Glasgow 68736 225825392 2008-07-15T16:01:55Z Epbr123 1395162 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Pink!Teen|Pink!Teen]] to last version by AlexiusHoratius (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{otheruses}} {{verylong}} {{redirect|Glaswegian|the dialect|Glasgow patter}} {{Infobox UK place <!-- Infobox begins --> |official_name = Glasgow |gaelic_name = Glaschu |scots_name = Glesca, Glesga |local_name = | static_image= [[Image:Glasgow — Looking South East.jpg|250px]] | static_image_caption= <small>View over Glasgow City Chambers</small> |country = Scotland |map_type = Scotland |population= 580,690 (August 2007)<ref name=aug2007population>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/populationaug07.pdf| title=2007 Population Estimates| accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref> |statistic1= 1,750,500 |statistic_title1 = [[Urban Area|Urban]]<ref name=aug2007population>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/populationaug07.pdf| title=2007 Population Estimates| accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref> |statistic2= 2.3 million |statistic_title2 = [[Metropolitan Area|Metro]] |population_density= {{nowrap|{{Pop density mi2 to km2|8541.8|abbr=yes|precision=1}} }} <!--578790 people/67.76sq mi=8541.76 --> |os_grid_reference= NS590655 | edinburgh_distance_mi=42 | london_distance_mi=403 |language= [[English language|English]] |area_footnotes =<ref name=infoboxarea>{{cite web |url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/analyser/analyser?topicId=1&tableId=UV02&tableName=Population+density&selectedTopicId=&aggregated=false&subject=&tableNumber=&selectedLevelId=&postcode=&areaText=&RADIOLAYER=&actionName=view-results&clearAreas=&stateData1=&stateData2=&stateData3=&stateData4=&debug=&tempData1=&tempData2=&tempData3=&tempData4=&areaId=17&levelId=1 |title=Analyser UV02 |accessdate=2007-08-04 |format= |work= }}</ref> |area_total_sq_mi =67.76 |latitude= 55.858 |longitude= -4.259 |post_town= GLASGOW |postcode_area= G |postcode_district= G1–G80 |dial_code= 0141 |constituency_westminster= [[Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Central]] |constituency_westminster1= [[Glasgow East (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow East]] |constituency_westminster2= [[Glasgow North (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North]] |constituency_westminster3= [[Glasgow North East (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North East]] |constituency_westminster4= [[Glasgow North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North West]] |constituency_westminster5= [[Glasgow South (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow South]] |constituency_westminster6= [[Glasgow South West (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow South West]] |unitary_scotland= [[Politics of Glasgow|Glasgow City Council]] |lieutenancy_scotland= Glasgow |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Glasgow (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Glasgow]] |constituency_scottish_parliament1= [[Glasgow Anniesland (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Anniesland]] |constituency_scottish_parliament2= [[Glasgow Baillieston (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Baillieston]] |constituency_scottish_parliament3= [[Glasgow Cathcart (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Cathcart]] |constituency_scottish_parliament4= [[Glasgow Govan (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Govan]] |constituency_scottish_parliament5= [[Glasgow Kelvin (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Kelvin]] |constituency_scottish_parliament6=[[Glasgow Maryhill (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Maryhill]] |constituency_scottish_parliament7=[[Glasgow Pollok (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Pollok]] |constituency_scottish_parliament8=[[Glasgow Rutherglen (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Rutherglen]] |constituency_scottish_parliament9=[[Glasgow Shettleston (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Shettleston]] |constituency_scottish_parliament10= [[Glasgow Springburn (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Springburn]] |website= [http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/ www.glasgow.gov.uk] |[[Image:Glasgow Coat of Arms.png|100px|right]] }} <!-- Infobox ends --> '''Glasgow''' ({{pronEng|ˈglæzgoʊ}}) is the largest city in [[Scotland]] and [[List of United Kingdom cities by population|third most populous]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. Fully named as the ''City of Glasgow'', it is the most populous of Scotland's 32 [[Subdivisions of Scotland|unitary authority areas]]. The city is situated on the [[River Clyde]] in the country's [[Scottish Lowlands|west central lowlands]]. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local [[dialect]]. Glasgow grew from the [[medieval]] [[Bishop of Glasgow|Bishopric of Glasgow]] and the later establishment of the [[University of Glasgow]], which contributed to the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]. From the 18th century the city became one of Europe's main hubs of [[transatlantic]] [[trade]] with the [[Americas]]. With the [[Industrial Revolution]], the city and surrounding region grew to become one of the world's pre-eminent centres of engineering and [[shipbuilding]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/glasgow/glasgow/index.html|title=Glasgow Feature Page|accessdate=2007-12-11|work=Undiscovered Scotland}}.</ref> constructing many revolutionary and famous vessels. Glasgow was known as the ''"[[Second city|Second City]] of the [[British Empire]]"'' in the [[Victorian era]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/The+Second+City.htm| title=About Glasgow: The Second City of the Empire - the 19th century| accessdate=2007-07-09|publisher=Glasgow City Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php| title=Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914| author=Fraser, W, H| accessdate=2008-01-07|publisher=University of Glasgow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/vibrant6-glasgow.html| title=Glasgow – city of reality| author=McIlvanney, W| accessdate=2008-01-07|publisher=Scotland - the official online gateway}}</ref> Today it is one of Europe's top twenty financial centres and is home to many of Scotland's leading businesses.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/Factsheets/| title=About Glasgow: Factsheets| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew to a population of over one million,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/4population.pdf| title=Factsheet 4: Population| publisher=Glasgow City Council| accessdate=2007-07-09| format=pdf}}</ref> and was the fourth-largest city in Europe, after [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Berlin]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Visitors/Architecture/Bridges| title=Visiting Glasgow: Clyde Bridges| accessdate=2007-07-09 |publisher= Glasgow City Council}}</ref> In the 1960s, large-scale relocation to [[new towns]] and peripheral [[suburb]]s, followed by successive boundary changes, have reduced the current population of the City of Glasgow unitary authority area to 580,690.<ref name=aug2007population>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/populationaug07.pdf| title=2007 Population Estimates| accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref> 1,750,500<ref name=aug2007population>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/populationaug07.pdf| title=2007 Population Estimates| accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref> people live in the [[Greater Glasgow]] [[Urban Area]] based on the 2007 population Estimate.<ref name=aug2007population>{{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/populationaug07.pdf| title=2007 Population Estimates| accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref> The entire region surrounding the [[conurbation]] covers approximately 2.3 million people, 41% of Scotland's population.<ref name=spt>{{cite web| url=http://www.spt.co.uk/Publications/interchange/issue07.html| title=Minister backs SPT on White Paper|date=September 2004| publisher=Strathclyde Partnership for Transport| work=Interchange Issue 7| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> ==History== {{main|History of Glasgow}} [[Image:modernclyde.JPG|250px|thumb|left|Recent years have seen a regeneration of the [[River Clyde]]'s banks. [[Salmon]] and other marine life have now returned to the Clyde, which was heavily polluted for decades.]] The present site of Glasgow has been used since prehistoric times for settlement due to it being the [[ford (crossing)|forded]] point of the River Clyde furthest downstream, which also provided a natural area for [[salmon]] fishing. The origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotland's second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the [[tenth century|tenth]] and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King [[David I of Scotland]] and [[John the Chaplain|John]], [[Bishop of Glasgow]]. There had been an earlier religious site established by [[Saint Mungo]] in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the [[Kingdom of Scotland]], bringing wealth and status to the town. Between 1175 and 1178 this position was strengthened even further when Bishop [[Jocelin]] obtained for the episcopal settlement the status of [[burgh]] from King [[William I of Scotland]], allowing the settlement to expand with the benefits of trading monopolies and other legal guarantees. Sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives to this day as the [[Glasgow Fair]]. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, and the founding of the [[University of Glasgow]] in 1451 and elevation of the [[bishopric]] to an [[archbishopric]] in 1492 increased the town's religious and educational status. After the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] in 1707, Scotland gained trading access to the vast markets of the [[British Empire]] and Glasgow became prominent in international commerce as a hub of trade to the Americas, especially in the movement of [[Tobacco Lords|tobacco]], [[cotton]] and [[sugar]] into the deep water port that had been created by city merchants at [[Port Glasgow]].<ref>[http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/ Abolition of the Slave Trade]. [[Learning and Teaching Scotland]] Online. Retrieved on [[September 26]] [[2007]]</ref> [[Daniel Defoe]] visited the city in the early 18th century and famously opined in his book ''[[A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain]]'', that Glasgow was "the cleanest and beautifullest, and best built city in Britain, London excepted."<ref>[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usebooks/defoe-scotland/letter12-2.html Letter XII] from "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" by Daniel Defoe.</ref> At that time, the city's population numbered approximately 12,000, and was yet to undergo the massive changes to the city's economy and urban fabric, brought about by the influences of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] and [[Industrial Revolution]]. In its subsequent industrial era, Glasgow produced [[textiles]], [[engineering|engineered goods]] and [[steel]], which were exported. The opening of the [[Monkland Canal]] in 1791, facilitated access to the [[Iron ore|Iron-ore]] and [[Coal mining|Coal mines]] in [[Lanarkshire]]. After extensive engineering projects to [[Dredging|dredge]] and deepen the Clyde, [[Shipbuilding]] became a major industry on the upper stretches of the river, building many famous ships (although many were actually built in [[Clydebank]]). Glasgow's population had surpassed that of Edinburgh by 1821. By the end of the 19th century the city was known as the ''"Second City of the Empire"'' and by 1870 was producing more than half Britain's tonnage of shipping<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php|title=Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914|publisher=[[The Glasgow Story]]|date=2004|accessdate=2008-07-09|first=W. Hamish|last=Fraser}}</ref> and a quarter of all [[locomotives]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php|title=Industrial decline - the 20th Century |publisher=[[Glasgow City Council]]|date=2007-03-28|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> During this period, the construction of many of the city's greatest architectural masterpieces and most ambitious civic projects, like the [[Loch Katrine]] [[aqueduct]] and [[Glasgow Subway|Subway]], were being funded by its wealth. From the late 1840s onwards, vast numbers of Irish Catholics settled in Glasgow. Originally forced to flee [[Ireland]] due to the [[Great Famine]], the [[Irish people|Irish]] continued to immigrate into the City of Glasgow in huge numbers for the rest of the nineteenth- and twentieth-centuries, driven to the city by economic stagnation at home. This Irish immigration has given Glasgow a large [[Catholic]] population. The 20th century witnessed both decline and renewal in the city. After [[World War I]], the city suffered from the impact of the [[Post-WWI recession|Post-World War I recession]] and from the later [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]], this also led to a rise of radical socialism and the "[[Red Clydeside]]" movement. The city had recovered by the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] and grew through the post-war boom that lasted through the 1950s. However by the 1960s, a lack of investment and innovation led to growing overseas competition in countries like [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|Japan]] and [[Wirtschaftswunder|Germany]] which weakened the once pre-eminent position of many of the city's industries. As a result of this, Glasgow entered a lengthy period of relative economic decline and rapid [[deindustrialisation]], leading to high [[unemployment]], [[urban decay]], [[Depopulation|population decline]], [[Welfare trap|welfare dependency]] and poor health for the city's inhabitants. There were active attempts at regeneration of the city, when the Glasgow Corporation published its controversial ''[[Bruce Report]]'', which set out a comprehensive series of initiatives aimed at turning round the decline of the city. There are also accusations that the [[Scottish Office]] had deliberately attempted to undermine Glasgow's economic and political influence in [[post-war]] Scotland by preventing the creation of new industries and creating the [[new towns]] of [[Cumbernauld]], [[Glenrothes]], [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine]], [[Livingston, West Lothian|Livingston]] and [[East Kilbride]], dispersed across the [[Scottish Lowlands]], in order to halve the city's population base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050119043309/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=986122002|title=Secret plot to strip Glasgow of influence|publisher=[[The Scotsman]]|date=2002-09-05|accessdate=2007-12-11|first=John|last=Staples}}</ref> However, by the 1990s, there had been a significant resurgence in Glasgow's economic fortunes; the city found a new role as a European centre for business services and finance and benefited from an increase in tourism and inward investment. The latter is largely due to the legacy of the city's status as [[European City of Culture]] in 1990, and attempts to diversify the city's economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openscotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/03/27153210/10|title=Interim Evaluation of the Cities Growth Fund: A Report to the Scottish Executive - Appendix 4: Glasgow|publisher=[[The Scottish Executive]]|date=2007-03|accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref> This economic revival has continued and the ongoing [[Urban renewal|regeneration]] of [[Inner city|inner-city areas]] has led to more affluent people moving back to live in the centre of Glasgow, fuelling allegations of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_41198_en.pdf|title=Housing regeneration in Glasgow: Gentrification and upward neighbourhood trajectories in a post-industrial city|publisher=[[eSharp]]|date=2006|accessdate=2008-07-10|first=Zhan|last=McIntyre}}</ref> The city now resides in the [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] index of top 50 safest cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1307990|title=Quality of living global city rankings – Mercer survey|accessdate=2008-07-10}}.</ref> Despite Glasgow's economic renaissance, the [[Glasgow#East_End|east end]] of the city remains the focus of severe social deprivation.<ref name=breakthrough>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/breakthroughglasgow_05_02_08.pdf|title=Breakthrough Glasgow|publisher=The Centre for Social Justice|date=2008-02-01|accessdate=2008-02-08}}</ref> A Glasgow Economic Audit report published in 2007 stated that the gap between prosperous and deprived areas of the city is widening.<ref name=audit>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2D5AF9D8-CE27-40D1-9BDF-47020507440A/0/GlasgowEconomicAudit2007SummaryReportFinal.pdf|title=Glasgow Economic Audit 2007&mdash;Summary Report|publisher=Glasgow Economic Forum|year=2007|format=pdf|accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref> In 2006, 47% of Glasgow's population lived in the most deprived 15% of areas in Scotland,<ref name=audit/> while the [[Centre for Social Justice]] reported 29.4% of the city's working-age residents to be "economically inactive".<ref name=breakthrough>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/breakthroughglasgow_05_02_08.pdf|title=Breakthrough Glasgow|publisher=The Centre for Social Justice|date=2008-02-01|accessdate=2008-02-08}}</ref> Although marginally behind the UK average, Glasgow still has a higher employment rate than [[Birmingham]], [[Liverpool]] and [[Manchester]].<ref name=audit/> {{Wide image|Glasgow_panorama.jpg|1152px|A panoramic view of Glasgow City Centre from the top of [[The Lighthouse (Glasgow)|The Lighthouse]]}} ===Toponymy=== It is common to derive the name ''Glasgow'' from the older [[Cumbric language|Cumbric]] ''glas cau'' or a [[Middle Irish language|Middle Gaelic]] cognate, which would have meant ''green hollow''. The settlement probably had an earlier Cumbric name, '''Cathures'''; the modern name appears for the first time in the [[Gaels|Gaelic]] period (1116), as ''Glasgu''. However, it is also recorded that the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|King of Strathclyde]], [[Rhydderch Hael]], welcomed Saint Kentigern (also known as [[Saint Mungo]]), and procured his consecration as bishop about 540. For some thirteen years Kentigern laboured in the region, building his church at the [[Molendinar Burn]], and making many converts. A large community developed around him and became known as ''Glasgu'' (meaning the ''dear Green'' or the dear green place). ===Heraldry=== [[Image:Glasgow Coat of Arms.png|thumb|The coat of arms of the City of Glasgow as granted in 1866.]] The coat of arms of the City of Glasgow, as granted to the royal burgh by the [[Lord Lyon]] on [[25 October]], [[1866]].<ref>Urquhart, R.M. (1973) ''Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry''. London. Heraldry Today. ISBN 978-0900455247. </ref> It incorporates a number of symbols and emblems associated with the life of Glasgow's [[patron saint]], Mungo, which had been used on official seals prior to that date. The emblems represent [[Saint Mungo#Miracles|miracles]] supposed to have been performed by Mungo and are listed in the traditional rhyme: ::::''Here's the bird that never flew'' ::::''Here's the tree that never grew'' ::::''Here's the bell that never rang'' ::::''Here's the fish that never swam'' Mungo is also said to have preached a sermon containing the words ''Lord, Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word and the praising of thy name''. This was abbreviated to "Let Glasgow Flourish" and adopted as the city's motto. The motto was more recently commemorated in a song called "Mother Glasgow", which was written by Dundonian singer/songwriter [[Michael Marra]], but popularised by [[Hue and Cry]]. In 1450, John Stewart, the first [[Lord Provost]] of Glasgow, left an endowment so that a "St Mungo's Bell" could be made and tolled throughout the city so that the citizens would pray for his soul. A new bell was purchased by the magistrates in 1641 and that bell is still on display in the [[People's Palace]] Museum, near [[Glasgow Green]]. The [[supporters]] are two salmon bearing rings, and the crest is a half length figure of Saint Mungo. He wears a bishop's mitre and liturgical [[vestments]] and has his hand raised in "the act of [[benediction]]". The original 1866 grant placed the crest atop a [[Helmet|helm]], but this was removed in subsequent grants. The current version (1996) has a gold [[mural crown]] between the shield and the crest. This form of coronet, resembling an embattled city wall, was allowed to the four area councils with city status. The arms were rematriculated by the City of [[Glasgow District Council]] on [[6 February]], [[1975]], and by the present area council on [[25 March]], [[1996]]. The only change made on each occasion was in the type of coronet over the arms.<ref>Urquhart, R.M. (1979). ''Scottish Civic Heraldry''. London. Heraldry Today. ISBN 978-0900455261.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Urquhart|first=R.M.|title=Scottish Civic Heraldry|publisher=School Library Association|location=Swindon|year=2001|origyear=1979|edition=2nd edition|isbn=978-0900649233}}</ref> <BR clear=right> ==Governance== {{see also|Politics of Glasgow}} [[Image:Glasgow City Chambers Council Chamber.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Glasgow City Chambers]] is the headquarters of [[Glasgow City Council]] and the seat of Local Government in the city.]] Since the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]], Glasgow has increasingly supported [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] ideas and politics. The [[Politics of Glasgow|city council]] has been controlled by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] for 30 years, since the decline of the [[Progressive Party (UK)|Progressives]]. The left-wing support emanates from the city's legacy as an industrial powerhouse, and the relative poverty of many Glaswegian [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituencies]] and [[Wards of the United Kingdom|wards]]. In the aftermath of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] and [[German Revolution]], the city's frequent strikes and [[Militant]] organisations caused serious alarm at [[Westminster]], with one [[1919 Battle of George Square|uprising in January 1919]] prompting the [[Prime Minister]], [[David Lloyd George]] to deploy 10,000 troops and tanks onto the city's streets. A huge demonstration in the city's [[George Square]] on [[31 January]] ended in violence after the [[Riot Act]] was read. [[Industrial action]] at the shipyards gave rise to the "[[Red Clydeside]]" epithet. During the 1930s, Glasgow was the main base of the [[Independent Labour Party]]. Towards the end of the 20th century it became a centre of the struggle against the [[Community Charge|poll tax]], and then the main base of the [[Scottish Socialist Party]], a far left party in Scotland. ===Scottish Parliament region=== {{see also|Glasgow Scottish Parliament region}} The [[Glasgow (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Glasgow electoral region of the Scottish Parliament]] covers the Glasgow City council area, the [[Rutherglen, Glasgow|Rutherglen]] area of the [[South Lanarkshire]] and a small eastern portion of [[Renfrewshire]]. It elects ten of the parliament's 73 [[first past the post]] constituency members and seven of the 56 [[Additional member system (Scottish Parliament)|additional members]]. Both kinds of member are known as [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs)]]. The system of election is designed to produce a form of [[proportional representation]]. The first past the post seats were created in 1999 with the names and boundaries of then existing [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] ([[House of Commons (UK)|House of Commons]]) constituencies. In 2005, however, the number of Westminster [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament (MPs)]] representing Scotland was cut to 59, with new constituencies being formed, while the existing number of [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|MSP]]s was retained at Holyrood. The ten Scottish Parliament constituencies in the Glasgow electoral region are:- *[[Glasgow Anniesland (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Anniesland]] *[[Glasgow Baillieston (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Baillieston]] *[[Glasgow Cathcart (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Cathcart]] *[[Glasgow Govan (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Govan]] *[[Glasgow Kelvin (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Kelvin]] *[[Glasgow Maryhill (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Maryhill]] *[[Glasgow Pollok (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Pollok]] *[[Glasgow Rutherglen (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Rutherglen]] *[[Glasgow Shettleston (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Shettleston]] *[[Glasgow Springburn (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Springburn]] ===United Kingdom Parliament constituencies=== {{see also|United Kingdom constituencies}} Following reform of constituencies of the [[United Kingdom House of Commons|House of Commons]] of the [[United Kingdom Parliament]] ([[Westminster Palace|Westminster]]) in 2005, which reduced the number of Scottish [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament (MPs)]], the current Westminster constituencies representing Glasgow are:- * [[Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Central]] * [[Glasgow East (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow East]] * [[Glasgow North (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North]] * [[Glasgow North East (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North East]] * [[Glasgow North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North West]] * [[Glasgow South (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow South]] * [[Glasgow South West (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow South West]] ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Glasgow}} Glasgow is located on the banks of the [[River Clyde]], in [[Strathclyde|West Central]] [[Scotland]]. Its second most important river is the [[River Kelvin|Kelvin]] whose name was used for creating the title of [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Baron Kelvin]] and thereby ended up as the [[Kelvin|scientific unit of temperature]]. ===Climate=== [[Image:Glasgow Necropolis.