Gracillariidae 5703684 220309582 2008-06-19T06:32:37Z IceCreamAntisocial 346507 fix link {{Taxobox | name = Gracillariidae | image = Gracillaria.syringella.7325.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = [[Privet Leaf Miner]], ''Gracillaria syringella'' (Fabricius, 1794) | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | class = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | subordo = [[Glossata]] | infraordo [[Heteroneura]] | unranked_familia = [[Ditrysia]] | superfamilia = [[Gracillarioidea]] | familia = '''[[Gracillariidae]]''' | familia_authority = Stainton, 1854 | diversity = 1809 species | diversity_link = Lepidopteran diversity | subdivision_ranks = [[Scientific classification|Subfamilies]] | subdivision = *[[Gracillariinae]] Stainton, 1854</br> *[[Lithocolletinae]] Stainton, 1854</br> *[[Phyllocnistinae]] Herrich-Schäffer, 1857 &nbsp;'''Genera''' - see "Subfamilies and Genera" }} '''Gracillariidae''' is an important [[Scientific classification|family]] of [[insects]] in the order [[Lepidoptera]] and the principal family of [[leaf miner]]s that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest [[Scientific classification|species]] such as the [[horse-chestnut leaf miner]], ''Cameraria ohridella''. ==Taxonomy and systematics== There are 98 [[Binomial nomenclature|described]] [[Scientific classification|genera]] of '''Gracillariidae''' (see "Subfamilies and Genera"). A complete checklist is available of all 1809 currently recognised species (de Prins and de Prins 2005). There are many undescribed species in the tropics but there is also an online catalogue of [[Afrotropical]] described species [http://www.metafro.be/graci]; the South African fauna is quite well known. Although Japanese and Russian authors have recognised additional [[Scientific classification|subfamilies]] (de Prins and de Prins, 2005), there are three currently recognised subfamilies, Phyllocnistinae of which is likely to be [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]]. In this subfamily, the primitive genus ''Prophyllocnistis'' from [[Chile]] feeds on the plant genus ''[[Drimys]]'' (Winteraceae), and has leaf mines structurally similar in structure to fossils (Davis, 1994) (see "Fossils"). While there have been some recent [[DNA sequence]]-based studies of [[Palaearctic]] species (Lopez-Vaamonde et al., 2003, 2006), there is need for a satisfactory modern global [[phylogenetic]] framework for the subfamilies of Gracillaridae. Some genera are very large, e.g. ''Acrocercops'', ''Caloptilia'', ''Cameraria'', ''Epicephala'' and ''Phyllonorycter''. ==Distribution== '''Gracillariidae''' occurs in all terrestrial regions of the World except Antarctica. ==Identification== These generally small (wingspan 5-20 mm.) moths and are [[leaf mine]]rs as [[caterpillars]][http://www.leafmines.co.uk/html/gracillariidae.htm] which can provide a useful means of identification especially if the hostplant is known. The [[Scientific classification|subfamilies]] differ by the adult moth resting posture (Davis and Robinson, 1999). Most Gracillariinae rest with the front of the body steeply raised; Lithocolletinae and Phyllocnistinae rest with the body parallel to the surface, or in Lithocolletinae often with the head lowered. ==Life history== The first to fifth-[[instar]] [[larva]]e are flattened and possess specialised [[mouthparts]] [[adaptation|adapted]] for feeding on [[sap]]. Older-[[instar]] larvae are cylindrical and have normal chewing mouthparts for feeding on plant tissue within the [[leaf mine]]s, and have a fully functional [[silk]]-producing organ the "spinneret". Some genera have an intermediate stage in this remarkable hyper[[metamorphosis]] (Davis and Robinson, 1999). ==Larval hostplants== Many hostplants are known, generally [[dicotyledon]]ous trees or shrubs[http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/hostplants/list.dsml?searchPageURL=browse.dsml&Family=Gracillariidae&Genus=&Species=&Country=&sort=Family]. Patterns of hostplant shifting have been inferred for many [[United Kingdom]] species in the genus ''Phyllonorycter'' and its [[sister genus]] ''Cameraria'' (Lopez-Vaamonde et al., 2003). Another recent [[DNA sequencing]] study mainly of [[Palaearctic]] species has shown that the burst of [[evolutionary]] [[adaptive radiation]] occurred long after that of the [[larva]]l hostplants, rather than demonstrating a tight [[coevolution]]ary process (Lopez-Vaamonde et al., 2006). ==Fossils== The family is an old one, with fossil Phyllocnistinae mines known from 97 million old rocks in [[Kansas]] and [[Nebraska]] (Labandeira et al. 1994). There are other fossil mines known from rocks of [[Eocene]] and [[Miocene]] age (de Prins and de Prins, 2005). There are also two adult moths are known from from [[Lithuania]]n or [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] [[amber]] of [[Eocene]] age: ''Gracillariites lithuanicus'' Kozlov, 1987 and ''G. mixtus'' Kozlov, 1987) (de Prins and de Prins, 2005). ==References== *Davis, D.R. (1994). New leaf-mining moths from Chile, with remarks on the history and composition of Phyllocnistinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). ''Tropical Lepidoptera'', '''5'''(1): 65-74. *Davis, D.R, and Robinson, G.S. (1999). The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea. In: Kristensen, N.P. (ed.), ''Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography''. Handbuch der Zoologie '''4''' (35): 91-117. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin, New York. *de Prins, W., and de Prins, J. (.2005). ''Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)''. World Catalogue of Insects, Volume 6. Apollo Book, Stenstrup. ISBN 87-88757-64-1. *Labandeira, C.C., Dilcher, D.L., Davis, D.R. and Wagner, D.L. 1994. Ninety-Seven Million Years of Angiosperm-Insect Association: Paleobiological Insights into the Meaning of Coevolution. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'', '''91'''(25): 12278-12282. [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/91/25/12278.pdf pdf] *Lopez-Vaamonde, C., [[Charles Godfray|Godfray, H.C.J.]] and Cook, J.M. (2003). Evolutionary dynamics of host-plant use in a genus of leaf-mining moths. ''Evolution'', '''57'''(8): 1804-1821. [http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0014-3820&volume=057&issue=08&page=1804 Abstract] *Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Wikström, N., Labandeira, C., Godfray, H.C.J., Goodman, S.J. and Cook, J.M. 2006. Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf-mining moths radiated millions of years after their host plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'', '''19''' (4): 1314-1326.[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/jeb/2006/00000019/00000004/art00030 Abstract] ==External links== *[http://tolweb.org/Gracillariidae Tree of Life] *[http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/hostplants/list.dsml?searchPageURL=browse.dsml&Family=Gracillariidae&Genus=&Species=&Country=&sort=Family Natural History Museum hosts database] *[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/butmoth/GenusList3.dsml?FAMILY=gracil&AUTHORqtype=starts+with&sort=GENUS&SUBTRIBEqtype=starts+with&YEARqtype=equals&beginIndex=0&GENUSqtype=starts+with&TRIBEqtype=starts+with&SUBFAMILYqtype=starts+with&FAMILYqtype=starts+with&searchPageURL=index%2edsml%3fFAMILY%3dgracil%26AUTHORqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dGENUS%26SUBTRIBEqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26YEARqtype%3dequals%26beginIndex%3d120%26GENUSqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26TRIBEqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26SUBFAMILYqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26FAMILYqtype%3dstarts%2bwith Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database] *[http://www.metafro.be/graci Afrotropical Checklist] *[http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=1033 Fauna Europaea Gracillariidae] *[http://www.faunaeur.org/experts.php?group_id=63 Fauna Europaea : Experts] ==Subfamilies and Genera== *[[Phyllocnistinae]] Herrich-Schäffer, 1857 **''[[Corythoxestis]]'' Meyrick, 1921 **=''Cryphiomystis'' Meyrick, 1922 **''[[Eumetrichroa]]'' Kumata, 1998 **''[[Guttigera]]'' Diakonoff, 1955 **''[[Metriochroa]]'' Busck, 1900 **=''Oecophyllembius'' Silvestri, 1908 **''[[Phyllocnistis]]'' Zeller, 1848 **''[[Prophyllocnistis]]'' Davis, 1994 *[[Gracillariinae]] Stainton, 1854 **''[[Gracillaria]]'' Haworth, 1928 **=''Gracilaria'' Zeller, 1839 **=''Gracilaria'' Walsingham, 1907 **=''Xanthospilapteryx'' Spuler, 1910 **''[[Acrocercops]]'' Wallengren, 1881 **''[[Africephala]]'' Vári, 1986 **''[[Amblyptila]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Apistoneura]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Apophthisis]]'' Braun, 1915 **''[[Aristaea]]'' Meyrick, 1907 **''[[Artifodina]]'' Kumata, 1985 **''[[Aspilapteryx]]'' Spuler, 1910 **=''Sabulopteryx'' Triberti, 1985 **''[[Borboryctis]]'' Kumata & Kurokoo, 1988 **''[[Callicercops]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Callisto (moth)|Callisto]]'' Stephens, 1834 **=''[[Annickia (insect)|Annickia]]'' Gibeaux, 