Glossary of education-related terms (A-C) 4119490 219418128 2008-06-15T03:25:05Z Lightbot 7178666 Units/dates/other {{Portalpar|Education|Nuvola apps bookcase.png}} This '''glossary of education-related terms''' is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This page contains terms starting with A – C. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other pages. <br> <br> <br> <!--Keep above lines to allow TOC to center properly--> __NOTOC__ <center> '''{{MediaWiki:Toc}}:''' [[#top|Top]] – <!--Remove page reference on each current page to speed link--> [[#0–9|0–9]] [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/D#D|D]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/D#E|E]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/D#F|F]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#G|G]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#H|H]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#I|I]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#J|J]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#K|K]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#L|L]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/M#M|M]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/M#N|N]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/M#O|O]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/P#P|P]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/P#Q|Q]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/P#R|R]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/S#S|S]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#T|T]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#U|U]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#V|V]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#W|W]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#X|X]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#Y|Y]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#Z|Z]] </center> ==0-9== * '''[[.edu]]:''' ("dot-edu") The [[generic top-level domain]] for educational institutions, primarily those in the [[United States]]. Created in January 1985 as one of the first top-level domains, .edu was originally intended for educational institutions anywhere in the world. With few exceptions, however, only those in the United States registered such domains, while educational institutions in other countries usually used domain names under the appropriate country code [[Top-level domain|TLD]]. ==A== [[Image:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Plato]], seen with [[Aristotle]], is credited with the inception of academia.]] * '''[[Academia]]:''' A collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in [[higher education]] and [[research]], taken as a whole. The word comes from the ''[[Academy|akademeia]]'' just outside ancient [[Athens]], where the ''gymnasium'' was made famous by [[Plato]] as a center of learning. * '''[[Academic degree]]:''' A '''degree''' is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as [[University|universities]], normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. * '''[[Academic dress]]: '''(or '''academical dress''', also known in the [[United States]] as '''academic regalia''') Traditional [[clothing]] worn specifically in [[academia|academic]] settings. It is more commonly seen nowadays only at [[graduation]] ceremonies, but in former times academic dress was, and to a lesser extent in many ancient [[university|universities]] still is, worn on a daily basis. * '''[[Academic institution]]:''' An [[educational institution]] dedicated to [[higher education]] and [[research]], which grants [[academic degree]]s. * '''[[Academic publishing]]:''' Describes a system of [[publishing]] that is necessary in order for [[academic]] scholars to review work and make it available for a wider audience. The "system," which is probably disorganized enough not to merit the title, varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in [[Academic journal|journal]] article or [[book]] form. * '''[[Active learning]]:''' A process whereby learners are actively engaged in the learning process, rather than "passively" absorbing lectures. Active learning involves [[Reading (activity)|reading]], [[writing]], discussion, and engagement in solving problems, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Active learning often involves [[cooperative learning]]. * '''[[Activity theory]]:''' (AT) A Soviet psychological meta-theory, paradigm, or framework, with its roots in socio-cultural approach. Its founders were [[Alexei Nikolaevich Leontyev]], and S. L. Rubinshtein (1889-1960). It became one of the major psychological approaches in the former USSR, being widely used in both theoretical and applied psychology, in areas such as the education, training, ergonomics, and work psychology. * '''Additional Support Needs:''' In Scotland, children who require some additional support to remove barriers to learning in any respect are deemed to have Additional Support Needs. This definition abolished the previously used term [[Special Educational Needs]] and was set out in the 2004 Additional Support for Learning Act. * '''[[Adult education]]:''' The practice of teaching and educating adults. This is often done in the workplace, or through 'extension' or '[[continuing education]]' courses at [[secondary school]]s, or at a [[College]] or [[University]]. The practice is also often referred to as 'Training and Development'. It has also been referred to as ''[[andragogy]]'' (to distinguish it from ''[[pedagogy]]''). :Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways. One of the most important differences