Global strategic petroleum reserves
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'''Global strategic petroleum reserves''' ("GSPR") refer to [[Petroleum|crude oil]] inventories (or stockpiles) held by the government of a particular country, as well as private industry, for the purpose of providing economic and [[national security]] during an [[energy crisis]]. According to the United States [[Energy Information Administration]], approximately {{convert|4.1|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil are held in strategic reserves, of which 1.4 billion is government-controlled. The remainder is held by private industry. At the moment the US [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve]] is one of the largest strategic reserves, with much of the remainder held by the other 26 members of the [[International Energy Agency]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Fact Sheet on IEA Oil Stocks and Emergency Response Potential |publisher= International Energy Agency|date=[[2004-01-01]] |url=http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2004/factsheetcover.pdf}}</ref> Recently, other non-IEA countries have begun creating their own strategic petroleum reserves, with China being the largest of these new reserves.
== International Energy Agency reserves ==
According to a March 2001 agreement, all 26 members of the [[International Energy Agency]] must have a strategic petroleum reserve equal to 90 days of oil imports for their respective country.<ref>http://www.iea.org/Textbase/work/2002/beijing/KUOLT2.PDF</ref><ref>[http://www.agiweb.org/gap/legis106/reauthspr.html Reauthorization of the Energy Policy & Conservation Act<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Only net-exporter members of the IEA are exempt from the reserve requirement. The exempt countries are [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. However, Denmark and the UK have both recently created strategic reserves due to their requirements as [[European Union]] members.
==Emergency oil sharing agreements==
In addition to maintaining a domestic stockpile of petroleum, several countries also have agreements to share their stockpiles in the event of an emergency.
===The Japan, New Zealand and South Korea agreement===
In mid-2007 Japan announced a program to share its strategic reserve with other countries in its region. Negotiations are currently underway with New Zealand on an emergency oil-sharing program whereby Japan would make available for purchase its strategic reserves. In an emergency New Zealand would pay the market price plus negotiated option fees for the amount of oil previously held for them by Japan.<ref>[http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=49325 RIGZONE - Article Not Found<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
South Korea and Japan have also agreed to share their oil reserves in case of an emergency. <ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/06/18/business/AS-FIN-SKorea-Japan-Oil.php South Korea, Japan agree to share oil reserves - International Herald Tribune<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===The United States and Israel agreement===
According to the 1975 Second Sinai withdrawal document signed by the United States and Israel, in an emergency the U.S. is obligated to make oil available for sale to Israel for up to 5 years.<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/Research/MiddleEast/bg76.cfm The Iranian Oil Crisis<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===The France, Germany, and Italy agreement===
France, Germany and Italy have an oil-sharing agreement to allow each other to purchase their strategic reserves in the event of an emergency.<ref>[http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=49325 RIGZONE - Article Not Found<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Africa==
[[South Africa]] has an SPR. It is managed by [[PetroSA]] and the primary facility is the [[Saldanha Bay]] oil storage facility, which is a major transit point for oil shipping.<ref>[http://www.southafrica.info/doing_business/economy/key_sectors/energy.htm South Africa's energy industry - SouthAfrica.info<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Saldanha Bay's six in-ground concrete storage tanks give the facility a storage capacity of 45 million barrels.<ref>http://fred.csir.co.za/www/sff/oil.htm</ref>
[[Malawi]] is considering creating a 21-day reserve of fuel, which is an expansion from the current five day reserve. The government has begun planning for storage facilities in the provinces of [[Chipoka]] and [[Mchinji]] as well as [[Kamuzu International Airport]].<ref>[http://www.nyasatimes.com/index.php?news=1915 Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news, sports, showbiz, jobs, business and social networking - Malawi to increase fuel storage<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== Asia ==
===China===
In 2007 China announced an expansion of their crude reserves into a two part system. Chinese reserves would consist of a government-controlled strategic reserve complemented by mandated commercial reserves.<ref>http://www.chinanews.cn//news/2007-07-19/37721.html</ref> This new joint government/enterprise strategic reserve plan is the followup to a March 2007 announcement on the construction of a second strategic reserve with an additional 209.44 million barrels.<ref>{{cite news|title= China to fill its 3rd strategic oil reserve |publisher= Times of India|date=[[2007-03-08]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/World/Rest_of_World/China_to_fill_its_3rd_strategic_oil_reserve/articleshow/1736658.cms}}</ref>
====China's reserve structure====
*Government Reserves; 101.9 million barrel strategic reserve
**Central government, [[National Development and Reform Commission|National Development and Reform Commission(NDRC)]]<ref>{{zh icon}} [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-06/10/content_450449.htm China to have strategic oil reserve soon<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
***[[Dalian]], [[Liaoning Province]]. Approximate planned capacity 19 million barrels (3,000,000 m³), planned completion 2008.
