Ghil'ad Zuckermann 1381003 219174876 2008-06-13T22:34:49Z 58.174.100.174 added "influences" to the infobox {{Infobox Scientist |box_width = 26em | name = Ghil'ad Zuckermann | image = <!--(filename only)--> | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|6|1}} | birth_place = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] | residence = [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]</br> [[Israel]], [[UK]], [[USA]], [[Italy]], [[Singapore]], [[Japan]] | citizenship = [[Israel|Israeli]], [[Italy|Italian]], [[United Kingdom|British]] | ethnicity = [[Jewish]] | fields = [[Contact linguistics]], [[Lexicology]], [[Historical linguistics]], [[Etymology]], [[sociolinguistics|Language and culture]], [[International English|English as the world's language]], [[Jewish languages]], [[Theoretical linguistics]] | work_institutions = [[University of Queensland]] </br> [[University of Cambridge]] | alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]] </br> [[Tel Aviv University]] |doctoral_advisor = [[Dov-Ber Kerler]], [[Suzanne Romaine]] |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = | known_for = * Semito-European hybridic theory of the emergence of Israeli Hebrew. </br> * Classification of multisourced neologization, camouflaged borrowing. </br> * Analysis of phono-semantic matching. |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = [[Salikoko Mufwene]], [[Uriel Weinreich]], [[Paul N. Wexler|Paul Wexler]], [[Sarah Thomason]], [[Geoffrey Lewis Lewis|Geoffrey Lewis]], [[Outi Bat-el]], [[Michael Clyne]], [[James Matisoff]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Gottlob Frege]] |influenced = [[Dovid Katz]], [[Ruvik Rosenthal]], [[Nissan Netzer]] |awards = }} '''Ghil'ad Zuckermann''' ({{lang-he|גלעד צוקרמן}} , {{lang-zh|诸葛漫}}) (born [[June 1]], [[1971]], in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]) is an [[Israel|Israeli]]/[[Italy|Italian]]/[[United Kingdom|British]] [[Linguistics|linguist]] who argues that [[Israeli Hebrew|Israeli]] (his term for [[Modern Hebrew]]) is a [[Semitic languages|Semito]]-[[Indo-European languages|European]] [[hybrid]] [[language]], simultaneously based on [[Hebrew]], [[Yiddish]] and other [[language]]s such as [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Polish language|Polish]]. His multi-parental [[hybridization]] model is in contrast to both the traditional [[language revival|revival]] view (i.e. that [[Israeli Hebrew|Israeli]] is [[Hebrew]] revived) and the [[relexification]] position (i.e. that [[Israeli Hebrew|Israeli]] is [[Yiddish]] with [[Hebrew]] words).<ref>Zuckermann, Ghil'ad ([[2006]]), "Complement Clause Types in Israeli", ''Complementation: A Cross-Linguistic Typology'', edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]], pp. 72-92.</ref> His publications include the book [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]([[Palgrave Macmillan]], [[2003]]), which establishes a [[Sociolinguistics|socio]]-[[Philology|philological]] framework for the analysis of [[camouflaged borrowing]] such as [[phono-semantic matching]], and introduces a classification for [[multisourced neologization]]. Zuckermann is [[Associate Professor]] and [[Australian Research Council|Australian Research Council (ARC)]] Discovery Fellow at the [[University of Queensland]], [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]]. He holds [[Ph.D.|doctorates]] from [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] universities and an [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A.]] [[summa cum laude]] from [[Tel Aviv University]].<ref> [http://www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/researcher/zuckermanng.html UQ reSEARCHers: Biography for Assoc Prof Ghil'ad Zuckermann], accessed June 14, 2008.</ref> == Biography == Zuckermann was born in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] on [[June 1]], [[1971]]. In [[1987]] he won the [[Israeli]] scholarship to attend the [[United World College of the Adriatic|United World College (UWC) of the Adriatic]], where he gained an [[IB Diploma Programme|International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma]] in [[1989]]. He served in the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israel Defense Forces (IDF)]] in [[1989]]-[[1993]], during the [[First Intifada]] ([[1987]]-[[1992]]) and [[Gulf War]] ([[1990]]-[[1991]]). In [[1993]]-[[1997]] he was a scholar at the [[Adi Lautman Interdisciplinary Programme for Outstanding Students]] of [[Tel Aviv University]], where he studied [[philosophy]], [[psychology]], [[classics]], [[literature]], [[law]] and [[mathematics]], and specialized in [[linguistics]], receiving an [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A.]] (97%, [[summa cum laude]]) from the Department of [[Linguistics]] in [[1997]]. In [[1997]]-[[2000]] he was Scatcherd European Scholar of the [[University of Oxford]] and Denise Skinner Graduate Scholar at [[St Hugh's College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], receiving a [[Ph.D.