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Rain at Glasgow Necropolis.]] <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:snow in glasgow.jpg|thumb|right|Snow in George Square]] --> Weather in Glasgow is not typical of the weather in the rest of the UK for several reasons. Glasgow benefits from a mild south western position; the [[Gulf Stream]] currents flow up the [[River Clyde|Clyde]] estuary from the [[Atlantic]] warming the area. The city is also sheltered by the surrounding Clyde Valley hills keeping the city fairly humid throughout the year. {{Fact|date=March 2008}} The temperature is often milder than the rest of the country. The spring months (March to May) are mild and cool. Many of Glasgow's trees and plants begin to flower at this time of the year and parks and gardens are filled with spring colours. The summer months (May to September) can vary considerably between mild and wet weather or warm and sunny. The winds are generally westerly, due to the warm [[Gulf Stream]]. The warmest month is usually July, the daily high averaging {{convert|20|C|F|0}}. (Highest recorded temperature {{convert|31.2|C|F|0|disp=/}} [[4 August]] [[1975]].) Despite some infrequent clear or dry days, winters in Glasgow are normally damp and cold. (Lowest recorded temperature {{convert|-17|C|F|0|disp=/}} [[29 December]] [[1995]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}}). However, the Gulf Stream ensures that Glasgow stays warmer than other cities at the same latitude such as [[Moscow]] {{Fact|date=June 2008}}. Winds and rainfall are often fairly chilling and strong, like the rest of western Scotland. Severe snowfalls melt within days and rarely lie in the city centre. December, January and February are the wettest months of the year, but can often be sunny and clear. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} {{Infobox Weather <!-- This was created with weatherbase.com in mind as the source, but --> |metric_first = Yes <!--Entering Yes or True will swap unit order to metric first then Imperial --> <!--Leave blank for Imperial--> |single_line= Yes <!--Entering Yes will place some units on the same line on compact the box vertically--> |location = Glasgow, United Kingdom <!-- any source can be used.--> |Jan_Hi_°F = 43 |Feb_Hi_°F = 44 <!--ALL fields must be filled in. Exception = built in {{cite web}} below. --> |Mar_Hi_°F = 47 |Apr_Hi_°F = 52 <!--If only Imperial/English units are available, you must convert to metric |May_Hi_°F = 59 (either cm or mm) and enter where needed--> |Jun_Hi_°F = 63 |Jul_Hi_°F = 66 <!--If only SI/metric units are available, you must also convert to Imperial --> |Aug_Hi_°F = 65 <!-- units and enter where needed.--> |Sep_Hi_°F = 60 |Oct_Hi_°F = 54 <!-- www.weatherbase.com gives global weather info in both Imperial and metric.--> |Nov_Hi_°F = 48 |Dec_Hi_°F = 44 |Year_Hi_°F = 54 |Jan_Hi_°C = 6 |Feb_Hi_°C = 6 |Mar_Hi_°C = 8 |Apr_Hi_°C = 11 |May_Hi_°C = 15 |Jun_Hi_°C = 17 |Jul_Hi_°C = 18 |Aug_Hi_°C = 18 |Sep_Hi_°C = 15 |Oct_Hi_°C = 12 |Nov_Hi_°C = 8 |Dec_Hi_°C = 6 |Year_Hi_°C = 12 |Jan_Lo_°F = 34 |Feb_Lo_°F = 34 |Mar_Lo_°F = 36 |Apr_Lo_°F = 38 |May_Lo_°F = 43 |Jun_Lo_°F = 48 |Jul_Lo_°F = 52 |Aug_Lo_°F = 51 |Sep_Lo_°F = 47 |Oct_Lo_°F = 42 |Nov_Lo_°F = 37 |Dec_Lo_°F = 35 |Year_Lo_°F =41 |Jan_Lo_°C = 1 |Feb_Lo_°C = 1 |Mar_Lo_°C = 2 |Apr_Lo_°C = 3 |May_Lo_°C = 4 |Jun_Lo_°C = 8 |Jul_Lo_°C = 11 |Aug_Lo_°C = 10 |Sep_Lo_°C = 8 |Oct_Lo_°C = 5 |Nov_Lo_°C = 2 |Dec_Lo_°C = 1 |Year_Lo_°C =5 <!--Optional REC temps; should be used very sparely in general articles--> |Jan_REC_Hi_°F = 56 |Feb_REC_Hi_°F = 55 |Mar_REC_Hi_°F = 59 |Apr_REC_Hi_°F = 75 |May_REC_Hi_°F = 81 |Jun_REC_Hi_°F = 85 |Jul_REC_Hi_°F = 86 |Aug_REC_Hi_°F = 88 |Sep_REC_Hi_°F = 78 |Oct_REC_Hi_°F = 70 |Nov_REC_Hi_°F = 59 |Dec_REC_Hi_°F = 57 |Year_REC_Hi_°F = 88 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = 13 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = 12 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = 15 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = 23 |May_REC_Hi_°C = 27 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = 29 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = 30 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = 31 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = 25 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = 21 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = 15 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = 13 |Year_REC_Hi_°C = 31 |Jan_REC_Lo_°F= 1 |Feb_REC_Lo_°F = 9 |Mar_REC_Lo_°F = 16 |Apr_REC_Lo_°F = 24 |May_REC_Lo_°F = 25 |Jun_REC_Lo_°F = |Jul_REC_Lo_°F = 38 |Aug_REC_Lo_°F = 35 |Sep_REC_Lo_°F = 27 |Oct_REC_Lo_°F = 19 |Nov_REC_Lo_°F = 14 |Dec_REC_Lo_°F = 1 |Year_REC_Lo_°F = 1 |Jan_REC_Lo_°C = -17 |Feb_REC_Lo_°C = -12 |Mar_REC_Lo_°C = -8 |Apr_REC_Lo_°C = -4 |May_REC_Lo_°C = -3 |Jun_REC_Lo_°C = |Jul_REC_Lo_°C = 3 |Aug_REC_Lo_°C = 1 |Sep_REC_Lo_°C = -2 |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = -7 |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = -10 |Dec_REC_Lo_°C = -17 |Year_REC_Lo_°C = -17 |Jan_Precip_inch = 3.42 |Feb_Precip_inch = 3.11 |Mar_Precip_inch = 2.93 |Apr_Precip_inch = 1.83 |May_Precip_inch = 1.32 |Jun_Precip_inch = 1.52 |Jul_Precip_inch = 1.95 |Aug_Precip_inch = 2.07 |Sep_Precip_inch = 2.23 |Oct_Precip_inch = 3.34 |Nov_Precip_inch = 2.62 |Dec_Precip_inch = 2.95 |Year_Precip_inch = 2.44 <!--This is in CENTImetres not MILLImetres.--> <!--If the source uses mm be sure to enter the values in the mm fields.--> <!--If the source is metric be sure to use the unit that the source reports --> |Jan_Precip_cm = 8.69 |Jan_Precip_mm = 86.9 |Feb_Precip_cm = 7.9 |Feb_Precip_mm = 79 |Mar_Precip_cm = 7.44 |Mar_Precip_mm = 74.4 |Apr_Precip_cm = 4.65 |Apr_Precip_mm = 46.5 |May_Precip_cm = 3.35 |May_Precip_mm = 33.5 |Jun_Precip_cm = 3.86 |Jun_Precip_mm = 38.6 |Jul_Precip_cm = 4.95 |Jul_Precip_mm = 49.5 |Aug_Precip_cm = 5.26 |Aug_Precip_mm = 52.6 |Sep_Precip_cm = 5.66 |Sep_Precip_mm = 56.6 |Oct_Precip_cm = 8.48 |Oct_Precip_mm = 84.8 |Nov_Precip_cm = 8.48 |Nov_Precip_mm = 84.8 |Dec_Precip_cm = 7.49 |Dec_Precip_mm = 74.9 |Year_Precip_cm = 6.35 |Year_Precip_mm = |source = Weatherbook<ref name= >{{cite web | url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=4130 | title = Historical Weather for Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom | publisher = Weatherbase | accessdate = 2008-05-08 }}</ref> |accessdate = May 2008 <!--accessdate that shows in weatherbox--> }} ==Demography== {{main|Geography of Glasgow#Demographics}} The population of the Glasgow City Council area peaked in the 1950s at 1,200,000 people and before that for 80 years was over 1 million. During this period, Glasgow was one of the most densely populated cities in the world. After the 1960s, clearings of poverty-stricken inner city areas like the [[Gorbals]] and relocation to '[[New town#United Kingdom|new towns]]' such as [[East Kilbride]] and [[Cumbernauld]] led to population decline. In addition, the boundaries of the city were changed twice during the late 20th century, making direct comparisons difficult. The city continues to expand beyond the official city council boundaries into surrounding suburban areas, encompassing around {{convert|400|sqmi|km2|-2}} if all adjoining suburbs, commuter towns and villages are included. There are two distinct definitions for the population of Glasgow; the '''Glasgow City Council Area''' (which lost the districts of [[Rutherglen]] and [[Cambuslang]] to [[South Lanarkshire]] in 1996) and the '''Greater Glasgow Urban Area''' which includes the conurbation around the city. Since the 1840s to present day, massive numbers of [[Irish-Scots|Irish immigrants]] have settled and contributed immensely in the city. Numerous Scottish [[Gàidhealtachd|Highlanders]] also migrated to the city as a result of the [[Highland Clearances]]. The Irish, and to a lesser extent Highlanders, contributed to the explosive growth of [[Roman Catholicism]] in the city.<ref>[http://www.theglasgowstory.co.uk/storyc.php Industrial Revolution: 1770s to 1830s]</ref><ref>[http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/diaspora/reviews/scottish.shtml Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries]</ref> In the early 20th century, many [[Lithuania]]n asylum seekers began to settle in Glasgow and at its height in the 1950s there were around 10,000 in the Glasgow area.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1692714,00.html| title=Lithuanians in Glasgow|date=2006-01-23| author=The Guardian| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> Many [[Italian-Scots]] also settled in Glasgow, originating from areas like [[Frosinone]] and [[Lucca]] at this time, many originally working as "[[Hokey pokey (ice cream)|Hokey Pokey]]" men.<ref>{{cite book| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GGhvmMCbQLUC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=italians+scotland+%22hokey+pokey%22&source=web&ots=l_dzI1MviK&sig=D9WM0_yJU5aCPHC4ccYUqMlei7c#PPA39,M1| title=A History of Scotland| chapter=Departures and Arrivals|accessdate=2007-07-09|page=39|last=Gray|first=Alastair|coauthors=Moffat, William|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=1989|edition=Rev ed. edition|origyear=1985|isbn=978-0199170630}}</ref> In the 1960s and '70s, many [[Asian-Scots]] also settled in Glasgow, mainly in the [[Pollokshields]] area as well as [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] immigrants, many of whom settled in the [[Garnethill]] area of the city. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} Since 2000, the UK government has pursued a policy of dispersal of [[Immigration to the United Kingdom (1922-present day)|asylum seekers]] to ease pressure on social housing in the [[London]] area. Glasgow has seen waves of new arrivals because of this policy, though not always smoothly in some districts. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} {{POV-statement|date=May 2008}} {|class="wikitable" |- !Location !Population !Area !Density |- | '''Glasgow City Council'''<ref name=gro>{{cite web| url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files/05mype-cahb-t9.xls| title= The official population of Glasgow City Council unitary authority| publisher=General Register Office for Scotland| accessdate=2007-07-09| format=Microsoft Excel}}</ref> | 578,790 | {{sq mi to km2|67.76|abbr=yes}} | {{PD mi2 to km2|8541.8|abbr=yes}} |- | '''Greater Glasgow Urban Area'''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fom2005/03_FOPM_UrbanAreas.pdf | format=PDF | title=Focus on People and Migration| author=Graham Pointer| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> | 1,168,270 | {{sq mi to km2|142.27|abbr=yes}} | {{PD mi2 to km2|8212.9|abbr=yes}} |- | colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | <small>'''Source:''' ''Scotland's Census Results Online''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/analyser/analyser?topicId=1&tableId=&tableName=Population+density&selectedTopicId=&aggregated=false&subject=&tableNumber=&selectedLevelId=&postcode=&areaText=&RADIOLAYER=&actionName=view-results&clearAreas=&stateData1=&stateData2=&stateData3=&stateData4=&debug=&tempData1=&tempData2=&tempData3=&tempData4=&areaId=17&levelId=1| title=''2001 Census''| author=www.scrol.gov.uk/| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref></small> |} Since the [[2001 census]] the population decline has stabilised. The 2004 population of the city council area was 685,090 and the population of both the City of Glasgow Council area and Greater Glasgow are forecast to grow in the near future. Around 2,300,000 people live in the Glasgow travel to work area.<ref name=spt/> This area is defined as having 10% and over of residents travelling into Glasgow to work, and has no fixed boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/01/15950/15151|title=Review of Scotland's Cities - Transport within the City and the City-Region| publisher=Scottish Executive|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> Compared to [[Inner London]], which has {{PD mi2 to km2|23441|precision=0}}.