is that adults have accumulated knowledge and experience which can either add value to a learning experience or hinder it. * '''[[Adultism]]:''' A predisposition towards adults, which some see as biased against children, youth, and all young people who aren't addressed or viewed as adults. Adultism is popularly used to describe any discrimination against young people, and is distinguished from ageism, which is simply prejudice on the grounds of age; not specifically against youth. * '''[[Advanced Placement Program]]:''' (commonly known as '''Advanced Placement''', or '''AP''') A [[United States]] and [[Canada]]-based program that offers [[high school]] [[student]]s the opportunity to receive [[university]] credit for their work during high school. * '''[[Agricultural education]]:''' Instruction about crop production, livestock management, soil and water conservation, and various other aspects of agriculture. Agricultural education includes instruction in food education, such as nutrition. Agricultural and food education improves the quality of life for all people by helping farmers increase production, conserve resources, and provide nutritious foods. * '''[[Alternative education]]:''' (also known as '''non-traditional education''' or '''educational alternative''') Describes a number of approaches to [[teacher|teaching]] and [[learning]] other than traditional [[Public school|public]]ly- or [[Private school|private]]ly-run [[school]]s. These approaches can be applied to all students of all ages, from [[infancy]] to [[adulthood]], and all levels of education. * '''[[wiktionary:Analysis|Analysis]]:''' The action of taking something apart in order to study it. * '''[[Andragogy]]:''' A theory of [[adult education]] proposed by the [[United States|American]] educator [[Malcolm Knowles]] ([[April 24]], [[1913]] -- [[November 27]], [[1997]]). :Knowles held that andragogy (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words meaning "man-leading") should be distinguished from the more commonly taught ''[[pedagogy]]'' (Greek: "child-leading"). * '''[[Anti-bias curriculum]]:''' An active/activist approach in [[education]] that challenges interlocking systems of [[oppression]] such as [[racism]], [[sexism]], [[ableism]]/[[disablism]], [[ageism]], [[homophobia]], and all the other [[-ism|–isms]]. :The objective of this approach to teaching is to eliminate [[bias]] found in various institutions. This approach attempts to provide children with a solid understanding of social problems and issues while equipping them with strategies to combat bias and improve social conditions for all. :The anti-bias [[curriculum]] serves as a catalyst in the critical analysis of various social conditions. It is implemented as a proactive means to eradicate various forms of social oppression with the ultimate goal of [[social justice]] in mind. * '''[[Applied academics]]:''' An approach to learning and teaching that focuses on how [[w:list of academic disciplines|academic subjects]] (communications, mathematics, science, and basic literacy) can apply to the real world.<ref name=Hocking> {{cite web | url=http://www.hocking.edu/~aaffairs/GLOSSARY.HTML | title=Glossary | publisher=Hocking College Academic Affairs Department | accessdate=2007-04-26}} </ref> Further, applied academics can be viewed as theoretical knowledge supporting practical applications. <ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/careers/aa/cfaa-faq.htm#need | title=Frequently Asked Questions about Applied Academics | publisher=Center for Applied Academics | accessdate=2007-05-01}} </ref><ref name=STEM> {{cite web | url=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Systems_And_Tools_Educational_Model#Definitions | title=Systems and Tools Educational Model | last=Walker | first=Jacob | coauthors=Et. Al. | publisher=Wikimedia | accessdate=2007-05-02}} </ref> * '''[[Apprenticeship]]:''' A traditional method, still popular in some countries, of [[training]] a new generation of skilled crafts practitioners. '''Apprentices''' (or in early modern usage '''"prentices"''') built their [[career]]s from apprenticeships. * '''[[Art education]]:''' The area of learning that is based upon the visual arts—[[drawing]], [[painting]], [[sculpture]], and design in such fine crafts of [[jewelry]], [[pottery]], [[weaving]], [[fabrics]], etc and design applied to more practical fields such as commercial graphics and home furnishings. :The term "arts education" implies many things, but it is defined as: Instruction and programming in all arts disciplines—including but not limited to [[dance]], [[music]], [[visual art]], [[theater]], [[creative writing]], [[media arts]], [[history]], [[criticism]], and [[aesthetics]]. "Arts education" encompasses all the visual and performing arts delivered in a standards-based, sequential approach by a qualified instructor as part of the core curriculum. The most common courses provided in schools include Art (visual art), Band, [[Drama]], and Choir. * '''[[Assessment]]:''' The process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. * '''[[Asynchronous learning]]:''' A [[education|teaching method]] using the [[asynchronous]] delivery of training materials or content using [[computer network]] technology. It is an approach to providing technology-based training that incorporates learner-centric models of instruction. The asynchronous format has been in existence for quite some time; however, new research and strategies suggest that this approach can enable learners to increase knowledge and skills through self-paced and self-directed modules completed when the learner is prepared and