|D.Phil.]] ([[Oxon.]]) in [[2000]].<ref>[http://www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/researcher/zuckermanng.html UQ reSEARCHers: Biography for Assoc Prof Ghil'ad Zuckermann], accessed June 14, 2008.</ref> As [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation|Gulbenkian]] [[Research Fellow]] at [[Churchill College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] ([[2000]]-[[2004]]), he was affiliated with the Department of [[Linguistics]], Faculty of Modern and Medieval Studies, [[University of Cambridge]], and taught at the Faculty of Asian & Middle Eastern Studies (then known as Faculty of Oriental Studies), [[University of Cambridge]]. He received a titular [[Ph.D.]] ([[Cantab.]]) from the [[University of Cambridge]] in [[2003]].<ref>[http://www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/researcher/zuckermanng.html?uv_category=qua UQ reSEARCHers: Qualifications for Assoc Prof Ghil'ad Zuckermann], accessed June 14, 2008.</ref> Zuckermann has taught at [[universities]] in the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Israel]] and [[Singapore]]. He has also taught preparatory courses for various [[Psychometrics|psychometric examinations]] and co-authored several books in this field. He has been [[research fellow]] at the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]'s Study and Conference Center (Villa Serbelloni, [[Bellagio]], [[Lake Como]], [[Italy]]), [[Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center]] ([[University of Texas at Austin]]), Research Centre for Linguistic Typology (Institute for Advanced Study, [[La Trobe University]], [[Melbourne]]), and National Institute for Japanese Language ([[Tokyo]]). He has held a [[British Academy]] Research Grant, Memorial Foundation of Jewish Culture Postdoctoral Fellowship, Harold Hyam Wingate Scholarship, [[Chevening Scholarship]] and [[German Academic Exchange Service]] (DAAD) Scholarship.<ref>[http://www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/researcher/zuckermanng.html UQ reSEARCHers: Biography for Assoc Prof Ghil'ad Zuckermann], accessed June 14, 2008.</ref> Currently, Zuckermann is [[Associate Professor]] and [[Australian Research Council|Australian Research Council (ARC)]] Discovery Fellow at the [[University of Queensland]], [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]]. == Contributions to linguistics == Zuckermann’s [[research]] focuses on [[language contact]] and [[comparative linguistics]]. Throughout his work, whether it is the [[analysis]] of a [[lexical item]]<ref>E.g. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad ([[2004]]), "Cultural Hybridity: Multisourced Neologization in 'Reinvented' Languages and in Languages with 'Phono-Logographic' Script", ''Languages in Contrast'' 4 (2), pp. 281-318.</ref>, a [[grammatical construction]]<ref>E.g. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad ([[2006]]), "[http://www.mucjs.org/MELILAH/2006/Zuckermann%20Melilah%202006(2).pdf Comparative Constructions in 'Israeli Hebrew'"], ''Melilah'' 2006/2, pp. 1-16;</br>Zuckermann, Ghil'ad ([[2006]]), "Direct and Indirect Speech in Straight-Talking Israeli", ''Acta Linguistica Hungarica'' 53, pp. 467-481.</ref>, the [[genetic relationship|genetic affiliation]] of a [[language]]<ref>E.g. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad ([[2006]]), “Hebrew, Israeli”, ''Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics'' (Second Edition), edited by Keith Brown, Oxford: Elsevier, Volume 5, pp. 265-268.</ref> or [[globalization]]<ref>E.g. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad ([[2003]]), “Language Contact and Globalisation: The Camouflaged Influence of English on the World’s Languages – with special attention to Israeli (sic) and Mandarin”, ''Cambridge Review of International Affairs'' 16 (2), pp. 287-307.</ref>, one could notice [[motifs]] such as [[syncretism]], [[hybridity]], [[multiple causation]], reinforcement, [[subconscious|subconscious influence]], [[survival]] and [[camouflage]]. ===Historical linguistics - characterization of Israeli Hebrew=== According to Zuckermann, [[Israeli Hebrew]], which he calls [[Israeli Hebrew|Israeli]], is genetically both [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ([[Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Romance languages|Romance]]) and [[Afro-Asiatic]] ([[Semitic languages|Semitic]]). He suggests that [[Israeli Hebrew]] is the continuation not only of literary [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] but also of [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], as well as [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and other [[languages]] spoken by [[Hebrew]] [[language revival|revivalists]]. Zuckermann's [[hybrid|hybridic]] model is based on two main [[principle]]s: the [[Congruence Principle]] and the [[Founder Principle]]. According to the [[Congruence Principle]], the more contributing [[language]]s a [[Feature (linguistics)|linguistic feature]] exists in, the more likely it is to persist in the [[target language]].