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/dm-lonarea.htm |title=Southeast England Population by Area from 1891|publisher=Wendell Cox Consultancy|work=Demographia|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> Scotland's major city has less than half the current population density of the English capital&mdash;{{PD mi2 to km2|8603|precision=0}} However, in 1931 the population density was {{PD mi2 to km2|16166|precision=0}}, highlighting the subsequent 'clearances' to the suburbs and new towns that were built to empty one of Europe's most densely populated cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-glasgow.htm |title=Glasgow: Population & Density 1891-2001|publisher=Wendell Cox Consultancy|work=Demographia|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> ==Economy== [[Image:HMSDaring.jpg|250px|thumb|left|caption|[[HMS Daring (D32)|HMS ''Daring'']] was built in Glasgow and launched in 2006. Although diminished from its early 20th century heights, Glasgow remains the hub of the UK's [[Shipbuilding]] industry.]] Glasgow has the largest [[Economy of Scotland|economy in Scotland]] and is at the hub of the metropolitan area of [[West Central Scotland]]. The city also has the third largest [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] [[Per capita|Per Capita]] in the [[UK]], after [[London]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2607517|title=Edinburgh UK's second most prosperous city|publisher=[[The Scotsman]]|accessdate=2007-12-30|last=MacDonnell|first=Hamish|date=2005-03-03}}</ref> The city itself sustains more than 410,000 jobs in over 12,000 companies. Over 153,000 jobs have been created in the city since 2000 - a growth rate of 32%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1572109,00.html|title=Jobs boom on Clyde reverses decline|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2007-12-12|last=Seenan|first=Gerrard|date=2005-09-17}}</ref> Glasgow's annual economic growth rate of 4.4% is now second only to that of London. In 2005 alone over 17,000 new jobs were created, and 2006 saw private-sector investment in the city reaching £4.2 billion pounds, an increase of 22% in a single year.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/business/glasgow-flourish.html| title=Let Glasgow Flourish| publisher=Scotland.org|date=April 2007| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> 55% of the residents in the [[Greater Glasgow]] area commute to the city every day. Once dominant manufacturing industries such as shipbuilding and heavy engineering have been gradually replaced in importance by a diversified economy.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scotland.org/about/glasgow-and-surrounding-areas/index.html| title=Glasgow and Surrounding Areas| publisher=| Scotland Online Gateway| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> Glasgow's economy has seen significant growth of [[Tertiary sector of industry|tertiary]] sector industries such as financial and business services, communications, [[biosciences]], creative industries, healthcare, higher education, retail and tourism. Between 1998 and 2001, the city's financial services sector grew at a rate of 30%, making considerable gains on Edinburgh, which has historically been the centre of the Scottish financial sector.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ifsdglasgow.co.uk/district.asp?page_id=32| title=Glasgow’s financial services economy| publisher=International Financial Services District Glasgow| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.edinburghbrand.com/news/information/| title=Edinburgh's Ranking| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> Glasgow is the second most popular foreign tourist destination in Scotland (fourth in the UK)<ref name=audit>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2D5AF9D8-CE27-40D1-9BDF-47020507440A/0/GlasgowEconomicAudit2007SummaryReportFinal.pdf|title=Glasgow Economic Audit 2007&mdash;Summary Report|publisher=Glasgow Economic Forum|year=2007|format=pdf|accessdate=2008-07-10}}</ref> and its largest retail centre. Glasgow is also one of Europe's sixteen largest financial centres. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} The city retains a strong link to the manufacturing sector which accounts for well over 60% of Scotland's manufactured exports, {{Fact|date=May 2008}} with particular strengths in shipbuilding, engineering, food and drink, printing, publishing, chemicals and textiles as well as new growth sectors such as [[optoelectronics]], [[software development]] and [[biotechnology]]. Glasgow forms the western part of the [[Silicon Glen]] high tech sector of Scotland. A growing number of [[Blue chip]] financial sector companies have significant operations or headquarters in the city. ==Architecture== [[Image:Teppichfabrik.jpg|thumb|right|150px|upright|The western façade of Templeton's Carpet Factory.]] Very little of [[medieval]] Glasgow remains, the two main landmarks from this period being the 14th century [[Provand's Lordship]] and [[St. Mungo's Cathedral]]. The vast majority of the city as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has an impressive heritage of [[Victorian architecture]] - the [[Glasgow City Chambers]], the main building of the [[University of Glasgow]], designed by Sir [[George Gilbert Scott]] and the [[Glasgow School of Art]], designed by [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]] are outstanding examples. A hidden gem of Glasgow, also designed by Mackintosh is the [[Queen's Cross Church, Glasgow|Queen's Cross Church]], the only church by the renowned artist to be built.<ref>[http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=SeeScot%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1835&vxBitrate=300 Watch video of the church]and Interview with Stuart Robertson, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society Director</ref> Glasgow's impressive historical and modern architectural traditions were celebrated in 1999 when the city was designated UK City of Architecture and Design,<ref>[http://www.seeglasgow.com/media-office/features/history/city-of-reinvention Glasgow: Scotland with style - City of Reinvention By Nancy McLardie]</ref> winning the accolade over [[Liverpool]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>[http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Regeneration.htm Glasgow City Council: Regeneration - into the new Millennium]</ref> Another architect who had an enduring impact on the city's appearance was [[Alexander Thomson]], who produced a distinctive architecture based on fundamentalist classicism that gave him the nickname "Greek". Examples of Thomson's work can be found over the city.<ref>[http://www.greekthomson.com/Thomson%20Buildings.htm#GLASGOW Thomson Buildings]</ref> [[Image:Glasgow School of Art 52.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Western façade of [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]]'s [[Glasgow School of Art]].]] The buildings reflect the wealth and self confidence of the residents of the ''"Second City of the Empire"''. Glasgow generated immense wealth from trade and the industries that developed from the [[Industrial Revolution]]. The [[shipyard]]s, [[marine engineering]], [[steel]] making, and [[heavy industry]] all contributed to the growth of the city. At one time the expression ''"Clydebuilt"'' was synonymous with quality and engineering excellence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.booksfromscotland.com/Settings/Glasgow-Clyde|title=The City of Glasgow|accessdate=2007-12-12|work=Books from Scotland}}</ref> The Templeton's carpet factory on [[Glasgow Green]] was designed to resemble the [[Doge's Palace]] in [[Venice]]. Many of the city's most impressive buildings were built with red or blond [[sandstone]], but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the [[furnaces]], until the [[Clean Air Act]] was introduced in 1956. In recent years many of these buildings have been cleaned and restored to their original appearance. [[Image:TenementGlasgowSouthSide.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Typical red sandstone Glasgow south side tenement ([[Shawlands]]).]]Perhaps more than any other city Glasgow is known for its [[tenements]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/victorian/trails_victorian_glasgow.shtml|BBC - Victorian Achievement: Victorian Glasgow|accessdate=2008-03-30]</ref> These were the most popular form of housing in 19th and 20th century Glasgow and remain the most common form of dwelling in Glasgow today. Tenements are commonly bought by a wide range of social types and are favoured for their large rooms, high ceilings and original period features.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20000813/ai_n13950376|title=Tenement living is the life and always has been|work=Sunday Herald|author=Jack McLean}}</ref> The [[Hyndland]] area of Glasgow is the only tenement conservation area in the UK,<ref>[http://www.hyndl.demon.co.uk/hyndland/0mainindax.htm|Hyndland Local History|accessdate=2008-03-30]</ref> and includes some tenement houses with as many as six bedrooms, often valued at over £500,000. Like many cities in the UK, Glasgow witnessed the construction of a large concentration of high-rise housing in [[tower block]]s in the 1960s.<ref>[http://www.sustainingtowers.org/SOA-hist-drivers.htm|Drivers for high rise living|accessdate=2008-03-30]</ref> These were built to replace the decaying [[tenement]] buildings originally built for workers who migrated from the surrounding countryside, the Highlands, and the rest of the [[United Kingdom]], particularly [[Ireland]], in order to feed the local demand for labour.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y4fZZeJqqRcC&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=irish+labour+glasgow+tenements&source=web&ots=wZ071BJL9Z&sig=jIEk-u0DZ4ev86Znpcw1d1CI8LA&hl=en#PPR1,M1 Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlers of Prince Edward Island by Brendan O'Grady]</ref> The massive demand outstripped new building and many, orginally fine, tenements often became overcrowded and unsanitary. <ref> [Worksall, Frank ''The Tenement - a way of life''. W & R Chambers Ltd Edinburgh 1972 ISBN 0 550 20252] </ref> Many developed into the infamous Glasgow [[slum]]s, such as the [[Gorbals]]. The Corporation made many efforts to improve the situation, most successfully with the [[City Improvement Trust]], which cleared the slums of the old town, replacing them with what they thought of as a traditional High Street, which remains an imposing townscape. (The [[City Halls]] and the [[Cleland Testimonial]] were part of this scheme). National government help was acquired following [[World War I]] when various Housing Acts sought to provide "homes fit for heroes". Garden suburb areas, based on English models, such as [[Knightswood]] were set up. These proved too expensive, so a modern tenement, three stories high, slate roofed and built of reconstituted stone, was re-introduced and a slum clearance programme initiated to clear areas such as the [[Calton]] and the [[Garngad]]. [[Image:Holmwood.jpg|thumb|left|upright|200px|A notable example of [[Alexander 'Greek' Thomson]]'s architectural style is the [[Holmwood House]] villa in [[Cathcart]].]]Post second World War II, more ambitious plans were made for the complete evacuation of slums to [[New Town]]s but the Corporation was not keen to lose population, so this plan - the ''Bruce Plan'' - was modified <ref> [Williamson, E, Riches, A, Higgs, M ''The Buildings of Scotland:Glasgow'' Penguin Books London 1900 ISBN 0 14 0710 69 8] </ref> to establish quasi-new towns built on the outer fringes of the city.<ref>[http://www.scotcities.com/cathcart/houses.htm|Houses and Mansions: Domestic Architecture of Glasgow's South Side|accessdate=2008-06-03]</ref> Again, economic considerations meant that many of the planned "New Town" amenities were never built in these areas. These housing estates, known as "schemes", came therefore to be widely regarded as unsuccessful; many, such as [[Castlemilk]], were just dormitories well away from the centre of the city with no amenities, such as shops and [[public houses]] (deserts with windows, as [[Billy Connolly]] once put it). High rise living too started off with bright ambition - the [[Moss Heights]] are still very desireable - (1950 - 54) but fell prey to later economic pressure. Many of the later tower blocks were poorly designed and cheaply built and their anonymity caused some social problems. Many of these are now being demolished - among them award-winning buildings designed by [[Basil Spence]]. In 1970 a team from [[Strathclyde University]] demonstrated that the old tenements had been basically sound, and could be given new life with replumbing with kitchens and bathroom. <ref> [Williamson, E, Riches, A, Higgs, M ''The Buildings of Scotland:Glasgow'' Penguin Books London 1900 ISBN 0 14 0710 69 8] </ref> The Corporation acted on this principle for the first time in 1973 at the ''Old Swan Corner'', [[Pollokshaws]]. Thereafter, ''Housing Action Areas'' were set up to renovate so-called slums. Later, privately owned tenements benefited from government help in "stone cleaning", revealing a honey-coloured sandstone behind the presumed "grey" tenemental facades. The policy of tenement demolition is now considered to have been short-sighted, wasteful and largely unsuccessful. Many of Glasgow's worst tenements were refurbished into desirable accommodation in the 1970s and 1980s<ref>[http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/springburn/spring066.htm Glasgow Digital Library: Demolition of tenements in Gourlay Street, 1975]</ref> and the policy of demolition is considered to have destroyed many fine examples of a "universally admired architectural" style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20000813/ai_n13950376|title=Tenement living is the life and always has been|work=Sunday Herald|author=Jack McLean}}</ref> The [[Glasgow Housing Association]] took ownership of the housing stock from the city council on [[7 March]] [[2003]], and has begun a £96 million clearance and demolition programme to clear and demolish most of the high-rise flats.