motivated to learn. * '''[[Autodidacticism]]:''' (also '''autodidactism''') Self-education or self-directed learning. An '''autodidact''', also known as an '''automath''', is a mostly self-taught person - typically someone who has an enthusiasm for self-education and a high degree of self-[[motivation]]. ==B== * '''[[Behaviorism]]:''' (or '''behaviourism''', not to be confused with [[behavioralism]] in [[political science]]) An approach to [[psychology]] based on the proposition that [[behavior]] can be researched [[Scientific method|scientifically]] without recourse to inner mental states. It is a form of [[materialism]], denying any independent significance for the mind. :One of the assumptions of many behaviorists is that [[free will]] is [[illusion|illusory]], and that all behaviour is [[determinism|determined]] by a [[nature versus nurture|combination of forces]] comprised of [[Genetics|genetic factors]] and the [[Social environment|environment]], either through [[classical conditioning|association]] or [[Operant conditioning|reinforcement]]. * '''[[Belief]]:''' A conviction to the [[truth]] of a [[proposition]]. Beliefs can be acquired through [[perception]], [[contemplation]] or [[communication]]. In the [[psychological]] sense, belief is a representational [[psychological state|mental state]] that takes the form of a [[propositional attitude]]. :[[Knowledge]] is often defined as [[Epistemology|justified true belief]], in that the belief must be considered to correspond to reality and must be derived from valid evidence and arguments. However, this definition has been challenged by the [[Gettier problem]] which suggests that justified true belief does not provide a complete picture of knowledge. * '''[[Bias in education]]:''' A real or perceived [[bias]] in the educational system. * '''[[Bilingual education]]:''' Has multiple definitions: ** education where two distinct languages are used for general teaching; ** education designed to help children become [[bilingual]] (sometimes called "two-way bilingual education"; e.g., Spanish speakers and English speakers in a classroom are all taught to speak both languages; ** education in a child's native language for (a) the first year or (b) however long it takes; followed by mainstreaming in English-only classes (in the US); ** education in a child's native language for as long as his parents wish (with minimal instruction in another language). :In the latter cases "[[native-language instruction]]" may be a clearer definition. * '''[[Biliteracy]]:''' The state of being [[Literacy|literate]] in two or more languages. To be biliterate has a stronger and more specified connotation than the claim of being simply [[bilingual]]. This is because with the change of the term from 'lingual' to 'literate' and the concept of reading and writing, which are in addition to simply speaking. In bilingualism the extent of [[fluency]] in each language is in question. One can be anywhere on the spectrum from comfortable oral communication in certain social contexts to fluency in speaking, reading and writing. With the term biliteracy, however, it is understood that fluency in both reading and writing are present. *'''[[Blogish]]:''' Interactive and personal communication as opposed to traditional narrative text. * '''[[Boarding school]]:''' A school where some or all students not only study but also live, amongst their peers but away from their home and family. The word 'boarding' is used in the sense of a 'boarding house', lodgings which provide both bed and board, that is meals as well as a room. Most famous UK [[public school (England)|public schools]] are boarding schools for ages 13 to 18, either single-sex or coeducational. :There are any number of different types of boarding schools, for pupils of all school ages from boarding [[Nursery school|nursery]] or [[Kindergarten]] schools, to senior schools. Boarding prep schools for the age group 9 to 12 are becoming less usual in the UK, but many adolescents like to get away from home. * '''[[Brainstorming]]:''' An organized approach for producing ideas by letting the [[mind]] [[thought|think]] without interruption. The term was coined by [[Alex Osborn]]. Brainstorming can be done either individually or in a group; in group brainstorming sessions, the participants are encouraged, and often expected, to share their ideas with one another as soon as they are generated. The key to brainstorming is not to interrupt the thought process. As ideas come to the mind, they are captured and stimulate the development of better ideas. Brainstorming is used for enhancing creativity in order to generate a broad selection of ideas in leading to a unique and improved concept. <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Brainwashing.jpg|right|150px]] --> * '''[[Brainwashing]]:''' (or '''thought reform''') The application of [[coercion|coercive]] techniques to change the beliefs or behavior of one or more people for political purposes. Whether any techniques at all exist that will actually work to change thought and behavior to the degree that the term "brainwashing" connotes is a controversial and at times hotly debated question. * '''[[Bridge program (higher education)|Bridge program]]:''' This is a [[higher education]] program specifically designed to assist a student with an attained initial educational level (or an initial level of professional [[licensure]]) to attend college courses and achieve a [[terminal degree]] (or a higher level of professional licensure) in the same [[List of academic disciplines|field of study]] and in less time than an entry-level student would require. Bridge