***[[Qingdao]], [[Shandong Province]]. Approximate planned capacity 19 million barrels (3,000,000 m³), planned completion 2008.
***[[Zhenhai]], [[Zhejiang Province]]. 52 storage tanks with a capacity of 33 million barrels (5,200,000 m³), filled as of December 2007. <ref>[http://www.gulfnews.com/business/Oil_and_Gas/10125763.html Gulfnews: China to fill Aoshan tanks with Mideast oil by June<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/01/18/afx3338677.html China's Q1 2007 crude oil demand unchanged at 7.12 mln bpd - IEA - Forbes.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Official: China starts filling strategic oil reserve |publisher=Associated Press |date=[[2006-10-06]] |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/06/business/AS_FIN_ECO_China_Oil_Reserve.php}}</ref>
***[[Zhoushan]], [[Zhejiang Province]]. Approximate planned capacity 33 million barrels (5,200,000 m³), {{convert|7.6|Moilbbl|m3}} filled as of June 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title= China and Saudi Arabia: interesting SPR team up? |publisher= Marketwatch|date=[[2006-03-23]] |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid=%7BBDDC6EA6-C0E8-4F33-9B51-28314C17EDEC%7D&siteid=mktw&dist}}</ref>
**Oil reserve base controlled by local governments
***[[Guangdong Province]] has begun plans for a reserve.
***[[Hainan Province]] has begun plans for a reserve.<ref>{{zh icon}} [http://english.cri.cn/3130/2007/06/28/262@243241.htm China's Strategic Oil Reserves to Be Ready<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*Enterprise Reserves; 209.44 million barrel strategic reserve
**Commercial oil reserves by major Chinese oil companies, [[PetroChina]], [[Sinopec]] and [[CNOOC]]
***PetroChina facility, [[Shanshan County]], [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region]]. Planned capacity of {{convert|50.9|Moilbbl|m3}}.
***PetroChina facility, [[Tieling]], [[Liaoning Province]]. 8 storage tanks with a capacity of {{convert|5.03|Moilbbl|m3}}, completion October 2008<ref>[http://www.csc.mofcom.gov.cn/csweb/sacc/info/Article.jsp?a_no=77726&col_no=617 South Africa-China Economic & Trade Cooperation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
***Sinopec facility, [[Shanghai]], under construction
***Sinopec facility, [[Ningbo]], under construction
***Sinopec facility, [[Zhanjiang]], under construction
***Sinopec facility, [[Caofeidian]], under construction<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/mergersNews/idUSHKG28096420070827 Sinopec, Aramco refinery on track, discuss reserves | Deals | Mergers & Acquisitions | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
***Sinochem facility, under construction
***Unknown company, [[Heilongjiang Province]]
***Unknown company, [[Gansu Province]]
**Oil storage reserves by medium and small Chinese oil companies
===India===
[[India]] has begun the development of a strategic crude oil reserve sized at 37.4 million barrels, enough for two weeks of consumption.<ref>[http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/news/nts43834.htm Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - India to build up storage of crude oil<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Petroleum stocks have been transferred from the [[Indian Oil Corporation]] (IndianOil) to the Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB).<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/04/02/stories/2006040202220200.htm The Hindu Business Line : Strategic oil reserves to come directly under Govt<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The OIDB then created the Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd (ISPRL) to serve as the controlling government agency for the strategic reserve.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India_to_form_crude_oil_reserve_of_5_mmt/articleshow/2137148.cms 'India to form crude oil reserve of 5 mmt'- Oil & Gas-Energy-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br>
The facilities are:
*[[Mangalore]], State of [[Karnataka]]. Capacity of {{convert|11.22|Moilbbl|m3}}.