<ref>[http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/News/Archives/2006/May/housingrevolutionannounced.htm Glasgow announces a revolution in house-building]</ref> [[Image:Glasgow science centre.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The [[Glasgow Science Centre]].]] Modern buildings in Glasgow include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], and along the banks of the Clyde are the [[Glasgow Science Centre]] and the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]], whose [[Clyde Auditorium]] was designed by [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Sir Norman Foster]], and is affectionately known as the "[[Armadillo]]". [[Zaha Hadid]] won a competition to design the new [[Glasgow Museum of Transport|Museum of Transport]], which will move to the waterfront.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/museum_of_transport_glasgow.htm|title=Museum of Transport Glasgow|accessdate=2007-12-13|work=Glasgow Architecture}}</ref> The 39-storey [[Elphinstone Place]] mixed-use skyscraper in [[Charing Cross, Glasgow|Charing Cross]] will be the tallest building in Scotland, and was scheduled to begin construction in mid 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/elphinstone_place.htm|title=Elphinstone Place: Glasgow|work=Glasgow Architecture|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> Much development is taking place along the banks of the Clyde. [[Glasgow Harbour]], which neighbours [[Partick]], is one of the largest residential developments. ==Districts and suburbs== Glasgow was historically based around [[Glasgow Cathedral]], the old [[High Street (Glasgow)|High Street]] and down to the [[River Clyde]] via [[Glasgow Cross]]. ===City centre=== The [[Central business district|city centre]] is bounded by the High Street to the east, the [[River Clyde]] to the south and the [[M8 motorway]] to the west and north which was built through the [[Townhead]], [[Charing Cross, Glasgow|Charing Cross]] and [[Anderston]] areas in the 1960s. [[Image:BuchananStreetDewarstatue.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Buchanan Street]] at night, looking southward behind the [[Donald Dewar]] statue.]] ====Retail and theatre district==== The city centre is based on a [[Grid plan|grid system]] of streets, similar to that of [[Barcelona]] or American cities, on the north bank of the River Clyde. The heart of the city is [[George Square]], site of many of [[Glasgow's public statues]] and the elaborate Victorian [[Glasgow City Chambers]], headquarters of [[Politics of Glasgow|Glasgow City Council]]. To the south and west are the shopping precincts of Argyle, Sauchiehall and [[Buchanan Street]]s, the latter featuring more upmarket retailers and winner of the Academy of Urbanism 'Great Street Award' 2008.<ref>The Academy of Urbanism : Awards http://www.academyofurbanism.org.uk/awards.htm Retrieved 28-05-2008</ref> [[Image:Buchanan street.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Buchanan Street]] at night.]] The main shopping centres are [[Buchanan Galleries]] and the [[St. Enoch Centre]], with the up-market Princes Square and the Italian Centre specialising in designer labels. The London-based department store [[Selfridges]] has purchased a potential development site in the city and another upmarket retail chain [[Harvey Nichols]] is also thought to be planning a store in the city, further strengthening Glasgow's retail portfolio, which forms the UK's second largest and most economically important retail sector after Central [[London]].<ref>[http://www.business-strategies.co.uk/upload/newsletter_oct07/retail_market_spotlight_autumn2007.pdf Retail Ranking from Experian]</ref><ref>[http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=133843 Top of the Shops - Gerald Eve Publishes Prime Retail]</ref> The layout of the approximately two and a half mile long retail district of Buchanan Street, [[Sauchiehall Street]] and Argyle Street has been termed the "Golden Z". The city centre is home to most of Glasgow's main cultural venues: [[Theatre Royal, Glasgow|The Theatre Royal]] (home of [[Scottish Opera]] and [[Scottish Ballet]]), [[Pavilion Theatre (Glasgow)|The Pavilion]], [[King's Theatre, Glasgow|The King's Theatre]], [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], [[Glasgow Film Theatre]], [[RSAMD]], [[Gallery of Modern Art]] (GoMA), [[Mitchell Library]], the Centre for Contemporary Arts, [[McLellan Galleries]] and [[The Lighthouse (Glasgow)|The Lighthouse Museum of Architecture, Design and the City]]. The world's tallest cinema, the eighteen-screen [[Cineworld]] is sited on Renfrew Street. The city centre is also home to four of Glasgow's higher education institutions: [[University of Strathclyde|The University of Strathclyde]], The [[Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama]], [[Glasgow School of Art]] and [[Glasgow Caledonian University]]. <BR clear=left> ====Merchant City==== [[Image:Tolbooth Steeple Glasgow.jpg|thumb|right|The Tolbooth Steeple dominates Glasgow Cross.]] To the east is the commercial and residential district of [[Merchant City]], which was formerly the residential district of the wealthy city merchants in the 18th and early 19th centuries. As the [[Industrial Revolution]] and the wealth it brought to the city resulted in the expansion of Glasgow's central area westward, the original medieval centre was left behind. Glasgow Cross, situated at the junction of [[High Street (Glasgow)|High Street]], Gallowgate, [[Trongate]] and Saltmarket was the original centre of the city, symbolised by its [[Mercat cross]]. Glasgow Cross encompasses the [[Tolbooth]] Clock Tower; all that remains of the original City Chambers, which was destroyed by fire in 1926. Moving northward up High Street towards [[Rottenrow]] and [[Townhead]] lies the 15th century [[Glasgow Cathedral]] and the [[Provand's Lordship]]. Due to growing industrial pollution levels in the mid to late 19th century, the area fell out of favour with residents. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} [[Image:Merchant City, Glasgow.jpg|thumb||left|[[Royal Exchange Square]] at night ([[Merchant City]])]] From the late 1980s onwards, the area has been rejuvenated with luxury city centre apartments and [[Loft#Loft apartment|warehouse conversions]]. Many new cafés and restaurants have opened. The area also contains the [[Tron Theatre]], the Old Fruitmarket, the Trades Hall, and the [[Glasgow City Hall|City Halls]]. There are also a number of high end boutique style shops in the area and it has now become home to some of Glasgow's most upmarket stores. The area is also home to Glasgow's growing 'Arts Quarter', based around King Street, the Saltmarket and [[Trongate]], and at the heart of the annual [[Merchant City Festival]]. There are many art galleries here. A large part of Glasgow's [[LGBT]] scene is located within the Merchant City. This includes many clubs, and the UK gay chain store Clone Zone, along with a couple of saunas. Recently the city council defined (and perhaps expanded) the area known as Merchant City as far west as [[Buchanan Street]], marking these boundaries with new, highly stylised metal signage. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} ====Financial district==== [[Image:ClydeArc.jpg|thumb|[[Clyde Arc]].]]To the western edge of the city centre, occupying the areas of [[Blythswood Hill]] and [[Anderston]], lies Glasgow's financial district, known officially as the [[International Financial Services District]] (IFSD), although often irreverently nicknamed by the contemporary press as the "square kilometre" or "Wall Street on Clyde". {{Fact|date=June 2008}} Since the late 1980s the construction of many modern office blocks, a trend which continues into the 21st century with a new wave of high rise developments currently on the drawing board, has enabled the IFSD to become the third largest financial quarter {{Fact|date=June 2008}} in the UK after the [[City of London]] and [[Edinburgh]]. With a reputation as an established financial services centre, coupled with comprehensive support services, Glasgow continues to attract and grow new business. Of the 10 largest general insurance companies in the UK, 8 have a base or head office in Glasgow - including [[Direct Line]], [[AXA]] and [[Norwich Union]]. Key banking sector companies have also relocated some of their services to commercial property in Glasgow - [[Resolution plc|Resolution]], [[JPMorgan]], [[Abbey (bank)|Abbey]], [[HBOS]], [[Barclays]] Wealth, [[Morgan Stanley]], [[Lloyds TSB]], [[Clydesdale Bank]], [[BNP Paribas]] and the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]]. The [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] have several departments and [[Peel Group|Clydeport]], the [[Glasgow Stock Exchange]], [[Student Loans Company]], [[Scottish Executive Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department]], [[Scottish Qualifications Authority]] and [[Scottish Enterprise]] also have their headquarters based in the district. ===West End=== [[Image:Side View of the Kelvingrove Art Museum.JPG|thumb|[[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]] is Glasgow's premier museum and art gallery, housing one of Europe's great civic art collections.]] [[Image:Glasgow westend (31).JPG|thumb|Popular with students and professionals alike is [[Ashton Lane]] with its many pubs and bars.]] Glasgow's West End refers to the [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] district of cafés, tea rooms, bars, boutiques, upmarket hotels, clubs and restaurants in the hinterland of [[Kelvingrove Park]], the [[University of Glasgow]], [[Glasgow Botanic Gardens]] and the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]]. The area's main thoroughfare is [[Byres Road]] and one of its most popular destinations is [[Ashton Lane]]. The West End includes residential areas of [[Hillhead]], [[Dowanhill]], [[Kelvingrove]], [[Kelvinside]], [[Hyndland]], and, to an increasing extent, [[Partick]]. However, the name is increasingly being used to refer to any area to the west of [[Charing Cross, Glasgow|Charing Cross]]. This includes areas such as [[Scotstoun]], [[Jordanhill]], [[Kelvindale]] and [[Anniesland]]. The West End is bisected by the [[River Kelvin]] which flows from the Kilsyth Hills in the North and empties into the River Clyde at Yorkhill Basin. The spire of Sir [[George Gilbert Scott]]'s [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow University]] main building (the second largest [[Gothic Revival]] building in Britain) is a major local landmark, and can be seen from miles around, sitting atop Gilmorehill. The university itself is the fourth oldest in the English-speaking world. Much of the city's student population is based in the West End, adding to its cultural vibrancy. The area is also home to the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], [[Hunterian Museum]], [[Kelvin Hall International Sports Arena]], Henry Wood Hall (home of the [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]]) and the [[Glasgow Museum of Transport|Museum of Transport]], which is to be rebuilt on a former dockland site at [[Glasgow Harbour]] to a design by [[Zaha Hadid]]. The [[West End Festival]], one of Glasgow's largest festivals, is held annually in June. Glasgow is the home of the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]], the [[United Kingdom]]'s largest exhibition and conference centre.<ref>[http://www.conferences-uk.org.uk/Glasgow.asp?venue=Scottish%20Exhibition%20and%20Conference%20Centre Glasgow Conferences Venues UK]</ref><ref>[http://www.secc.co.uk/ SECC - The home of the Scottish Exhibition + Conference Centre]</ref> A major expansion of the SECC facilities at the former Queen's Dock by [[Foster and Partners]] is currently planned, including a 12,000 seat arena, and a 5 star hotel and entertainments complex. ===East End=== {{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2008}} [[Image:Wfm peoples palace back.jpg|thumb|right|The [[People's Palace]] in [[Glasgow Green]].]] The East End extends from Glasgow Cross in the City Centre to the boundary with [[North Lanarkshire|North]] and [[South Lanarkshire]]. It is home to the famous [[Glasgow Barrowland market|Glasgow Barrowland Market]], popularly known as 'The Barras',<ref>http://www.glasgow-barrowland.com/ballroom.htm</ref> [[Barrowland Ballroom]], [[Glasgow Green]], and [[Celtic Park]], home of [[Celtic F.C.]]