Gorleben
4693197
212960888
2008-05-17T01:50:16Z
Chanheigeorge
376297
{{Infobox Ort in Deutschland
|Wappen =
|lat_deg = 53 |lat_min = 02 |lat_sec = 53
|lon_deg = 11 |lon_min = 21 |lon_sec = 20
|Lageplan =
|Bundesland = Niedersachsen
|Landkreis = Lüchow-Dannenberg
|Samtgemeinde = Gartow
|Höhe = 20
|Fläche = 21.25
|Einwohner = 674<!-- Bitte nicht per Hand aktualisieren: [[Wikipedia:WikiProjekt_Kommunen_und_Landkreise_in_Deutschland/Einwohnerzahlen]] -->
|Stand = 2006-12-31
|PLZ = 29475
|Vorwahl = 05882
|Kfz = DAN
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 54 007
|Gliederung = 2 [[Ortsteil]]e
|Straße = Hauptstr. 16
|Website = [http://www.gorleben.de www.gorleben.de]
|Bürgermeister = Herbert Krüger
|Partei = [[Wählergruppe|WG]]
}}
'''Gorleben''' is a small municipality (''[[States of Germany#Further subdivisions|Gemeinde]]'') in the [[Gartow]] region of the [[Lüchow-Dannenberg]] [[Districts of Germany|district]] in the far north-east of [[Lower Saxony]], [[Germany]], a region also known as the [[Wendland]].
Gorleben was first recorded as a town by the rulers of [[Dannenberg]] in [[1360]]; there was a fort on the site. The name "Gorleben" probably comes from ''Goor'' ("[[silt]]"; in [[Slavic language|Slavic]], however, Gor means "mountain") and ''leben'' ("heritage").
Gorleben is known as the site of a controversial [[radioactive waste]] disposal facility, currently used as an intermediate storage facility but planned to serve as a future [[Deep geological repository|deep final repository]] for waste from [[nuclear reactors]]. It has attracted frequent protests from environmentalists since the 1970s.
==Geography==
[[Image:ElbeSandufer.jpg|right|thumb|180 px|The [[Elbe]] near Gorleben]]
The small town is directly on the left bank of the [[Elbe]] river, about 20 metres above [[sea level]]. The Elbe river landscape spreads out to the east, north and northwest, protected as the Lower Saxon Elbe Valley Leas [[biosphere reserve]]. To the south, a large area of [[pine]] forest adjoins it, the ''Gartower Tannen''. This is the largest continuous private forest in Germany, owned by [[Graf]] Bernstorff of Gartow, and is on a large hilly area which grew out of wind-borne sand in a [[periglacial]] process.
The entire region, up to the [[Drawehn]] chain of hills in the west, is within the Elbe [[U-shaped valley|glacial valley]], the main run-off for melting glacial water from the [[Wisconsin glaciation|last Ice Age]]. [[Biogeography|Biogeographically]] the area belongs to the Northeast German Lowlands.
There are some interesting points of [[natural history]] including the [[Höhbeck]] terminal [[moraine]] from the [[Wolstonian glaciation]] which looms up from the middle of the flat Elbe Valley as a [[Pleistocene]] "island".
==Nuclear Waste Repository==
The name "Gorleben" has become infamous both nationally and internationally because of plans to build a national [[deep geological repository]] for [[radioactive waste]] there, along with interim storage units. The waste comes from Germany's nuclear power plants, is [[Nuclear reprocessing|reprocessed]] in France at [[La Hague]] and then sent back to Germany in [[spent nuclear fuel shipping cask]]s for final storage, according to the contract with the reprocessing company, [[COGEMA La Hague site|Cogema]].
Originally, more projects were planned by the nuclear energy industry, for example a [[Nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing plant]] for [[nuclear fuel]] at [[Dragahn]], to the west of Dannenberg, and a [[nuclear power station]] at [[Langendorf]] by the Elbe. However, both plans were rejected as impractical to carry out.
In woods around two kilometres to the southwest of Gorleben there are four different large plants: an interim storage unit for [[dry cask storage]], a storage unit for radioactive waste which emits faint heat, a conditioning plant and a [[pilot plant]] in a [[salt dome]].
===Interim storage unit for radioactive waste===
Today in Gorleben there are two interim storage units for radioactive waste. The Gorleben transport container storage unit (''Transportbehälterlager Gorleben'') is used for short-term storage of spent fuel elements and for vitrified, highly radioactive waste from German nuclear reprocessing plants. The fuel elements and vitrified waste block containers are in dry casks standing in a hall above ground and cooled by the surrounding air. Permission has been granted to store 420 dry casks on the site.
In the Gorleben waste dump (''Abfalllager Gorleben''), waste which emits negligible amounts of heat is also stored in the short term; this comes mainly from German nuclear power plants, but also from research and industry.
===Gorleben long-term storage project===
[[Image:gorleben0001.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Clashes at a demonstration against the transport of [[Spent nuclear fuel shipping cask|SNF casks]], Gorleben, 8 May 1996]]
The [[salt dome]] under the ground near Gorleben was and is intended to become a long-term storage place for all kinds of radioactive waste. On the site, the German Society for the Construction and Management of Long-Term Waste Storage Units (DBE mbH) runs what is known as a "pilot plant", which may become a long-term storage site for highly radioactive nuclear waste.