*[[Padur]] village, [[Udipi]] in the state of [[Karnataka]]. Capacity of {{convert|18.7|Moilbbl|m3}}.<ref>http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr42005/national153423200543.asp</ref>
*[[Visakhapatnam]], State of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Capacity of {{convert|7.48|Moilbbl|m3}}.
===Japan===<!-- This section is linked from [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve]] -->
As of 2003 [[Japan]] has an SPR composed of the following three types of stockpiles:
* State controlled reserves of petroleum at ten different locations totaling 320 million barrels. <small>''All storage numbers, unless otherwise cited, come from p.177 of this document: [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2000/oilsecu2001.pdf]''</small>
**[[Tomakomai]] Eastern Oil Reserve Storage Base, 55 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|34|Moilbbl|m3}}.
**[[Mutsu-Ogawara]] Storage Base, 53 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|31|Moilbbl|m3}}.
**[[Kuji]] Storage Base, 3 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|10.5|Moilbbl|m3}}.
**[[Akita, Akita|Akita]] Storage Base, 15 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|23.4|Moilbbl|m3}}.
**[[Fukui, Fukui|Fukui]] Storage Base, 27 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|17.9|Moilbbl|m3}}.
**[[Kikuma]] Underground Petroleum Storage Facility, 8 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|8.9|Moilbbl|m3}}.
**[[Shirashima]] Storage Facility, 8 tankers (4.4 million barrels each), total capacity {{convert|35.2|Moilbbl|m3}}.<ref>http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1998/9314098.pdf</ref>
**[[Kamigotou]] Storage Base, 7 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|21.45|Moilbbl|m3}}.
**[[Kushikino]] Storage Base, 3 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|10.5|Moilbbl|m3}}.
**[[Shibushi]] Storage Base, 40 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|27.6|Moilbbl|m3}}.
* Privately held reserves of petroleum held "in accordance with the Petroleum Stockpiling Law" of 129 million barrels.<ref>[http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/energy/japan/oilinfo.html The Oil Situation after the Attack on Iraq<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Privately held reserves of petroleum products for another 130 million barrels.
The state stockpile equals about 92 days of consumption and the privately held stockpiles equal another 77 days of consumption for a total of 169 days or 579 million barrels.<ref>{{cite news|title= Energy Security in East Asia |publisher= Institute for the Analysis of Global Security|date=[[2004-08-13]] |url=http://www.iags.org/n0813042.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Energy Security Initiative |publisher= Asia Pacific Energy Research Center|date=[[2002-01-01]] |url=http://www.ieej.or.jp/aperc/2002pdf/OilStocks2002.pdf}}</ref> The Japanese SPR is run by the [[Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation]].[http://www.jogmec.go.jp/english/index.html]
===South Korea===
As part of the government’s energy security efforts, [[South Korea]] holds strategic oil reserves to protect against oil supply disruptions. The country’s strategic oil reserve program is managed by KNOC (Korea National Oil Corporation), which reports that its system has the capacity to store 116 million barrels of oil. As of April 2007, KNOC held 76 million barrels of oil in its strategic stockpiles<ref>http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/South_Korea/Oil.html</ref>, of which 64 million barrels was crude oil and 12 million barrels was petroleum products.
This total amounts to approximately 34 days of net import cover, according to 2006 estimates of demand. KNOC has plans to expand the country’s strategic storage capacity from 116 to 146 million barrels by 2009, and to fill the emergency reserves to 141 million barrels by 2010.
