Golgi cell
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Caption = Microcircuitry of the cerebellum. [[Excitatory synapses]] are denoted by (+) and [[inhibitory synapses]] by (-).<BR>MF: [[Mossy fiber]].<BR>DCN: [[Deep cerebellar nuclei]].<BR>IO: [[Inferior olivary nucleus|Inferior olive]].<BR>CF: [[Climbing fiber]].<BR>GC: [[Granule cell]].<BR>PF: [[Parallel fiber]].<BR>PC: [[Purkinje cell]].<BR>GgC: [[Golgi cell]].<BR>SC: [[Stellate cell]].<BR>BC: [[Basket cell]]. |
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In [[neuroscience]], '''Golgi cells''' are [[Inhibitory postsynaptic potential | inhibitory]] [[interneurons]] found within the [[Cerebellum#Granular_Layer|granular layer]] of the [[cerebellum]]. These [[Cell (biology) | cell]]s synapse onto the [[soma (biology) | soma]] of [[granule cell]]s and unipolar brush cells. They receive excitatory input from [[mossy fibres]], also synapsing on [[granule cells]], and [[parallel fiber]]s, which are long granule cell axons. Thereby this circuitry allows for feed-forward and feed-back inhibition of granule cells.
The main synapse made by these cells is a synapse onto the [[Mossy fiber (cerebellum) | mossy fibre]] - granule cell excitatory synapse in a glomerulus. The glomerulus is made up of the mossy fibre terminal, granule cell [[dendrite | dendrites]], the golgi terminal and is enclosed by a glial coat.<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 3213958
| author = [[R. L. Jakab]] and [[J. Hámori]]
| year = 1988
| title = Quantitative morphology and synaptology of cerebellar glomeruli in the rat
| journal = [[ Anatomy and Embryology]]
| volume = 179
| issue = 1
| pages = 81–88
| doi = 10.1007/BF00305102
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/qtu8wn5xk408141g/
}}</ref>
The golgi cell acts by altering the mossy fibre - granule cell synapse.
The golgi cells use [[Gamma-aminobutyric acid | GABA]] as their transmitter. The basal level of GABA produces a postsynaptic leak conductance by tonically activating alpha 6-containing GABA-A receptors on the granule cell.<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 9003560
| author = Brickley SG, Cull-Candy SG, Farrant M
| year = 1996
| title = Development of a tonic form of synaptic inhibition in rat cerebellar granule cells resulting from persistent activation of GABAA receptors
| journal = [[J Physiol (Lond)]]
| volume = 497
| pages = 753–759
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| url = http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/11/3630
| author = Tia S, Wang JF, Kotchabhakdi N, Vicini S
| year = 1996
| title = Developmental changes of inhibitory synaptic currents in cerebellar granule neurons: role of GABAA receptor alpha 6 subunit
| journal = [[Journal of Neuroscience]]
| volume = 16
| pages = 3630–3640
| pmid = 8642407
| format = abstract
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 9104595
| author = Wall MJ, Usowicz MM
| year = 1997
| title = Development of action potential-dependent and independent spontaneous GABAA receptor-mediated currents in granule cells of postnatal rat cerebellum
| journal = [[European Journal of Neuroscience]]
| volume = 9
| pages = 533–548
| doi = 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01630.x
}}</ref>
These high-affinity receptors are located both synaptically and extrasynaptically on the granule cell. The synaptic receptors mediate phasic contraction, duration of around 20-30ms whereas the extrasynapatic receptors mediate tonic inhibiton of around 200ms, and are activated by synapse spill over.<ref>{{Cite journal
| url = http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/5/1693
| author = Nusser Z, Sieghart W, Somogyi P
| year = 1998
| title = Segregation of different GABAA receptors to synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes of cerebellar granule cells
| journal = [[Journal of Neuroscience]]
| volume = 18
| pages = 1693–1703
| pmid = 9464994
| format = abstract
}}</ref>
Additionally the GABA acts on GABA-B receptors which are located presynaptically on the mossy fibre terminal. These inhibit the mossy fibre evoked [[Excitatory postsynaptic potential | EPSCs ]] of the granule cell in a temperature and frequency dependent manner. At high mossy firing frequency (10Hz) there is no effect of GABA acting on presynaptic GABA-B receptors on evoked EPSCs. However, at low (1Hz) firing the GABA does have an effect on the EPSCs mediated via these presynaptic GABA-B receptors.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Cell-biology-stub}}
{{Cerebellum}}
[[Category:CNS neurons]]
[[Category:Cerebellum]]
[[Category:Cells]]