At present, however, this use is extremely controversial and it has not been finally decided upon yet. The choice of Gorleben as a site was made in [[1977]] by [[Minister-President]] [[Ernst Albrecht (politician)|Ernst Albrecht]] of the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]], based mainly upon political and economic criteria and particularly the proximity of the area at that time to the border with the [[East Germany|GDR]], and the sparse local populace.
Whatever the location, the basic choice of [[halite]] (rock salt) as a host rock for a final repository was a step which eliminated from the start any alternative locations such as the clay or granite formations favourised in other countries for this purpose. Specific exploratory geological drillings were carried out between [[1979]] and [[1999]], and from the early eighties the results showed that the Gorleben salt dome could actually be unsuitable because of its unstable roof rock and as it has contact with the [[groundwater]].
One example of this instability is the "Gorleben Rut", a gully made by melting glacial ice which runs as low as 320 m below the surface directly above the dome. The gully is composed of sandy, gritty material which conducts groundwater. This means that the roof of the dome, expected to be several hundred metres thick and made of heavy [[Oligocene]] clay layers, does not exist in this form at this spot. According to the German Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) this is the minimum required for any location to be suitable as a final repository, following their definition of a "multi-barrier system". These clay layers have been destroyed from below by the [[diapir]] of the salt dome as it was forced upwards by [[tectonics]], and from above by material being carried away and filled in by Ice Age glaciers.
Another discovery made by the exploratory drilling was that saliferous groundwater moves both from the sides and the top of the salt dome towards the surface, meaning that if it came into contact with highly radioactive material, the result would be a contamination of the [[biosphere]]. If groundwater is in contact with the halite, another factor to be reckoned with is [[subrosion]], i.e. cavities developing due to salt [[leaching]]. This could cause the roof to collapse, or [[sinkhole]]s to form on the surface of the earth. There are numerous examples of this happening in salt domes all across northern Germany, including a ten-kilometre-long, deep depression over the northeastern part of the Gorleben salt structure itself; in this depression, for example, the 1.75 square kilometre Rudower See lake and the Rambower See formed; the latter is now [[fen]]land.
In comparisons of the possible locations according to [[hydrogeology|hydrogeological]] and [[geology|geological]] criteria, Gorleben was judged the least suitable out of several salt domes. Some critics complained that the exploration was in fact a hidden attempt to build the storage unit. Despite the findings, further exploration has not been cancelled but only put on hold since [[2000-10-01]]. This break, described as a "moratorium", is to provide time to sort out questions on the concept behind the final repository and its security.
Those in favour of Gorleben as a location for the dump have called for the moratorium to be lifted, to let further exploration go ahead; its opponents have demanded a comparison with several alternative halite locations, as is usually mandatory for large-scale plans. Furthermore, they consider the geological results so far to be convincing enough evidence that Gorleben is an unsuitable spot for a nuclear waste repository.
=== Pilot conditioning plant ===
Near the exploratory mine and the interim storage hall, there is still a "pilot conditioning plant". Here, tests are to be made of conditioning the fuel elements in order to store them in a deep repository, and also to reload the containers for the [[vitrification|vitrified]] waste blocks into conatiners suited to long-term storage. The dry cask storage containers themselves are not suitable for long-term storage and can not be placed in the salt dome for technical reasons. However, at present the plant may only be used for repairing damaged containers, according to an agreement signed by the [[German government]].
=== Dispute ===
Even while the interim storage unit and the first exploratory mine were being set up - the latter was once referred to by [[Jürgen Trittin]] ([[Alliance '90/The Greens|Green party]]) as illegal mining - there were protests by [[anti-nuclear|opponents of nuclear technology]] locally and nationwide.
On [[1980-05-03]] a [[micronation]], the "[[Republic of Free Wendland]]" was founded symbolically by building a village of huts at the site of the exploratory mine. [[Gerhard Schröder]], then the leader of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] youth organisation [[Young Socialists in the SPD|Jusos]] (later to become [[Chancellor of Germany]]), spoke out in support of the occupiers. On [[1980-06-04]] the police moved in and cleared out the encampment.
Today, protests still take place against nuclear energy and the plans for waste disposal at Gorleben: they reach a climax in the yearly transport of dry cask containers by rail (and recently also using special lorries) through northern France and Germany to the interim storage unit. For the last few years, this transport has usually been carried out in November; it is accompanied by a huge police presence.
The municipality of Gorleben and the Gartow administrative association both receive annual "compensation" payments known as ''Gorleben-Gelder'' (Gorleben funds). The nuclear industry and most of the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] and [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] political parties, including Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]], also support further exploration of the site with no search for alternative locations, and following this the use of the Gorleben salt dome as a national or even international final repository for highly radioactive nuclear waste.
==References==
:''Much of this article was translated from the [[:de:Gorleben|German language version]] of April 10, 2006''
==See also==
*[[Radioactive waste]]
*[[Dry cask storage]]
*[[Anti-nuclear movement in Germany]]
==External links==
*[http://www.nirs.org/mononline/gorgall.htm Photos of 1997 protests]
*[http://www.endlagerung.de/generator.aspx/templateId=renderPage/lang=en/id=12502.html Desciption of Gorleben programme by Society for Nuclear Service]
*[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117762.700-germany-forces-nuclear-waste-underground-.html Germany forces nuclear waste underground]
{{Cities and towns in Lüchow-Dannenberg (district)}}
[[Category:Radioactive waste repositories]]
[[Category:Anti-nuclear power movement]]
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