===Others===
The [[Philippines]] has begun plans for a National Petroleum Strategic Reserve by 2010 with an approximate size of 30 million barrels.<ref>[http://www.energybulletin.net/8226.html Energy conservation takes center stage in the Philippines | EnergyBulletin.net | Peak Oil News Clearinghouse<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Russia]] has begun plans for a strategic petroleum reserve. Analysts estimate the size of the Russian SPR would be around 78 million barrels.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1505/is_200210/ai_n7209404 US, Russia Differ Greatly on Role of Strategic Petroleum | Oil Daily, The | Find Articles at BNET.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.energybulletin.net/11386.html The Impact of Additions to Strategic Petroleum Reserves on World Oil Demand | EnergyBulletin.net | Peak Oil News Clearinghouse<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Singapore]] has an SPR composed of {{convert|31.8|Moilbbl|m3}} of crude oil with an additional {{convert|64.5|Moilbbl|m3}} of oil products for a total of 96.3 million barrels.<ref>[http://www.opinionasia.org/Aregionalapproachtostrategicoilreserves A regional approach to strategic oil reserves? | Opinion Asia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Republic of china|Taiwan]] has an SPR with a 1999 reported size of 13 million barrels.<ref>{{cite news|title= Improving Energy Security Through an International Cooperative Approach to Strategic Oil Stocks |publisher= International Energy Agency|date=[[2003-09-19]] |url=http://www.iea.org/textbase/work/2003/berlin/leiby.pdf}}</ref>
[[Thailand]] has recently increased the size of its SPR from 60 days to 70 days of consumption.<ref>[http://www.bruneitimes.com.bn/section/opinion/26Dec2006-4.php The Brunei Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br>
== Europe ==
In the [[European Union]], according to a [[Council Directive]] 68/414/EEC of 20 December 1968, all 27 members must have a strategic petroleum reserve within the territory of the E.U. equal to at least 90 days average daily internal consumption.<ref>{{cite news|title= Council Directive 68/414/EEC of 20 December 1968 imposing an obligation on Member States of the EEC to maintain minimum stocks of crude oil and/or petroleum products |publisher= European Union|date=[[1968-12-20]] |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l27045.htm}}</ref>
The [[Czech Republic]] has a four tank SPR facility in [[Nelahozeves]] run by the company CR Mero.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/visegrad.html North Central Europe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Czech SPR is equal to 100 days of consumption or 2.03 million barrels.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.globalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail8001.htm
|title=European Leaders Fire Up Over Russian Oil Cut
|publisher=[[Global Insight]]
|date=2007-01-10
|accessdate=2007-01-10
}}</ref>
[[Denmark]] has recently created a strategic reserve, the size is unknown.
[[Finland]] has an SPR with an approximate size of 62.4 million barrels.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200509/09/eng20050909_207507.html People's Daily Online - Finland decides to tap strategic oil reserves in Katrina aftermath<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[France]] has an SPR with an approximate size of 65 million barrels.<ref>[http://www.ambafrance-us.org/news/statmnts/2005/oilreserve_katrina_090205.asp Embassy of France in the US - katrina - Strategic oil reserves <<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> As of 2000 jet fuel stocks were required for at least 55 days of consumption, with half of those stocks controlled by the ''Société Anonyme de Gestion des Stocks de Sécuritié'' (SAGESS) and the other half controlled by producers.<ref>http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2000/oilsecu2001.pdf</ref>
[[Germany]] created the Federal Oil Reserve in 1970, stored in the Etzel salt caverns near [[Wilhelmshaven]] in northern Germany, with an initial size of {{convert|70|Moilbbl|m3}}.<ref>http://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/ghubbard/Articles%20for%20Web%20Site/Managing%20the%20Strategic%20Petroleum%20Reserve_Energy%20Policy%20in%20a%20.pdf</ref> The current German Federal Oil Reserve and the Erdölbevorratungsverband (EBV) (the German stockholding company) mandates that refiners must keep 90 days of stock on hand, giving Germany an approximate reserve size of 250 million barrels as of 1997.<ref>[http://www.pennwellpetroleumgroup.com/Articles/Article_Display.cfm?ARTICLE_ID=114993&Section=ARTCL GERMANY - Online Research Center<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The German SPR is the largest in Europe.<br>
[[Hungary]] has an SPR with approximately 90 days of consumption or 11.88 million barrels.<ref>[http://www.abcmoney.co.uk/news/6200783775.htm Hungarian govt releases strategic oil reserves after Russian supply cut-off<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br>
[[Poland]] has an SPR with approximately 70 days of consumption.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070108/ap_on_bi_ge/belarus_russia_oil_5</ref> Another facility holding 20 additional days of consumption is scheduled to be completed in 2008.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/visegrad.html North Central Europe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br>
[[Portugal]] has an SPR with an approximate size of 22.44 million barrels.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmafp/is_200509/ai_n15327212 Portugal to tap oil reserves to help hurricane-ravaged US | AFP | Find Articles at BNET.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Slovakia]] has an SPR with an approximate size of 748,000 barrels.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.globalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail8001.htm
|title=European Leaders Fire Up Over Russian Oil Cut
|publisher=[[Global Insight]]
|date=2007-01-10
|accessdate=2007-01-10
}}</ref>
[[Spain]] has an SPR with an approximate size of 120 million barrels.<ref>Staff Writer. "[http://www.elmundo.es/mundodinero/2005/09/08/economia/1126166131.html El Consejo de Ministros aprueba el envío del 2% de las reservas de crudo para ayudar a EEUU]." ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]].'' [[September 9]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[June 10]], [[2006]]. Article in [[Spanish language|Spanish]].</ref>
[[Sweden]] has an SPR with an approximate size of 13.29 million barrels.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200509/16/eng20050916_208886.html People's Daily Online - Swedish government releases gasoline reserves<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Switzerland]] has SPRs consisting of gas, diesel, jet fuel and heating oil for 4.5 months of consumption. The reserves were created in the 1940s and where dipped into for the first time in 2005 following [[Hurricane Katrina]]. <ref>http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2000/oilsecu2001.pdf</ref>
The [[United Kingdom]] has recently created a strategic reserve, the size is unknown.