. Many of the original sandstone [[tenements]] remain in this district. The East End in contrast to the West End, includes some of the most deprived areas in the UK. However, many areas of the district are not deprived in any way. In particular, parts of the [[Dennistoun]] area have become increasingly fashionable and expensive. The [[Glasgow Necropolis]] Cemetery was created on a hill above the [[Glasgow Cathedral|Cathedral]] of [[Saint Mungo]] in 1831. Routes curve through the landscape uphill to the {{convert|62|m|ft|0|sing=on}} high statue of [[John Knox]] at the summit. There are two late 18th century tenements in Gallowgate. Dating from 1771 and 1780, both have been well restored. The construction of Charlotte Street was financed by [[David Dale]], whose former pretensions can be gauged by the one remaining house, now run by the [[National Trust for Scotland]]. Further along Charlotte Street there stands a modern [[Gillespie, Kidd & Coia]] building of some note. Once a school, it has been converted into offices. Surrounding these buildings are a series of innovative housing developments conceived as 'Homes for the Future', part of a project during the city's year as UK City of Architecture and Design in 1999.<ref>[http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/homes_for_the_future_glasgow.htm Homes for the Future, 1999]</ref> East of Glasgow Cross is the Saint Andrew's Church, built in 1746 and displaying a Presbyterian grandeur befitting the church of the city's wealthy tobacco merchants. Also close by is the more modest [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalian]] Saint Andrew's-by-the-Green, the oldest post-Reformation church in Scotland. [[Image:Doulton Fountain - Glasgow Green.jpg‎|thumb|left|The Doulton Fountain in [[Glasgow Green]].]] Overlooking [[Glasgow Green]] is the façade of Templeton's carpet factory, featuring vibrant [[Polychrome|polychromatic]] brickwork intended to evoke the [[Doge's Palace]] in [[Venice]].<ref>[http://www.princes-regeneration.org/bestpractice/tempcarp.htm Templeton's Carpet Factory, Glasgow - Princes Regeneration]</ref> The extensive [[Tollcross, Glasgow|Tollcross Park]] was originally developed from the estate of James Dunlop, the owner of a local steelworks. His large [[Scottish baronial style|baronial]] mansion was built in 1848 by [[David Bryce]], which later housed the city's Children's Museum until the 1980s. Today, the mansion is a sheltered housing complex. The new Scottish National Indoor Sports Arena, a modern replacement for the [[Kelvin Hall]], is planned for [[Dalmarnock]]. The area will also be the site of the Athletes' Village for the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], located adjacent to the new indoor sports arena. To the north of the East End lie the two massive [[gasometer]]s of [[Provan Gas Works]], which stand overlooking [[Alexandra Park, Glasgow|Alexandra Park]] and a major interchange between the [[M8 motorway|M8]] and [[M80 motorway|M80]] motorways. Often used for displaying large city advertising slogans, the towers have become an unofficial portal into the city for road users arriving from the north and east. ===South Side===<!-- This section is linked from [[Glasgow]] --> [[Image:HouseForAnArtLover.jpg|thumb|right|[[House for an Art Lover]] is situated in [[Bellahouston Park]], Glasgow.]] Glasgow's South Side sprawls out south of the Clyde, covering areas including [[Gorbals|the Gorbals]], [[Shawlands]], [[Simshill]], [[Strathbungo]], [[Cardonald]], [[Mount Florida]], [[Pollokshaws]], [[Nitshill]], [[Pollokshields]], [[Govanhill]], [[Crosshill]], [[Ibrox]], [[Cessnock]], [[Mosspark]], [[Kinning Park]], [[Govan]], [[Mansewood]], [[Arden, Glasgow|Arden]], [[Darnley]], [[Newlands]], [[Deaconsbank]], [[Pollok]], [[Croftfoot]], [[King's Park, Glasgow|King's Park]], [[Cathcart]], [[Muirend]] and [[Barrhead]], [[Busby, East Renfrewshire|Busby]], [[Clarkston, East Renfrewshire|Clarkston]], [[Giffnock]], [[Thornliebank]], [[Netherlee]], and [[Newton Mearns]] in the East Renfrewshire council area, as well as [[Cambuslang]], [[East Kilbride]], and [[Rutherglen]] in the South Lanarkshire council area. Although predominantly residential, the area does have several notable public buildings including, [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]]'s [[Scotland Street School Museum]] and [[House for an Art Lover]]; the world famous [[Burrell Collection]] in [[Pollok Country Park]]; [[Alexander 'Greek' Thomson]]'s [[Holmwood House]] villa; the National Football Stadium [[Hampden Park]] in [[Mount Florida]], (home of [[Queens Park F.C.]]) and [[Ibrox Stadium]], (home of [[Rangers F.C.]]). [[Image:Queen'sParkSnow.jpg‎|thumb|right|[[Queen's Park, Glasgow]]. Looking towards Queen's Park Baptist Church in winter.]] The former docklands site at [[Pacific Quay]] on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite the SECC, is the site of the [[Glasgow Science Centre]] and the new headquarters for [[BBC Scotland]] and [[SMG plc]] (owner of [[STV]]) which have relocated there to a new purpose built digital media campus. In addition, several new bridges spanning the River Clyde have been built or are currently planned, including the [[Clyde Arc]] at [[Pacific Quay]] and others at [[Tradeston]] and Springfield Quay. The South Side also includes many great parks, including Linn Park, [[Queen's Park, Glasgow|Queen's Park]], [[Bellahouston Park]] and [[Rouken Glen|Rouken Glen Park]], and several golf clubs, including the championship course at [[Haggs Castle]]. The South Side is also home to [[Pollok Country Park]], which was awarded the accolade of Europe's Best Park 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Parks_Outdoors/Parks_gardens/pollokparkbritainsbestpark.htm|title=Pollok Park Britain's Best Park|accessdate=2008-06-20|work=Glasgow City Council}}</ref> Pollok Park is Glasgow’s largest park and the only country park within the city boundaries. It is also home to Pollok Cricket Club. [[Govan]] is a district and former burgh in the south-western part of the city. It is situated on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite [[Partick]]. It was an administratively independent Police Burgh from 1864 until it was incorporated into the expanding city of Glasgow in 1912. Govan has a legacy as an [[engineering]] and [[shipbuilding]] centre of international repute and is home to one of two [[BAE Systems Naval Ships|BAE Systems shipyards]] on the [[River Clyde]] and the precision engineering firm, [[Thales Optronics]]. It is also home to the Southern General Hospital, one of the largest [[teaching hospitals]] in the country, and the maintenance depot for the [[Glasgow Subway]] system. ===North Glasgow=== {{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2008}} North Glasgow extends out from the north of the city centre towards the affluent suburbs of [[Bearsden]], [[Milngavie]] and [[Bishopbriggs]] in [[East Dunbartonshire]] and [[Clydebank]] in [[West Dunbartonshire]]. However, the area also contains some of the city's poorest residential areas. [[Possilpark]] is one such area, where levels of unemployment and drug abuse continue to be above the national average. Much of the housing in areas such as [[Possilpark]] and [[Hamiltonhill]] had fallen into a state of disrepair in recent years. This has led to large scale redevelopment of much of the poorer housing stock in north Glasgow, and the wider regeneration of many areas, such as [[Ruchill]], which have been transformed; many run-down tenements have now been refurbished or replaced by modern [[housing estates]]. Much of the housing stock in north Glasgow is [[council house|rented social housing]], with a high proportion of high-rise tower blocks, managed by the [[Glasgow Housing Association]]. [[Image:Ruchill Church at canal.jpg|thumb|The Forth and Clyde Canal at the north Glasgow district of Ruchill.]] Not all areas of north Glasgow are of this nature however. [[Maryhill]] for example, consists of well maintained traditional sandstone tenements. Although historically a [[working class]] area, its borders with the upmarket West End of the city mean that it is relatively wealthy compared to the rest of the north of the city, containing affluent areas such as [[Maryhill Park]] and [[North Kelvinside]]. Maryhill is also home to [[Firhill Stadium]], home of [[Partick Thistle FC]] since 1909, and briefly the professional [[Rugby Union]] team, [[Glasgow Warriors]]. The [[Scottish Junior Football Association|junior]] team, [[Maryhill F.C.]] are also located in this part of north Glasgow. The [[Forth and Clyde Canal]] passes through this part of the city, and at one stage formed a vital part of the local economy. It was for many years polluted and largely unused after the decline of heavy industry, but recent efforts to regenerate and re-open the canal to navigation have seen it rejuvenated. [[Sighthill, Glasgow|Sighthill]] is home to Scotland’s largest [[asylum seeker]] community, many of whom live in extreme [[poverty]]. A huge part of the economic life of Glasgow was once located in Springburn, where the engineering works of firms like [[Charles Tennant]] and locomotive workshops employed many Glaswegians. Indeed, Glasgow dominated this type of manufacturing, with 25% of all the world’s locomotives being built in the area at one stage. It was home to the headquarters of the [[North British Locomotive Company]]. Today the French engineering group [[Alstom]]'s railway maintenance facility in the area is all that is left of the industry in Springburn. ==Culture== {{see also|Culture in Glasgow}} [[Image:Mitchell library.jpg|thumb|right|Established by wealthy tobacco merchant Stephen Mitchell, the [[Mitchell Library]] is now one of the largest public reference [[libraries]] in [[Europe]].]] [[Image:Wfm goma glasgow.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gallery of Modern Art|GoMA]] is the second most visited [[contemporary art]] gallery in the [[United Kingdom]] outside [[London]].<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.glasgowmuseums.com/venue/index.cfm?venueid=3|title=Gallery of Modern Art|author=Glasgow Museums|accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref>]] The city has many amenities for a wide range of cultural activities, from [[curling]] to [[opera]], [[ballet]] and from [[soccer|football]] to [[art]] appreciation; it also has a large selection of museums that include those devoted to [[transport]], [[religion]], and [[modern art]]. Many of the city's cultural sites were celebrated in 1990 when Glasgow was designated [[European City of Culture]].<ref> {{cite web| url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Cultural+Renaissance.htm| title=Cultural renaissance: the 1980s and 1990s| author=Glasgow City Council| accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> The city's principal library, the [[Mitchell Library]], has grown into one of Europe's largest public reference [[library|libraries]] in [[Europe]], currently housing some 1.3 million books, a extensive collection of [[newspapers]] and thousands of [[photographs]] and [[maps]].<ref>[http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Libraries/Librarylocations/historymitchell.htm History of The Mitchell]</ref> Most of Scotland's national arts organisations are based in Glasgow, including [[Scottish Opera]], [[Scottish Ballet]], The [[National Theatre of Scotland]], [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]], [[BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Scottish Youth Theatre]]. Glasgow has its own "[[Poet Laureate]]", a post created in 1999 for [[Edwin Morgan]]<ref> {{cite web| url=http://www.gla.ac.uk:443/avenue/27/poet.html| title=Glasgow's first poet laureate| author=John Hancox| work=Avenue| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> and as of 2007 occupied by [[Liz Lochhead]]. ===Recreation=== {{see also|Glasgow Festivals}} Glasgow is home to a variety of theatres including [[King's Theatre, Glasgow|The King's Theatre]], [[Theatre Royal, Glasgow|Theatre Royal]] and the [[Citizens' Theatre]] and is home to many municipal museums and art galleries, the most famous being the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], the [[Gallery of Modern Art]] (GoMA) and the [[Burrell Collection]]. Most of the museums in Glasgow are publicly owned and free to enter. The city has hosted many exhibitions over the years, including being the UK City of Architecture 1999, [[European Capital of Culture]] 1990, National City of Sport 1995–1999 and European Capital of Sport 2003. In addition, unlike the older and larger [[Edinburgh Festival]] (where all Edinburgh's main festivals occur in the last three weeks of August), Glasgow's festivals fill the calendar. Festivals include the [[Glasgow Comedy Festival]], [[Glasgow Jazz Festival]], [[Celtic Connections]], [[Glasgow Film Festival]], [[West End Festival]], [[Merchant City Festival]], [[Glasgay! Festival|Glasgay]], and the [[World Pipe Band Championships]]. ===Music scene=== {{main|List of bands from Glasgow}} Glasgow has many live music pubs, clubs and venues. Some of the city's main venues include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]] and [[King Tut's Wah Wah Hut]] (where [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] were spotted and signed by Glaswegian record mogul [[Alan McGee]]), the [[Queen Margaret Union]] and [[Barrowland Ballroom|the Barrowland]], a historic ballroom, converted into a live music venue. More recent mid-sized venues include [[ABC Glasgow|ABC]] and the [[Carling Academy Glasgow|Carling Academy]], which play host to a similar range of acts. Glasgow is also home to an electronic music scene, with a strong reputation for techno and house music. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} Venues like [[The Arches (Glasgow)|the Arches]], the Sub Club and record labels such as Soma and [[Chemikal Underground]] have supported this strong underground movement for the past two decades in the city. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} In recent years, the success of bands such as [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Belle and Sebastian]] and [[Mogwai (band)|Mogwai]] has significantly boosted the profile of the Glasgow music scene, prompting [[Time Magazine]] to liken Glasgow to [[Detroit]] during its 1960s [[Motown]] heyday.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,1297055,00.html| work=The Guardian| title=Rock bands inspire Belle epoque for Glasgow scene| accessdate=2007-07-09| author=Gerard Seenan|date=[[September 4]], [[2004]]}}</ref>. Glasgow has also produced the band Glasvegas, who, after two excellent performances at the Glastonbury festival 2008 are sure to make it big in the very near future. ===Media=== {{main|Media in Glasgow}} [[Image:07 CB.JPG|300px|thumb|BBC Scotland's headquarters in Glasgow's [[Pacific Quay]]]] Glasgow is home to the Scottish national media. It is home to [[BBC Scotland]]'s [[Pacific Quay Studios]] as well as [[STV]]'s smg studios. The Scottish press publishes various newspapers in the city such as the ''[[Evening Times]]'', ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]'', ''[[Sunday Herald|The Sunday Herald]]'', the ''[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]'' and the ''[[Daily Record]]''. Scottish editions of [[Trinity Mirror]] and [[News International]] titles are printed in the city. [[SMG plc]] is a Glasgow-based media conglomerate with interests in television, radio and publishing. SMG owns and operates both Scottish ITV franchises (Central Scotland and Grampian), both now branded [[STV]], [[Virgin Radio]] and [[Pearl & Dean]]. Various radio stations are also located in Glasgow. [[Emap plc]] (formerly Scottish Radio Holdings) owns the principal commercial radio stations in Glasgow; [[Clyde 1]] and [[Clyde 2]], which can reach over 2.3 million listeners.<ref>[http://www.allmediascotland.com/articles/1261/10052007/bbc_celebrating_radio_high_in_scotland Scottish Radio Statistics]</ref> In 2004, [[SMG plc]] sold its 27.8% stake in [[Scottish Radio Holdings]] to the broadcasting group [[EMAP]] for £90.5 m. Other stations include [[Smooth Radio 105.2]], [[Real Radio]] and [[96.3 Rock Radio]], which are all owned by [[GMG Radio]]. There are also a number of community broadcasters in the area, such as Sunny Govan Radio. ===Religion=== {{See also|Sectarianism in Glasgow}} [[Image:Glasgow-cathedral-may-2007.jpg|thumb|right|Glasgow Cathedral marks the site where [[St. Mungo]] built his church and established Glasgow]] Glasgow is a city of significant religious diversity. The [[Church of Scotland]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church in Great Britain|Roman Catholic Church]] are the two largest [[Christian]] denominations in the city. There are 150 congregations in the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Glasgow (of which 106 are within the city boundaries, the other 44 being in adjacent areas such as [[Giffnock]]).<ref>Church of Scotland Yearbook 2005–06, ISBN 0-86153-367-4</ref> The city boasts four Christian [[cathedral]]s: [[Glasgow Cathedral]], of the Church of Scotland; [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow|St Andrew's Cathedral]], of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]; [[St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow|St Mary's Cathedral]], of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]], and [[St Luke's Orthodox Cathedral, Glasgow|St Luke's Cathedral]], of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]]. The presence of large Protestant and Catholic communities has at times caused the city to experience [[sectarian]] tensions. This has tended to be most visible in the rivalry between the supporters of the city's two major professional [[football (soccer)|football]] clubs, [[Celtic F.C.]] and [[Rangers F.C.]]. Rangers has traditionally drawn its support from the city's [[Protestant]] community, while the [[Roman Catholic]] population has traditionally supported Celtic.<ref>[http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/DA614F81-4F1B-4452-8847-F3FDE920D550/0/sectarianism03.pdf Sectarianism in Glasgow]</ref> [[Glasgow Central Mosque]] in the [[Gorbals]] district is the largest [[mosque]] in [[Scotland]] and, along with twelve other mosques in the city, caters for the city's estimated 33,000 [[Muslim]] population.<ref>[http://www.mcb.org.uk/library/statistics.php MCB Muslim Population]</ref> Glasgow also has a Hindu [[Mandir]], and a planning permission for a new [[Sikh Temple]] was submitted in June 2007. This new Temple will complement the existing four [[Sikh]] Temples (''Gurdwaras'') in Glasgow with two in the West End (''Central Gurdwara Singh Sabha'' in [[Finnieston]] and ''Guru Nanak Sikh Temple'' in [[Kelvinbridge]]) and two in the Southside area of [[Pollokshields]] (''Guru Granth Sahib Gurdwara'' and ''Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Gurdwara''). There are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in [[Scotland]] with the vast majority in Glasgow.<ref>[http://www.ukinindia.com/magazines/britaintoday/BTInnerpage.asp?IssueId=59&magzineId=3&SectionId=289&ArticleId=592 New Gurdwara in UK]</ref> Glasgow has seven [[synagogue]]s with the seventh largest [[Jew]]ish population in the [[United Kingdom]] after [[London]], [[Manchester]], [[Leeds]], [[Gateshead]], [[Brighton]] and [[Bournemouth]], but once had a Jewish population second only to London, estimated at 20,000 in the [[Gorbals]] alone.<ref>[http://www.sjac.org.uk/archives/glasgow.html Glasgow's Jews]</ref> In 1993, the [[St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art]] opened in Glasgow. It is believed to be the only public museum to examine all the world's major [[religious]] faiths.<ref>[http://www.seeglasgow.com/seeglasgow/museums-and-galleriesnew/history-and-heritage-/st-mungo-museum St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art]</ref><ref>[http://www.clyde-valley.com/Glasgow/mungomus.htm St. Mungo Museum]</ref> ===Dialect=== {{see also|Glasgow Patter}} '''Glaswegian''', otherwise known as The [[Glasgow Patter]] is a local, anglicised variety of [[Scots language|Scots]]. Glaswegian is a dialect, more than an alternative pronunciation; words also change their meaning as all over in Scotland, e.g. "away" can mean "leaving" as in ''A'm away'', an instruction to stop being a nuisance as in ''away wi ye'', or "drunk" or "demented" as in ''he's away wi it''. ''Pieces'' refers to "sandwiches". ''Ginger'' is a term for the Glasgow based carbonated soft drink "[[Irn bru|Irn Bru]]" or any other carbonated soft drink (''A bottle o ginger'' {{IPA2|ə ˈboʔl ə ˈdʒɪndʒər}}). Then there are words whose meaning has no obvious relationship to that in standard English: ''coupon'' means "face", via "to punch a ticket coupon". A [[headbutt]] is known in many parts of Britain as a ''"Glasgow kiss"''. A speaker of Glaswegian might refer to those originating from the [[Scottish Highlands]] and the [[Western Isles]] as ''[[teuchter]]s'', while they would reciprocate by referring to Glaswegians as ''keelies'' and those from the East of Scotland refer to Glaswegians as ''Weegies'' (or ''[[Weedgie]]s''). The long-running TV drama [[Taggart]] and the comedies; [[Empty]], [[Chewin' the Fat]], [[Rab C. Nesbitt]] and [[Still Game]] capture the essence of the Glaswegian ''[[patois]]'', while [[Craig Ferguson]] and [[Billy Connolly]] have made Glaswegian humour known to the rest of the world. ===Education=== {{see also|University of Glasgow|University of Strathclyde|Glasgow Caledonian University|University of Paisley}} [[Image:University of Glasgow Gilbert Scott Building - Feb 2008-2.jpg|250px|right|thumb|caption|The University of Glasgow is one of the oldest and largest educational institutions in the UK.]] Glasgow is also a major education centre with four universities within 10 miles (16 km) of the city centre: *[[University of Glasgow]] *[[University of Strathclyde]] *[[Glasgow Caledonian University]] *[[University of the West of Scotland]] There are also teacher training colleges, teaching hospitals such as the [[Glasgow Royal Infirmary]], the [[Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama]], [[Glasgow School of Art]], and ten other further education colleges. Glasgow is home to a student population in excess of 168,000, the largest in Scotland and second largest in the United Kingdom, with the majority of those, living away from home, being found in [[Shawlands]], [[Dennistoun]] and the West End of the city.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scottish-enterprise.com/sedotcom_home/about_se/local_enterprise_companies/glasgow/glasgow-geographicprofile.htm?siblingtoggle=1| title=Glasgow Geographic profile| publisher=Scottish Enterprise| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> Scotland's sole [[Scottish Gaelic Language|Gaelic]]-only medium secondary school is located in Glasgow. This combined with a strong Gaelic medium primary school presence enables parents to educate their children entirely through the medium of Gaelic. {{clearright}} ==Sport== {{see also|Sport in Glasgow}} ===Football=== The world's first international [[football (soccer)|football]] match was held in 1872 at the [[West of Scotland Cricket Club]]'s [[Hamilton Crescent]] ground in the [[Partick]] area of the city. The match, between [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] and [[England national football team|England]] finished 0–0. Glasgow is one of only three cities (along with [[Liverpool]] in 1985 and [[Madrid]] in 1986) to have had two [[football (soccer)|football]] teams in European finals in the same season: in 1967 [[Celtic F.C.]] competed in the [[European Cup]] final defeating [[Inter Milan]] to become the first Scottish and British football club to win the trophy, with [[Rangers F.C.]] competing unsuccessfully in the now defunct [[Cup Winners' Cup]] final. The city is home to Scotland's only two UEFA 5 star rated stadia which allows them to host UEFA Champions League or UEFA Cup finals [[Ibrox Stadium]] (51,082 seats) and [[Hampden Park]] (52,670 seats), meaning that they are eligible to host the final of the [[UEFA Champions' League]]. Hampden Park has hosted the final on three occasions, most recently in 2002 and hosted the [[UEFA Cup]] Final in 2007. Hampden Park, which is Scotland's national football stadium, holds the European record for attendance at a football match: 149,547<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/glasgow/glw_hampden.htm| publisher=Glasgow Photo Library| title=Hampden Stadium| accessdate=2007-07-09}}.</ref> saw Scotland beat England 3-1 in 1937, in the days before British stadia became [[All-seater stadium|all-seated]]. [[Celtic Park]] (60,832 seats) is also located in the east end of Glasgow. [[Image:Hampden Panorama.png|250px|thumb|left|caption|Inside [[Hampden Park]].]] Glasgow has three professional football clubs: [[Celtic F.C.]] and [[Rangers F.C.]], together known by some as the [[Old Firm]], and [[Partick Thistle F.C.]]. A fourth club, [[Queen's Park F.C.]], is an amateur club that plays in the Scottish professional league system. Prior to this, Glasgow had five other professional clubs: [[Clyde FC]], which moved to [[Cumbernauld]], plus [[Third Lanark A.C.]], [[Cambuslang F.C]], [[Cowlairs F.C.]] and [[Clydesdale F.C.]], who all went bankrupt. There are a number of [[Scottish Junior Football Association]] clubs within the city as well, such as [[Pollok F.C.]], [[Maryhill F.C.]], [[Ashfield F.C.]] and [[Petershill F.C.]], as well as countless numbers of amateur teams. The history of football in the city, as well as the status of the [[Old Firm]], attracts many visitors to football matches in the city throughout the season. The [[Scottish Football Association]], the national governing body, and the [[Scottish Football Museum]] are based in Glasgow, as are the [[Scottish Football League]], [[Scottish Premier League]], [[Scottish Junior Football Association]] and [[Scottish Amateur Football Association]]. The [[Glasgow Cup]] was a once popular tournament, were all professional teams from the city would compete, however, now only Junior teams do. {|class="wikitable" |- !Club !League !Venue !Capacity |- | [[Celtic F.C.]] | [[Scottish Premier League]] | [[Celtic Park]] | 60,832 |- | [[Rangers F.C.]] | Scottish Premier League | [[Ibrox Stadium]] | 51,082 |- | [[Partick Thistle F.C.]] | [[Scottish Football League]] | [[Firhill Stadium]] | 10,887 |- | [[Queen's Park F.C.]] | Scottish Football League | [[Hampden Park]] | 52,670 |} ===Rugby=== Glasgow has a professional [[rugby union]] club, the [[Glasgow Warriors]], which plays in the [[Celtic League (rugby union)|Magners League]] alongside teams from [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]] and [[Wales]]. In the Scottish League, [[Glasgow Hawks]] was formed in 1997 by the merger of two of Glasgow's oldest clubs: Glasgow Academicals and Glasgow High Kelvinside (GHK). Despite the merger, the second division teams of Glasgow Academicals and Glasgow High Kelvinside re-entered the Scottish rugby league in 1998. ===Other sports=== Major international sporting arenas include the [[Kelvin Hall]] and [[Scotstoun]] Sports Centre. In 2003 the National Academy for [[Badminton]] was completed in Scotstoun. In 2003, Glasgow was also given the title of European Capital of Sport.