programs are most notable among [[healthcare]] professions. * '''''[[Brown v. Board of Education]] of Topeka:''''' [[Case citation|347 U.S. 483]] (1954) A [[Landmark decision|landmark case]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] which explicitly outlawed ''[[de jure]]'' [[racial segregation]] of [[public education]] facilities (legal establishment of separate government-run schools for blacks and whites), ruling so on the grounds that the doctrine of "[[separate but equal]]" public education could never truly provide black Americans with facilities of the same standards available to white Americans. A companion case dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the [[District of Columbia]], (not a state and therefore not subject to the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]]), ''[[Bolling v. Sharpe]]'', {{ussc|347|497|1954}}. * '''[[bullying|Bully]]:''' An individual, thought to be emotionally dysfunctional, who [[torment]]s others through verbal [[harassment]], physical [[assault]], or other more subtle methods of [[coercion]]. ==C== * '''[[Campus novel]]:''' A [[novel]] whose main action is set in and around the [[campus]] of a [[university]]. The genre, dating back to the late 1940s, is popular because it allows the author to show the quirks of [[human nature]], and reactions to pressure (for [[test (student assessment)|exams]] etc) within a controlled environment or to describe the reaction of a fixed socio-cultural perspective (the academic staff) to new social attitudes (the new student intake). * '''[[Chemistry education]]:''' An active area of research within both the disciplines of [[chemistry]] and [[education]]. The main focus of research is on [[learning]] and [[teaching]] of chemistry in [[schools]], [[colleges]] and [[universities]]. The practice of chemical education is teaching chemistry to students and the training of teachers to teach chemistry. The research aspect deals with how to teach and how to improve learning outcomes. [[Image:556608 82067258.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A female child]] * '''[[Child]]:''' (plural: '''children''') A young [[human]]. Depending on context it may mean someone who is not yet an [[adult]], or someone who has not yet reached [[puberty]] (someone who is '''prepubescent'''). '''Child''' is also a counterpart of [[parent]]: adults are the children of their parents despite their maturation beyond infancy; for example ''"Benjamin, aged 46, is the child of Tobias, aged 73"''. * '''[[Classical conditioning]]:''' (also '''Pavlovian conditioning''' or '''respondent conditioning''') A type of associative [[learning]]. These associations are formed by pairing two [[stimulation|stimuli]]--what [[Ivan Pavlov]] described as the learning of conditioned [[behavior]]-- to [[conditioning|condition]] an animal to give a certain response. The simplest form of classical conditioning is reminiscent of what [[Aristotle]] would have called the law of contiguity which states that: "When two things commonly occur together, the appearance of one will bring the other to mind." * '''[[Classical education]]:''' May refer to the education of antiquity and the [[Middle Ages]], or the education of later periods based on [[Classics]] and [[Western culture]], or the completely different Chinese tradition of education, based in large part on [[Confucian]] and [[Taoist]] traditions. * '''[[Classroom management]]:''' A term used by many [[teacher]]s to describe the process of ensuring [[lesson]]s run smoothly without disruptive [[behaviour]] by [[student]]s. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of [[teaching]] for many teachers and indeed experiencing problems in this area causes many people to leave teaching altogether. It is closely linked to issues of [[motivation]], [[discipline]] and [[respect]]. * '''[[Coaching]]:''' A '''coach''' is a [[person]] who [[teaching|teaches]] and directs another person via encouragement and [[advice]]. This use of the term "coaching" appears to have origins in [[England|English]] traditional [[university]] "cramming" in the mid-19th century. (The name allegedly recalls the [[multitasking]] skills associated with controlling the [[team]] of a [[horse]]-drawn [[stagecoach]].) By the 1880s [[United States|American]] college [[sports team]]s had -- in addition to [[manager]]s -- [[coach (sport)|coaches]]. Some time in the 20th century, non-sporting coaches emerged: non-[[expert]]s in the specific technical skills of their clients, but who nevertheless ventured to offer generalised [[motivation]]al or inspirational advice. * '''[[Coeducation]]:''' The integrated [[education]] of [[men]] and [[women]] at the same [[school]] facilities; '''co-ed''' is a shortened [[adjective|adjectival]] form of '''co-educational'''. Before the 1960s, many [[private university|private]] institutions of higher education restricted their enrollment to a single sex. Indeed, most institutions of higher education—regardless of being [[public university|public]] or private—restricted their enrollment to a single sex at some point in their history. "'''Coed'''" is an [[informal]] (and increasingly archaic) term for a [[female]] student attending such a college or university. * '''[[Cognitive map]]s:''' (mental maps, [[mind map]]s, cognitive models, or [[mental model]]s) A type of mental processing, or cognition, composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual can acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment. Here, 'cognition' can be used to refer to the mental models, or belief systems, that people use to perceive, contextualize, simplify, and