Globe
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2008-07-16T20:54:10Z
71.77.36.114
/* Terrestrial and planetary globes */
{{dablink|This article is about a spherical model of the Earth, or similar. For other uses, see [[globe (disambiguation)]].}}
[[Image:GEO Globe.jpg|thumb|220px|A modern [[raised-relief]] world globe]]
[[Image:Coronelli celestial globe.jpg|thumb|220px|A [[Baroque]] era [[celestial globe]] ]]
[[Image:Navisphere2.jpg|thumb|220px|right|A French "navisphere": a type of celestial globe formerly used for navigation at sea]]
A '''globe''' is a three-[[dimension]]al scale [[Model (physical)|model]] of [[Earth]] ('''terrestrial globe''') or other spheroid celestial body such as a planet, star, or moon. It may also ('''celestial globe''') refer to a spherical representation of the [[celestial sphere]], showing the apparent positions of the [[star]]s in the [[sky]].
The word "globe" comes from the [[Latin]] word ''[[globus]]'', meaning [[round]] mass or [[sphere]].
==Terrestrial and planetary globes==
A globe is the only geographical representation that has negligible distortion over large areas; all flat maps are created using a [[map projection]] that inevitably introduces an increasing amount distortion the larger the area that the map shows. A typical [[Scale (measurement)|scale]] for a terrestrial globe is roughly 1:40 million.
Sometimes a globe has relief, showing [[topography]]; in the case of a globe of the Earth the elevations are exaggerated, otherwise they would be hardly visible. Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians so that one can (if only approximately due to scale) tell where a specific point on the surface of the planet is located.
the ball that we live in.
your ugly mamma.
==Celestial globes==
{{seealso|Armillary sphere}}
Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the [[star]]s in the [[sky]]. They omit the [[Sun]], [[Moon]] and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the [[ecliptic]], along which the Sun moves, is indicated.
A potential issue arises regarding the "handedness" of celestial globes. If the globe is constructed so that the stars are in the positions they actually occupy on the imaginary celestial sphere, then the star field will appear back-to-front on the surface of the globe (all the constellations will appear as their mirror images). This is because the view from Earth, positioned at the centre of the celestial sphere, is of the ''inside'' of the celestial sphere, whereas the celestial globe is viewed from the ''outside''. For this reason, celestial globes may be produced in mirror image, so that at least the constellations appear the "right way round". Some modern celestial globes address this problem by making the surface of the globe transparent. The stars can then be placed in their proper positions and viewed ''through'' the globe, so that the view is of the inside of the celestial sphere, as it is from Earth.
==History==
The earliest known globe was constructed by the scholar [[Crates of Mallus]] in [[Cilicia]] (now [[Çukurova]] in modern-day [[Turkey]]) around 150 BC. An ancient celestial globe that still exists was made about 150 AD as part of a sculpture, called the [[Farnese Atlas]], in the [[Naples Museum]], [[Naples]], [[Italy]].<ref name=Encarta>Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2003.</ref>
The first globe of the [[Old World]] was constructed in the [[Muslim world]] during the [[Middle Ages]],<ref>Mark Silverberg. [http://www.jfednepa.org/mark%20silverberg/origins.html Origins of Islamic Intolerence].</ref> by [[Islamic geography|Muslim geographers]] and [[Islamic astronomy|astronomers]] working under the [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]], [[Al-Ma'mun]], in the 9th century.<ref>{{citation|first=Richard|last=Covington|journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]], May-June 2007|year=2007|pages=17-21|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm|accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref> The oldest existing terrestrial globe was made by [[Martin Behaim]] in [[Nürnberg]], [[Germany]], in 1474.<ref name=Encarta/> A facsimile globe showing America was made by [[Martin Waldseemueller]] in 1507. Another early globe, the [[Hunt-Lenox Globe]], ca. 1507, is thought to be the source of the phrase "[[Here be dragons]]." Another "remarkably modern-looking" terrestrial globe of the [[Earth]] was constructed by [[Taqi al-Din]] at the [[Istanbul observatory of al-Din]] during the 1570s.<ref name=Soucek>{{citation|first=Svat|last=Soucek|title=Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries|journal=[[Studia Islamica]]|volume=79|year=1994|pages=121-142 [123 & 134-6]}}</ref>
==Manufacture==
Mass-produced globes are typically covered by a printed paper map. The most common type has long, thin [[Gore (segment)|gores]] (strips) of paper that narrow to a point at the [[North Pole]] and the [[South Pole]].<ref>http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/globe.jpg</ref> Then a small disk is used to paper over the inevitable irregularities at the poles. The more gores there are, the less stretching and crumpling is required to make the paper map fit the sphere. From a geometric point of view, all points on a sphere are equivalent – one could select any arbitrary point on the Earth, and create a paper map that covers the Earth with strips that come together at that point and the [[antipodal point]].