==Middle East==
===Iran===
In April 2006 the Fars News Agency reported that [[Iran]] has begun plans to create an SPR. The [[National Iranian Oil Company]] (NIOC) has begun construction of 15 crude oil storage tanks with a planned capacity of 10 million barrels.<ref>http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/pdf.pdf</ref> The planned facilities are:
*[[Ahwaz]]. 4 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|2|Moilbbl|m3}}.
*[[Omidiyeh]]. 3 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|3|Moilbbl|m3}}.
*[[Goureh]]. 6 storage tanks, total capacity {{convert|4|Moilbbl|m3}}.
*[[Sirri Island]]. 1 storage tank, total capacity {{convert|500000|oilbbl|m3}}.
*[[Bahregansar]]. 1 storage tank, total capacity {{convert|500000|oilbbl|m3}}.
===Others===
As of 1975 [[Israel]] is believed to have a strategic oil reserve equal to 270 days of consumption.
[[Jordan]] has strategic oil reserves equal to 60 days of consumption or 6.24 million barrels.<ref>http://www.tradeportalofindia.com/contentmgmt/Desktops2.asp?itemcode=I484&compid=itpo</ref>
== North America ==
The [[United States]] has the largest reported [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve]] with a total capacity of 727 million barrels. If completely filled, the US SPR could theoretically replace about 60 days of oil imports.<ref>See [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve]]</ref> The U.S. facilities are:
* Bryan Mound - located near [[Freeport, Texas]]. Capacity of 226 million barrels (36,000,000 m³).
* Big Hill - located near [[Winnie, Texas]]. Capacity of 160 million barrels (25,000,000 m³).
* West Hackberry - located near [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]]. Capacity of 219 million barrels (35,000,000 m³).
* Bayou Choctaw - located near [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]]. Capacity of 72 million barrels (11,000,000 m³).
* [[Richton, Mississippi]]. A new facility the capacity is unknown.
The US has also organized the {{convert|2|Moilbbl|m3|sing=on}} [[Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve]] to supply northeast homeowners during shortages.
==Pacific Rim==
[[Australia]] has a strategic reserve with both petroleum and petroleum products equal to 10 days of consumption or 8.77 million barrels.<ref>[http://www.energybulletin.net/1691.html Australia - Plan to protect oil supply | EnergyBulletin.net | Peak Oil News Clearinghouse<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[New Zealand]] has a strategic reserve with a 2008 size of 170,000 tons or 1.2 million barrels. Much of this reserve is based on ticketed option contracts with Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, which allow for guaranteed purchases of petroleum in the event of an emergency.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKT20877720071227?rpc=401& Nippon Oil sells emergency oil reserves option to NZ | Markets | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==See also==
{{EnergyPortal}}
*[[Energy development]]
*[[Energy security]]
*[[Peak oil]]
*[[Strategic reserve]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
For more on APEC strategic reserves:
* http://pzl1.ed.ornl.gov/APECSizeIAEEPaperFinal_Proceedings.pdf
* http://www.ieej.or.jp/aperc/2002pdf/OilStocks2002.pdf
For more info on the IEA reserves:
* http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/Textbase/work/2003/asean/CZECH.PDF
[[Category:Petroleum]]
[[Category:Energy policy]]
[[Category:Peak oil]]
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