make sense of otherwise complex problems. As they have been studied in various fields of science, these mental models are often referred to, variously, as cognitive maps, scripts, schemata, and frames of reference. * '''[[Cognitive relativism]]:''' (also called '''epistemic''' or '''[[epistemology|epistemological]] relativism''') A philosophy that claims the [[truth]] or [[false|falsity]] of a statement is relative to a social group. * '''[[Collaborative learning]]:''' An umbrella term for a variety of approaches in [[education]] that involve joint intellectual effort by students or students and teachers. Groups of students work together in searching for understanding, meaning or solutions or in creating a product. The approach is closely related to [[cooperative learning]], but is considered to be more radical because of its reliance on [[youth voice]]. Collaborative learning activities can include collaborative writing, group projects, and other activities. * '''[[College athletics]]:''' Refers to a set of physical activities comprising [[sports]] and [[game]]s put into place by institutions of tertiary education ([[college]]s in [[American English]]). In the [[United States]], college athletics is overseen by the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] and by the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics]]. College athletics has a high profile in the United States, and to a lesser extent in Canada, where it is known as [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport|interuniversity sport]]. In the most of the rest of the world the equivalent level of competition is only followed by the competitors and their close friends and families. * '''[[Common sense]]:''' (or as an [[adjective]], ''commonsense'') What people in common would agree; that which they "sense" in common as their common natural understanding. Some use the phrase to refer to [[belief]]s or [[proposition]]s that in their opinion they consider would in most people's experience be [[prudence|prudent]] and of sound [[judgment]], without dependence upon [[esoteric knowledge]] or study or research, but based upon what is believed to be knowledge held by people "in common". The knowledge and experience most people have, or are believed to have by the person using the term. * '''[[Community of practice]]:''' (often abbreviated as '''CoP''') Refers to the process of social learning that occurs when people who have a common interest in some subject or problem collaborate over an extended period to share ideas, find solutions, and build innovations. * '''[[Comparative education]]:''' Seeks to throw light on [[education]] in one country (or group of countries) by using data and insights drawn from the practises and situation in another country, or countries. * '''[[Computer Based Learning]]:''' (sometimes abbreviated '''CBL''') Refers to the use of [[computers]] as a key compoent of the educational environment. While this can refer to the use of computers in a [[classroom]], the term more broadly refers to a structured environment in which computers are used for teaching purposes. The concept is generally seen as being distinct from the use of computers in ways where learning is at least a peripheral element of the experience (e.g. computer games and web browsing). [[Image:Conceptmap.gif|thumb|150px|A [[concept map]]]] * '''[[Concept map]]ping:''' A technique for [[Visualization (graphic)|visualizing]] the relationships between different [[concepts]]. A '''concept map''' is a diagram showing the relationships between concepts. Concepts are connected with labelled arrows, in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationship between concepts is articulated in linking phrases, e.g., "gives rise to", "results in", "is required by," or "contributes to". Concept mapping serves several purposes. One, which takes place via knowledge elicitation, is to represent the mental models, i.e., the [[cognitive map]] of individuals, teams and organizations. Another, which takes place by knowledge capture, is to represent the structure of knowledge gleaned from written documents. The addition of knowledge resources, e.g., diagrams, reports, other concept maps, spreadsheets, etc., to the concept nodes (attached during or after construction) has been found to significantly improve the level of meaningful learning of the concept mapper. Educators are increasingly realising the utility of such maps and have started using them in classroom. * '''[[Constructivism (learning theory)|Constructivism]]:''' A set of assumptions about the nature of human learning that guide constructivist [[learning theory (education)|learning theories]] and teaching methods. Constructivism values developmentally appropriate, teacher-supported learning that is initiated and directed by the student. * '''[[Constructivist epistemology]]:''' ('''constructivism''') A recent development in [[philosophy]] which criticizes [[essentialism]], whether it is in the form of medieval [[Philosophical realism|realism]], classical [[rationalism]], or [[empiricism]]. It originated in sociology under the term [[social constructionism]] and has been given the name constructivism when referring to philosophical [[epistemology]], though ''constructionism'' and ''constructivism'' are often used interchangeably. :Constructivism views all of our knowledge as "constructed," because it does not reflect any external "transcendent" realities; it is contingent on convention, human perception, and social experience. It is believed by constructivists that representations of physical and biological reality, including [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[Sexual orientation|sexuality]], and [[gender]] are socially constructed ([[Hegel]], Garns, and [[Marx]] were among the first to suggest such an ambitious expansion of [[social determinism]]). The common thread between all forms of constructivism is that they do not focus on an [[ontological]] reality, but instead on the constructed reality. * '''[[Cooperative education]]:''' A structured method of combining academic education with practical work experience. Research indicates that one of the attributes employers value most in newly hired employees is work experience. A cooperative education experience, commonly know as a "co-op", provides academic credit for career work. Cooperative education is taking on new importance in [[school-to-work transition]], [[service learning]], and [[experiential learning]] initiatives. * '''[[Cooperative learning]]:''' Proposed in response to traditional [[curriculum]]-driven [[education]]. In cooperative learning environments, students interact in purposely structured [[heterogeneous]] group to support the learning of one self and others in the same group. * '''[[Course (education)|Course]]:''' in the United States, a unit of instruction in one subject, lasting one academic term * '''[[Course of study]]:''' in the British Commonwealth, a programme of education leading to a degree or diploma * '''[[Creativity]]:''' A human mental phenomenon based around the deployment of [[mind|mental]] [[skills]] and/or conceptual [[tool]]s, which, in turn, originate and develop [[innovation]], [[Artistic inspiration|inspiration]], or insight. * '''[[Creativity techniques]]:''' [[Heuristic]] methods to facilitate [[creativity]] in a person or a group of people. Generally, most creativity techniques use associations between the goal (or the problem), the current state (which may be an imperfect solution to the problem), and some stimulus (possibly selected randomly). There is an [[analogy]] between many creativity techniques and methods of [[evolutionary computation]]. * '''[[Critical pedagogy]]:''' A teaching approach which attempts to help students question and challenge [[domination]], and the beliefs and practices that dominate. In other words, it is a theory and practice of helping students achieve critical consciousness. In this tradition the teacher works to lead students to question ideologies and practices considered oppressive (including those at school), and encourage liberatory collective and individual responses to the actual conditions of their own lives. * '''[[Critical thinking]]:''' Consists of a [[mind|mental]] process of [[wiktionary:Analysis|analyzing]] or [[evaluation|evaluating]] [[information]], particularly statements or [[proposition]]s that people have offered as true. It forms a process of reflecting upon the meaning of statements, examining the offered evidence and reasoning, and forming judgments about the facts. Critical thinkers can gather such information from [[observation]], [[experience]], [[reasoning]], and/or communication. Critical thinking has its basis in [[intelligence (trait)|intellectual]] values that go beyond subject-matter divisions and which include: clarity, accuracy, precision, evidence, thoroughness and fairness. * '''[[Cultural learning]]:''' The way a group of people within a [[society]] or [[culture]] tend to learn and pass on new information. Learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socializes with its children and young people. * '''[[Curriculum]]:''' (plural '''curricula''') The set of courses and their contents offered by an institution such as a [[school]] or [[university]]. In some cases, a curriculum may be partially or entirely determined by an external body (such as the [[National Curriculum for England]] in [[England|English]] schools). In the [[United States|U.S.]], the basic curriculum is established by each [[state]] with the individual [[school district]]s adjusting it to their desires; in [[Australia]] each state's Education Department sets the various curricula. <center> '''{{MediaWiki:Toc}}:''' [[#top|Top]] – <!--Remove page reference on each current page to speed link--> [[#0–9|0–9]] [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/D#D|D]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/D#E|E]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/D#F|F]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#G|G]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#H|H]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#I|I]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#J|J]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#K|K]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/G#L|L]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/M#M|M]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/M#N|N]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/M#O|O]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/P#P|P]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/P#Q|Q]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/P#R|R]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/S#S|S]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#T|T]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#U|U]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#V|V]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#W|W]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#X|X]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#Y|Y]] [[Glossary of education-related terms/T#Z|Z]] </center> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Glossary of education-related terms| 1]]