rest of his life in Europe. After some years in Ávila, [[Paris]] and [[Oxford]], he began, after 1920, to winter in [[Rome]], eventually living there year-round until his death in [[1952]]. During his 40 years in Europe, he wrote 19 books and declined several prestigious academic positions. Many of his visitors and correspondents were Americans, including his assistant and eventual literary executor, Daniel Cory. In later life, Santayana was financially comfortable, in part because his 1935 novel, ''The Last Puritan'', had become an unexpected best-seller. In turn, he assisted financially a number of writers including [[Bertrand Russell]], with whom he was in fundamental disagreement, philosophically and politically. Santayana never married. For a biography, see McCormick (1987). == Philosopher == Santayana's main philosophical work consists of ''[[The Sense of Beauty]]'' (1896), his first book-length monograph and perhaps the first major work on [[aesthetics]] written in the United States; ''[[The Life of Reason]]'' (5 volumes, 1905–6), the high point of his Harvard career; ''[[Skepticism and Animal Faith]]'' (1923); and ''[[The Realms of Being]]'' (4 vols., 1927–40). Although Santayana is not a pragmatist in the mold of [[William James]], [[Charles Peirce]], [[Josiah Royce]], or [[John Dewey]], ''The Life of Reason'' arguably is the first extended treatment of [[pragmatism]] ever penned. Like many of the classical pragmatists, and because he was also well-versed in [[evolutionary theory]], Santayana was committed to a [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalist]] [[metaphysics]], in which human [[cognition]], cultural practices, and social institutions have evolved so as to harmonize with the conditions present in their environment. Their value may then be adjudged by the extent to which they facilitate human happiness. The alternate title to ''The Life of Reason'', "the Phases of Human Progress", is indicative of this metaphysical stance. Santayana was an early adherent of [[epiphenomenalism]], but also admired the classical [[materialism]] of [[Democritus]] and [[Lucretius]] (of the three authors on whom he wrote in ''Three Philosophical Poets'', Santayana speaks most favorably of Lucretius). He held [[Spinoza]]'s writings in high regard, without subscribing to the latter's [[rationalism]] or [[pantheism]]. Although an [[atheism|atheist]], he described himself as an "[[aesthetics|aesthetic]] [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]]", and spent the last decade of his life at the Convent of the Blue Nuns of the Little Company of Mary on the Celian (Caelius) Hill at 6 Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, Rome, cared for by the Irish sisters there. ==Man of letters== Santayana's one novel, ''[[The Last Puritan]]'', is a ''[[Bildungsroman]]''. His ''Persons and Places'' is an autobiography. These works also contain many of his tarter opinions and ''bons mots''. He wrote books and essays on a wide range of subjects, including philosophy of a less technical sort, literary criticism, the history of ideas, politics, human nature, morals, the subtle influence of religion on culture and social psychology, all with considerable wit and humor. While his writings on technical philosophy can be difficult, his other writings are far more readable, and all of his books contain quotable passages. He wrote poems and a few plays, and left an ample correspondence, much of it published only since 2000. In his temperament, judgments and prejudices, many of which do not sit well with present-day fashions, Santayana was very much the [[Castile (historical region)|Castilian]] [[Plato]]nist, cold, aristocratic and elitist, a curious blend of Mediterranean conservative (similar to [[Paul Valéry]]) and cultivated Anglo-Saxon, aloof and ironically detached. [[Russell Kirk]] discussed Santayana in his ''The Conservative Mind from [[Edmund Burke]] to [[T. S. Eliot]]''. Like [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], Santayana observed American culture and character from a foreigner's point of view. Like [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], he wrote philosophy in a literary way. Even though he declined to become an American citizen and happily resided in fascist Italy for decades, he is usually considered an American writer by Americans. He himself admitted to being most comfortable, intellectually and esthetically, at Oxford. His materialistic, skeptical philosophy was never in tune with the Spanish world of his time. In the post-[[Franco]] era he is gradually being recognized and translated. [[Ezra Pound]] includes Santayana among [[List of cultural references in The Cantos|the many cultural references in]] ''[[The Cantos]]'', notably in '''Canto LXXXI''' and '''Canto XCV'''. [[Chuck Jones]] used Santayana's description of fanaticism as "redoubling your effort after you've forgotten your aim" to describe the cartoons starring [[Wile E. Coyote]] and [[Road Runner]].[http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110004344] ==Works== * 1979. ''The Complete Poems of George Santayana: A Critical Edition''. Edited, with an introduction, by W. G. Holzberger. Bucknel University Press. The balance of this edition is published by the MIT Press. * 1986. ''Persons and Places'' Santayana's autobiography, incorporating ''Persons and Places'', 1944; ''The Middle Span'', 1945; and ''My Host the World'', 1953. * 1988 (1896). ''The Sense of Beauty''. * 1990 (1900). ''Interpretations of Poetry and Religion''. * 1994 (1935). ''[[The Last Puritan|The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel]]''. *''The Letters of George Santayana''. Edited by Daniel Cory. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 1955. (296 letters) *''The Letters of George Santayana''. Containing over 3,000 of his letters, many discovered posthumously, to more than 350 recipients. ** 2001. ''Book One, 1868-1909''. ** 2001. ''Book Two, 1910-1920''. ** 2002. ''Book Three, 1921-1927''. ** 2003. ''Book Four, 1928-1932''. ** 2003. ''Book Five, 1933-1936''. ** 2004. ''Book Six, 1937-1940''. ** 2005. ''Book Seven, 1941-1947''. ** 2006. ''Book Eight, 1948-1952''. '''Other works''' by Santayana include: *1905&ndash;1906. ''[[The Life of Reason]]: Or, The Phases of Human Progress'', 5 vols. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15000 Available free online from Project Gutenberg]. 1998. 1 vol. abridgement by the author and Daniel Cory. Prometheus Books. *1910. ''Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe''. *1913. ''Winds of Doctrine: Studies in Contemporary Opinion''. *1915. ''Egotism in German Philosophy''. *1920. ''Character and Opinion in the United States: With Reminiscences of William James and Josiah Royce and Academic Life in America''. *1920. ''Little Essays, Drawn From the Writings of George Santayana by Logan Pearsall Smith, With the Collaboration of the Author''. *1922. ''Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies''. *1923. ''[[Skepticism and Animal Faith]]: Introduction to a System of Philosophy''. *1927. ''Platonism and the Spiritual Life''. *1927&ndash;40. ''[[The Realms of Being]]'', 4 vols. 1942. 1 vol. abridgement. *1931. ''The Genteel Tradition at Bay''. *1933. ''Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy: Five Essays''. *1936. ''Obiter Scripta: Lectures, Essays and Reviews''. Justus Buchler and Benjamin Schwartz, eds. *1946. ''The Idea of Christ in the Gospels; or, God in Man: A Critical Essay''. *1948. ''Dialogues in Limbo, With Three New Dialogues''. *1951. ''Dominations and Powers: Reflections on Liberty, Society, and Government''. *1956. ''Essays in Literary Criticism of George Santayana''. Irving Singer, ed. *1957. ''The Idler and His Works, and Other Essays''. Daniel Cory, ed. *1967. ''The Genteel Tradition: Nine Essays by George Santayana''. Douglas L. Wilson, ed. *1967. ''George Santayana's America: Essays on Literature and Culture''. James Ballowe, ed. *1967. ''Animal Faith and Spiritual Life: Previously Unpublished and Uncollected Writings by George Santayana With Critical Essays on His Thought''. John Lachs, ed. *1968. ''Santayana on America: Essays, Notes, and Letters on American Life, Literature, and Philosophy''. Richard Colton Lyon, ed. *1968. ''Selected Critical Writings of George Santayana'', 2 vols. Norman Henfrey, ed. *1969. ''Physical Order and Moral Liberty: Previously Unpublished Essays of George Santayana''. John and Shirley Lachs, eds. *1995. ''The Birth of Reason and Other Essays''. Daniel Cory, ed., with an Introduction by Herman J. Saatkamp, Jr. Columbia Uni. Press. Works about Santayana include: *[[H.T. Kirby-Smith]], 1997. ''A Philosophical Novelist: George Santayana and the Last Puritan'' Southern Illinois University Press. *McCormick, John, 1987. ''George Santayana: A Biography''. Alfred A. Knopf. *Jeffers, Thomas L., 2005. ''Apprenticeships: The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana''. New York: Palgrave: 159-84. *[[Irving Singer|Singer, Irving]], 2000. ''George Santayana, Literary Philosopher''. Yale University Press. == External links == {{Wikiquote}} * {{gutenberg author| id=George+Santayana | name=George Santayana}} * [http://www.iupui.edu/~santedit/index.html#quota The Santayana edition.] * [http://www.iupui.edu/~santedit/santayanatodaysociety.html ''Overheard in Seville]'': Bulletin of the Santayana Society. * [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]: [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/santayana/ George Santayana] -- by Herman Saatkamp, Jr. Includes a complete bibliography of the primary literature, and a fair selection of the secondary literature. * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/santayan.htm The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: George Santayana] -- by Matthew C. Flamm * [http://www.iupui.edu/~santedit/gsantayanaquotes.html Extensive quotations from Santayana.] * [http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/George_Santayana/ 27 quotations from Santayana.] * [http://librivox.org/some-turns-of-thought-in-modern-philosophy-by-george-santayana/ Free audio recording of ''Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy''] from [[LibriVox]]. * [http://georgesantayana.blogspot.com/ A weblog dedicated to the thought of George Santayana] * [http://www.spiritualitytoday.org/spir2day/863843butler.html George Santayana: Catholic Atheist] * [http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu/Santayana/ Santayana Society] - Society founded to further the work of The Santayana Edition {{DEFAULTSORT:Santayana, George}} [[Category:1863 births]] [[Category:1952 deaths]] [[Category:20th century philosophers]] [[Category:Spanish philosophers]] [[Category:Spanish atheists]] [[Category:American philosophers]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:Atheist philosophers]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Pragmatists]] [[Category:Materialists]] [[Category:Books by George Santayana]] [[Category:Philosophy of sexuality]] [[Category:American memoirists]] [[Category:American writers]] [[Category:American essayists]] [[Category:American novelists]] [[Category:Spanish writers]] [[Category:Spanish-Americans]] [[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]] [[de:George Santayana]] [[es:George Santayana]] [[fr:George Santayana]] [[io:George Santayana]] [[sw:George Santayana]] [[ja:ジョージ・サンタヤーナ]] [[it:George Santayana]] [[pt:George Santayana]] [[ru:Сантаяна, Джордж]] [[sk:George Santayana]] [[sl:George Santayana]] [[fi:George Santayana]]