A globe is usually mounted at an angle on [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearing]]s. In addition to making it easy to use this mounting also represents the angle of the planet in relation to its sun and the spin of the planet. This makes it easy to visualize how [[day]]s and [[season]]s change.
==Notable large globes==
* The [[Unisphere]] in [[Queens, New York]], at 120 feet in diameter the world's largest global structure.
* [[Eartha]], currently the world's largest rotating globe (41 feet in diameter), at the [[Delorme]] headquarters in [[Yarmouth, Maine]]
* The [[Mapparium]], 30 foot walk-in globe at the Christian Science complex in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], intended to be viewed from within.
* The [[Babson College|Babson globe]] in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]], a 26-foot diameter globe which originally rotated on its axis and on its base to simulate day and night and the seasons
* The giant globe in the lobby of [[New York Daily News|The News Building]] in [[New York City]].
* The [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] Globe, also known as the Führer globe, was formally named the Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders. Two editions existed during Hitler's lifetime, created during the mid-1930s on his orders. (The second edition changed the name of [[Abyssinia]] to Italian East Africa). These globes were "enormous" and very costly. According to the [[New York Times]], "the real Columbus globe was nearly the size of a [[VW Beetle|Volkswagen]] and, at the time, more expensive." Several still exist, including three in Berlin: one at a geographical institute, one at the [[Märkisches Museum]], and another at the [[Deutsches Historisches Museum]]. The latter has a [[U.S.S.R.|Soviet]] bullet hole through Germany. One of the two in public collections in [[Munich]] has an [[United States|American]] bullet hole through Germany. There are several in private hands inside and out of Germany. A much smaller version of Hitler's globe was mocked by [[Charlie Chaplin]] in [[The Great Dictator|''The Great Dictator'']], a film released in 1940.<!--all info in this Hitler subsection AS OF Sept 17 2007 is from the NYT reference--><ref name="NYTHitler">[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/arts/design/18globe.html "The Mystery of Hitler’s Globe Goes Round and Round]", by Michael Kimmelman, September 18, 2007. Accessed September 18, 2007.</ref>
==References==
<references/>
==See also==
{{Commons|Globe}}
*[[Armillary sphere]]
*[[Dymaxion map]]
*[[Emery Molyneux]]
*[[Johannes Schöner globe]]
*[[Virtual globe]]
**[[Google Earth]]
**[[NASA World Wind]]
==External links==
* [http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/ppmglobe.html ppmglobe - generate strips to glue onto a sphere]
*[http://www.ibiblio.org//e-notes/VRML/Globe/Globe.htm 3D VRML globe]
*[http://www.professores.uff.br/hjbortol/arquivo/2006.1/applets/earth_en.html 3D Java Globe with coastlines, parallels, meridians, etc.]
*[http://www.phogle.com/en/photos/2780.html Photo of a pocket terrestrial and celestial globe] from the [http://www.beyer-chronometrie.ch/english/museum/praesentation.asp Beyer chronometrie clock and watch museum]
*[http://www.korthalsaltes.com/globe.html Paper model (net) of a globe] Globe with meridians and circles of latitudes
*[http://www.onb.ac.at/ev/collections/globe-museum/index.htm Globe-Museum/Austrian National Library]
*[http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ren/Ren1/311.html Martin Waldseemueller 1507 globe]
*[http://science.discovery.com/video/index.html?playerId=1391584921&titleId=1243635980] How It's Made video on globes
[[Category:Cartography]]
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