<ref>See p. 62 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad ([[2006]]), "A New Vision for 'Israeli Hebrew': Theoretical and Practical Implications of Analysing Israel's Main Language as a Semi-Engineered Semito-European Hybrid Language", ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'' 5 (1), pp. 57-71.</ref> Based on [[feature pool]]<ref>See Mufwene, Salikoko ([[2001]]), ''The Ecology of Language Evolution'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> [[statistics]] and recognizing simultaneous multiple sources, the [[Congruence Principle]] is in contrast to the [[family tree]] [[tool]] in [[historical linguistics]]. The [[Congruence Principle]] challenges the [[relexification]] model, according to which [[Israeli Hebrew]] is [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: [[Yiddish]] with [[Hebrew]] words.<ref>See Horvath, Julia and Wexler, Paul (editors) ([[1997]]), ''Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages: With Special Attention to Haitian Creole, Modern Hebrew, Romani and Rumanian'', Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> The [[Founder Principle]] underlines the impact of the [[founder population]] on the emerging [[language]]. Thus, "[[Yiddish]] is a primary contributor to [[Israeli Hebrew]] because it was the [[mother tongue]] of the vast majority of [[language revival|revivalists]] and first pioneers in [[Eretz Yisrael]] at the crucial period of the beginning of [[Israeli Hebrew]]".<ref>See p. 63 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad ([[2006]]), "A New Vision for 'Israeli Hebrew': Theoretical and Practical Implications of Analysing Israel's Main Language as a Semi-Engineered Semito-European Hybrid Language", ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'' 5 (1), pp. 57-71.</ref> According to Zuckermann, although the [[Language revitalization|revivalists]] wished to speak [[Hebrew]], with [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] [[grammar]] and [[pronunciation]], they could not avoid the [[Ashkenazi]] [[mindset]] arising from their [[Europe|European]] background. He argues that their attempt to deny their [[European ethnic groups|European]] roots, negate [[Diaspora|diasporism]] and avoid [[hybridity]] (as reflected in [[Yiddish]]) failed. "Had the [[Language revitalization|revivalists]] been [[Arabic]]-speaking [[Jews]] (e.g. from [[Morocco]]), [[Israeli Hebrew]] would have been a totally different [[language]] – both [[genetics|genetically]] and [[typology|typologically]], much more [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. The impact of the [[founder population]] on [[Israeli Hebrew]] is incomparable with that of later [[immigration|immigrants]]."<ref>See p. 63 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad ([[2006]]), "A New Vision for 'Israeli Hebrew': Theoretical and Practical Implications of Analysing Israel's Main Language as a Semi-Engineered Semito-European Hybrid Language", ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'' 5 (1), pp. 57-71.</ref> The [[Founder Principle]] challenges the traditional [[language revival|revival]] view, according to which [[Israeli Hebrew]] is [[Hebrew]] [[Language revitalization|revived]] and thus [[Afro-Asiatic]] ([[Semitic languages|Semitic]]). Zuckermann concludes that when one [[Language revitalization|revive]]s a no-longer spoken [[language]], one should expect to end up with a [[hybrid]]. ===Lexicology - analysis of camouflaged borrowing=== Zuckermann's [[analysis]] of [[multisourced neologization]]<ref>Zuckermann, Ghil’ad ([[2003]]), [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’], Houndmills: [[Palgrave Macmillan]].</ref> challenges [[Einar Haugen]]'s classic [[typology]] of [[loanwords|lexical borrowing]] <ref>Haugen, Einar ([[1950]]), "The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing", ''Language'' 26, pp. 210-231.</ref>. While [[Einar Haugen|Haugen]] categorizes [[loanword|borrowing]] into either substitution or importation, Zuckermann explores cases of "simultaneous substitution and importation" in the form of [[camouflaged borrowing]]. He proposes a new [[classification]] of [[multisourced neologism]]s, [[word]]s deriving from two or more [[source]]s at the same time. Examples of such [[mechanism]]s are [[phonetic matching]], [[semanticized phonetic matching]] and [[phono-semantic matching]]. [[Phono-semantic matching]] is distinct from [[calquing]]. While [[calquing]] includes ([[semantic]]) [[translation]], it does not consist of [[phonetic matching]] (i.e. retaining the approximate [[sound]] of the [[loanword|borrowed]] [[word]] through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent [[word]]/[[morpheme]] in the [[target language]]). [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew] compares [[phono-semantic matches]] in [[Israeli Hebrew]] to those in [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] and [[creole languages]]. Zuckermann concludes that [[language planning|language planners]], for example members of the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]], employ the very same [[technique]]s used in [[folk etymology]] by [[laymen]], as well as by religious leaders.