1990 **''[[Caloptilia]]'' Hübner, 1825 **=''Poeciloptilia''Hübner, 1825 **=''Ornix'' Collar, 1832 **=''Ornix'' Treitschke, 1833 **=''Coriscium'' Zeler, 1839 **=''Calliptilia'' Agassiz, 1847 **=''Timodora'' meyrick, 1886 **=''Antiolopha'' Meyrick, 1894 **=''Sphyrophora'' Vári, 1961 **=''Phylloptilia'' Kumata, 1982 **=''Rhadinoptilia'' Kumata, 1982 **=''Minyoptilia'' Kumata, 1982 **=''Cecidoptilia'' Kumata, 1982 **''[[Calybites]]'' Hübner, 1822 **''[[Chilocampyla]]'' Busck, 1900 **''[[Chrysocercops]]'' Kumata & Kuroko, 1988 **''[[Conopobathra]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Conopomorpha]]'' Meyrick, 1885 **''[[Conopomorphina]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Corethrovalva]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Cryptolectica]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Cryptologa]]'' Fletcher, 1921 **''[[Cupedia]]'' Klimesch & Kumata, 1973 **''[[Cuphodes]]'' Meyrick, 1897 **''[[Cyphosticha]]'' Meyrick, 1907 **''[[Dekeidoryxis]]'' Kumata, 1989 **''[[Dendrorycter]]'' Kumata, 1978 **''[[Deoptilia]]'' Kumata & Kuroko, 1988 **''[[Dextellia]]'' Triberti, 1986 **''[[Dialectica]]'' Walsingham, 1897 **''[[Diphtheroptila]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Dysectopa]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Ectropina]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Epicephala]]'' Meyrick, 1980 **=''Iraina'' Diakonoff, 1955 **=''Leiocephala'' Kuznetzov & Baryschnikova, 2001 **''[[Epicnistis]]'' Meyrick, 1906 **''[[Eteoryctis]]'' Kumata & Kuroko, 1988 **''[[Eucalybites]]'' Kumata, 1982 **''[[Eucosmophora]]'' Walsingham, 1897 **''[[Euprophantis]]'' Meyrick, 1921 **''[[Eurytyla]]'' Meyrick, 1893 **''[[Euspilapteryx]]'' Stephens, 1835 **''[[Gibbovalva]]'' Kumata & Kuroko, 1988 **''[[Graphiocephala]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Hypectopa]]'' Diakonoff, 1955 **''[[Ketapangia]]'' Kumata, 1995 **''[[Lamprolectica]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Leucanthiza]]'' Clemens, 1859 **''[[Leucocercops]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Leucospilapteryx]]'' Spuler, 1910 **''[[Liocrobyla]]'' Meyrick, 1916 **''[[Macarostola]]'' Meyrick, 1907 **''[[Marmara (moth)|Marmara]]'' Clemens, 1863 **''[[Melanocercops]]'' Kumata & Kuroko, 1988 **''[[Metacercops]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Micrurapteryx]]'' Spuler, 1910 **''[[Monocercops]]'' Kumata, 1989 **''[[Neurobathra]]'' Ely, 1918 **''[[Neurolipa]]'' Ely, 1918 **''[[Neurostrota]]'' Ely, 1918 **''[[Oligoneurina]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Ornixola]]'' Kuznetzov, 1979 **''[[Pareclectis]]'' Meyrick, 1937 **''[[Parectopa]]'' Clemens, 1860 **''[[Parornix]]'' Spuler, 1910 **=''Alfaornix'' Kuznetzov, 1979 **=''Betaornix'' Kuznetzov, 1979 **=''Deltaornix'' Kuznetzov, 1979 **=''Gammaornix'' Kuznetzov, 1979 **''[[Penica]]'' Walsingham, 1914 **''[[Philodoria]]'' Walsingham, 1907 **=''Euphilodoria'' Zimmermann, 1978 **''[[Phodoryctis]]'' Kumata & Kuroko, 1988 **''[[Phrixosceles]]'' Meyrick, 1908 **''[[Pleiomorpha]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Pogonocephala]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Polydema]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Polymitia]]'' Triberti, 1986 **''[[Polysoma]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Povolnya]]'' Kuznetzov, 1979 **''[[Psydrocercops]]'' Kumata & Kuroko, 1988 **''[[Sauterina]]'' Kuznetzov, 1979 **''[[Schedocercops]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Semnocera]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Spanioptila]]'' Walsingham, 1897 **''[[Spulerina]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Stomphastis]]'' Meyrick, 1912 **''[[Synnympha]]'' Meyrick, 1915 **''[[Systoloneura]]'' Vári, 1961 **''[[Telamoptilia]]'' Kumata & Kuroko, 1988 *[[Lithocolletinae]] Stainton, 1854 **''[[Cameraria (insect)|Cameraria]]'' Chapman, 1902 **''[[Chrysaster]]'' Kumata, 1961 **''[[Cremastobombycia]]'' Braun, 1908 **''[[Hyloconis]]'' Kumata, 1963 **''[[Neolithocolletis]]'' Kumata, 1963 **''[[Phyllonorycter]]'' Hübner, 1822 **=''Lithocolletis'' Hübner, 1825 **=''Eucestis'' Hübner, 1825 **=''Hirsuta'' Fletcher, 1929 **''[[Porphyrosela]]'' Braun, 1908 **''[[Protolithocolletis]]'' Braun, 1929 *Subfamily unassigned **''[[Gracillariites]]'' Kozlov, 1987 {{Lepidoptera}} {{wikispecies|Gracillarioidea}} [[Category:Moths]] [[de:Miniermotten]] [[fr:Gracillariidae]] [[lt:Keršosios kandelės]] [[hu:Keskeny szárnyú molyfélék]] [[nl:Gracillariidae]] [[no:Bladmøll]] [[pl:Kibitnikowate]] [[pt:Gracillariidae]]