<ref>[http://www.aces-europa.eu/capitales.php?lang=english European Capital of Sports Association]</ref> The [[Braehead Arena]] is home to leading professional [[basketball]] team, the [[Scottish Rocks]], who compete in the [[British Basketball League]]. The arena was also host to the [[2000 Ford World Curling Championships]]. Glasgow is also host to many [[cricket]] clubs including [[Clydesdale Cricket Club]] who have been title winners for the Scottish Cup many times. This club also hosted the friendly [[One Day International]] match for [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 2007, but due to bad weather was called off. Smaller sporting facilities include an abundance of outdoor [[playing field]]s, as well as golf clubs such as Hagg's Castle and artificial ski slopes. Between 1998 and 2004, the [[Scottish Claymores]] [[American football]] team played some or all of their home games each season at Hampden Park and the venue also hosted [[World Bowl]] XI. [[Motorcycle speedway]] racing was first introduced to Glasgow in 1928 and is currently staged at Saracen Park in the North of the city. {{see also|Glasgow Tigers (speedway)}} Befitting its strong Highland connections as the City of the Gael ''Baile Mòr nan Gàidheal'', Glasgow is also one of five places in Scotland which hosts the final of the Scottish Cup of [[Shinty]], better known as the [[Camanachd Cup]]. This is usually held at Old Anniesland. Once home to numerous Shinty clubs, there is now only one senior club in Glasgow, Glasgow Mid-Argyll, as well as two university sides from [[Strathclyde University]] and [[Glasgow University]]. ===2014 Commonwealth Games=== {{see also|2014 Commonwealth Games}} On [[9 November]] [[2007]], Glasgow was selected as the host city of the 2014 [[Commonwealth Games]]. It will be based around a number of existing and newly constructed sporting venues across the city, including a refurbished [[Hampden Park]], [[Kelvingrove Park]], the [[Kelvin Hall]], and the planned [[Scotland's National Arena|Scottish National Arena]] at the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]]. Plans have already been drawn up for a Commonwealth Games campus in the East End of the city, which will include a new indoor arena, [[velodrome]] and accommodation facilities in [[Dalmarnock]] and [[Parkhead]], with an upgraded Aquatics Centre at nearby [[Tollcross, Glasgow|Tollcross Park]]. It is the third time the Games have been held in Scotland.<ref>[http://www.glasgow2014.com Glasgow 2014, Commonwealth Games Candidate] www.glasgow2014.com</ref> ==Transport== [[Image:AM Glasgow Central.JPG|thumb|[[Glasgow Central railway station|Glasgow Central station]] is the northern terminus of the [[West Coast Main Line]]]] {{see also|Transport in Glasgow}} ===Public transport=== Glasgow has a large urban transport system, mostly managed by the [[Strathclyde Partnership for Transport]] (SPT). The city has many bus services; since [[bus deregulation]] almost all are provided by private operators though SPT part-funds some services. Glasgow has the most extensive [[Regional rail|urban rail]] network in the UK outside of London with rail services travelling to a large part of the [[Strathclyde|West of Scotland]]. All trains running within Scotland, including the local Glasgow trains, are operated by [[First ScotRail]], who own the franchise as determined by the [[Scottish Government]]. [[Glasgow Central railway station|Central Station]] and [[Glasgow Queen Street railway station|Queen Street Station]] are the two main railway terminals. Glasgow Central is the terminus of the 401 mile long [[West Coast Main Line]] from [[London Euston]]. All services to and from England use this station. Glasgow Central is also the terminus for suburban services on the south side of Glasgow, Ayrshire and Inverclyde, as well as being served by the cross city link from Dalmuir to Motherwell. Most other services within Scotland - the main line to Edinburgh, plus services to Aberdeen, Dundee, Inverness and the Western Highlands - operate from Queen Street station. [[Image:Glasgow-Subway-Map.png|thumb|left|Map of the Glasgow Subway Network.]] The city's suburban network is currently divided by the River Clyde, and an [[Glasgow Crossrail|initiative]] has been proposed to link them; it is currently awaiting funding from the Scottish Government. The city is linked to [[Edinburgh]] by [[Glasgow to Edinburgh Lines|three direct railway links]]; a further one, the [[Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link]], is proposed for completion in 2010. In addition to the suburban rail network, SPT operates the [[Glasgow Subway]]. The Subway is the [[United Kingdom]]'s only completely underground [[metro]] system, and is generally recognised as the world's third underground railway after [[London]] and [[Budapest]].<ref>[http://www.spt.co.uk/subway/facts.html SPT Subway]</ref> Both rail and subway stations have a number of [[park and ride]] facilities. As part of the wider regeneration along the banks of the [[River Clyde]], a Pre-Tram System, using dedicated bus lanes, called [[Clyde Fastlink]] is currently planned. ===Shipping=== Ferries used to link opposite sides of the Clyde in Glasgow but they have been rendered near-obsolete, by bridges and tunnels including the [[Erskine Bridge]], [[Kingston Bridge, Glasgow|Kingston Bridge]], and the [[Clyde Tunnel]]. The only remaining crossings are the [[Renfrew Ferry]] between [[Renfrew, Renfrewshire|Renfrew]] and [[Yoker]], and the Kilcreggan Ferry in [[Inverclyde]], both run by SPT but outwith the city boundary. The ''[[PS Waverley]]'', the world's last operational sea-going [[Paddle steamer|paddle-steamer]],<ref>[http://www.waverleyexcursions.co.uk/waverley.htm PS Waverley]</ref> provides services from Glasgow City Centre, mainly catering to the pleasure cruise market. A regular [[Water taxi|waterbus]] service links the City Centre with [[Braehead]] in [[Renfrewshire]], some 30 minutes downstream. A service by [[Loch Lomond Seaplanes]], connecting the city with destinations in [[Argyll and Bute]] started in 2007.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6187102.stm| title=Seaplane air service to take off| publisher=BBC News|date=[[27 November]] [[2006]]| accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> The only operational dock left in Glasgow operated by [[Peel Group|Clydeport]] is the [[King George V Dock (Glasgow)|King George V Dock]], near Braehead. Most other facilities, such as [[Hunterston Ore Terminal]] are located in the deep waters of the [[Firth of Clyde#Shipping in the Firth|Firth of Clyde]], which together handle some 7.5 million tonnes of cargo each year. ===Roads=== The city is the focus of Scotland's [[trunk road]] network and has many road connections to other cities. The main [[M8 motorway]] passes through the city centre, and connects to the [[M77 motorway|M77]], [[M73 motorway|M73]], and [[M80 motorway|M80]] motorways. The [[A82 road|A82]] connects the city to [[Argyll and Bute|Argyll]] and the western [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]]. The [[M74 motorway|M74]] runs directly south towards [[Carlisle]]; the highly controversial M74 completion scheme will extend the motorway from [[Tollcross]] into the [[Tradeston]] area to join the M8. A legal challenge to stop the extension was withdrawn in 2006, and the road is now scheduled for completion by 2010. Other road proposals include the [[Glasgow East End Regeneration Route|East End Regeneration Route]], which aims to complete the [[Glasgow Inner Ring Road]] around the city and provide easier access to deprived areas of the East End. ===Airports=== The city is served by two international airports and a seaplane terminal: [[Glasgow International Airport]] (GLA) in [[Paisley]], [[Renfrewshire]] ({{convert|13|km|mi|0|abbr=on|disp=/}} west of the city), [[Glasgow Prestwick International Airport]] (PIK) ({{convert|46|km|mi|0|abbr=on|disp=/}} to the south-west), and [[Glasgow Seaplane Terminal]], by the Glasgow Science Centre on the River Clyde. There is also a small airfield at [[Cumbernauld Airport|Cumbernauld]] ({{convert|29|km|mi|0|abbr=on|disp=/}} to the north-east). It is anticipated that by 2009, both principal airports will be served by a direct rail link from Glasgow Central railway station on completion of the [[Glasgow Airport Rail Link]] project at Glasgow International Airport. In June 2007, [[Glasgow International Airport]] was subject to an attempted [[2007 Glasgow International Airport attack|terrorist attack]]. ==Twinned cities== Glasgow is [[Town twinning|twinned]] with various cities, including:<ref>[http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/Twincities/ Glasgow City Council - Twin cities of Glasgow]</ref> {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} *{{flagicon|France}} [[Marseille]], [[France]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/4941766.stm BBC News - Glasgow 'twinned' with Marseille]</ref> *{{flagicon|France}} [[Montpellier]], [[France]] *{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Turin]], [[Italy]] *{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], [[Palestinian Territories]]<ref>[http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/display.var.1326701.0.bethlehem_is_citys_latest_twinned_town.php Bethlehem is city’s latest twinned town]</ref> *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]] {{col-2}} *{{flagicon|China}} [[Dalian]], [[People's Republic of China]] *{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]<ref>[http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/hi/news/5057161.html - Glasgow 'twinned' with Lahore]</ref> *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Rostov-on-Don]], [[Russia]] {{col-end}} ==See also== {{Glasgow}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Glasgow}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} *{{wikitravelpar|Glasgow}} *[http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/html/about/aindex.htm Glasgow City Council] *[http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/maps-full.html Interactive Attractions Map of Central Glasgow] *[http://gallery.glasgowguide.co.uk Glasgow Gallery] *[http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Glasgow.htm History of Glasgow Theatres] {{col-2}} *[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/glasgow/cathedral/ Glasgow Cathedral history] *[http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/ Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade] *[http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1788946,00.html Will Fyffe: Glasgow and the art of drinking - Ian Jack on a paean to drunkenness in the Glasgow of old] *[http://www.southsidehappenings.co.uk/ Life in Glasgow's Southside] *[http://www.glasgow-city.info/ Glasgow City Guide] *[http://www.prideofglasgow.com/ Glasgow Information] *[http://www.theglasgowstory.com TheGlasgowStory] {{col-end}} {{oscoor gbx|NS595695}} {{Scotland_subdivisions}} {{UK cities}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{LargestUKCities}} [[Category:Settlements established in the 6th century]] [[Category:Districts of Scotland]] [[Category:Glasgow| ]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish names]] [[Category:Lieutenancy areas of Scotland]] {{Link FA|ru}} {{Link FA|sco}} [[ar:جلاسجو]] [[az:Qlazqo]] [[br:Glasc'ho]] [[bg:Глазгоу]] [[ca:Glasgow]] [[cs:Glasgow]] [[cy:Glasgow]] [[da:Glasgow]] [[de:Glasgow]] [[et:Glasgow]] [[el:Γλασκώβη]] [[es:Glasgow]] [[eo:Glasgovo]] [[eu:Glasgow]] [[fa:گلاسگو]] [[ext:Glasgow]] [[fo:Glasgow]] [[fr:Glasgow]] [[fy:Glasgow]] [[ga:Glaschú]] [[gd:Glaschu]] [[gl:Glasgow]] [[ko:글래스고]] [[hi:ग्लासगो]] [[hr:Glasgow]] [[id:Glasgow]] [[is:Glasgow]] [[it:Glasgow]] [[he:גלאזגו]] [[ka:გლაზგო]] [[ku:Glasgow]] [[la:Glasgovia]] [[lv:Glāzgova]] [[lt:Glazgas]] [[hu:Glasgow]] [[mr:ग्लासगो]] [[ms:Glasgow]] [[nah:Glasgow]] [[nl:Glasgow]] [[ja:グラスゴー]] [[no:Glasgow]] [[nn:Glasgow]] [[oc:Glasgow]] [[pl:Glasgow]] [[pt:Glasgow]] [[ro:Glasgow]] [[ru:Глазго]] [[sco:Glesga]] [[sq:Glasgow]] [[scn:Glasgow]] [[simple:Glasgow]] [[sk:Glasgow]] [[sl:Glasgow]] [[sr:Глазгов]] [[sh:Glasgow]] [[fi:Glasgow]] [[sv:Glasgow]] [[te:గ్లాస్గో]] [[tet:Glázgua]] [[th:กลาสโกว์]] [[vi:Glasgow]] [[tr:Glasgow]] [[uk:Глазго]] [[vo:Glasgow]] [[bat-smg:Glazgos]] [[zh:格拉斯哥]]