<ref>See Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad ([[2006]]), "'Etymythological Othering' and the Power of 'Lexical Engineering' in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective", ''Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion'', edited by Tope Omoniyi and Joshua A. Fishman, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 237-258.</ref> He urges [[lexicographer]]s and [[etymologist]]s to recognize the widespread phenomena of [[camouflaged borrowing]] and [[multisourced neologization]] and not to force one [[source]] on multi-parental [[lexical item]]s. ===Writing systems - characterization of Chinese orthography=== Zuckermann’s exploration of [[phono-semantic matching]] in [[Standard Mandarin]] and [[Meiji period]] [[Japanese language|Japanese]] concludes that the [[Written Chinese|Chinese]] [[writing system]] is multifunctional: [[pleremic]] ("full" of [[Meaning (linguistics)|meaning]], e.g. [[logographic]]), [[cenemic]] ("empty" of [[Meaning (linguistics)|meaning]], e.g. [[phonographic]] - like a [[syllabary]]) and simultaneously [[cenemic]] and [[pleremic]] ([[phono-logographic]]). Zuckermann argues that [[Leonard Bloomfield]]’s assertion that "a language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used"<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard ([[1933]]), ''Language'', New York: Henry Holt, p. 21.</ref> is inaccurate. “If [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]] had been written using [[roman letters]], thousands of [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]] [[word]]s would not have been coined, or would have been coined with completely different forms”.<ref>Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad ([[2003]]), [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X ''Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew''], Houndmills: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], p. 255.</ref> == References == <references/> == External links== * [http://www.zuckermann.org/ Ghil'ad Zuckermann's website]</br></br> * [http://www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/researcher/zuckermanng.html UQ reSEARCHers: Biography for Assoc Prof Ghil'ad Zuckermann]</br></br> * [http://www.uq.edu.au/emsah/index.html?page=60226 Associate Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann, School of English, Media Studies and Art History, The University of Queensland, Australia] * [http://www.jewish-languages.org/gzuckermann.html Jewish Language Research Website: Ghil`ad Zuckermann] [[Category:Historical linguists|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Etymologists|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Linguists of Yiddish|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Sociolinguists|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Morphologists|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Linguistics educators|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Linguistics writers|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Israeli linguists|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Italian linguists|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:British linguists|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Jewish scientists|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Australian academics|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Australian Jews|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Israeli Jews|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Italian Jews|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:British Jews|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Ashkenazi Jews|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:University of Queensland faculty|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:National University of Singapore faculty|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:La Trobe University faculty|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Rockefeller Foundation residents in Bellagio|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:People from Tel Aviv|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:People from Brisbane|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Living people|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:1971 births|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:United World Colleges alumni|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:United World College of the Adriatic alumni|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Tel Aviv University alumni|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[Category:Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] [[it:Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] [[zh:诸葛漫]] [[he:גלעד צוקרמן]] [[yi:גלעד צוקערמאן]]