Granulocyte
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222778563
2008-07-01T01:55:54Z
AlnoktaBOT
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robot Modifying: [[th:แกรนูโลไซต์]]
[[Image:pBEosinophil.jpg|framed|Eosinophil granulocyte]]
[[Image:pBBasophil.jpg|framed|Basophil granulocyte]]
'''Granulocytes''' are a category of [[white blood cell]]s characterised by <!--not only illogical but not necessarily true as stated: "the fact that all types have differently [[staining (biology)|staining]]-->the presence of [[Granule (cell biology)|granule]]s in their [[cytoplasm]].<ref>{{eMedicineDictionary|granulocyte}}</ref> They are also called '''polymorphonuclear leukocytes''' ('''PMN''' or '''PML''') because of the varying shapes of the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]], which is usually lobed into three segments. In common parlance, the term ''polymorphonuclear leukocyte'' often refers specifically to [[neutrophil granulocyte]]s,<ref>{{eMedicineDictionary|polymorphonuclear+leukocyte}}</ref> the most abundant of the granulocytes. '''Granulocytes''' or PMN are released from the bone marrow by the regulatory [[Complement system|complement]] proteins.
==Classification==
There are three types of granulocytes, distinguished by their appearance under [[Wright's stain]]:
* [[Neutrophil granulocyte]]s
* [[Eosinophil granulocyte]]s
* [[Basophil granulocyte]]s.
Their names are derived from their [[staining (biology)|staining]] characteristics; for example, the most abundant granulocyte is the [[neutrophil granulocyte]], which has neutrally-staining [[cytoplasm]]ic granules.
Other white blood cells which are not granulocytes ("[[agranulocyte]]s") are mainly [[lymphocyte]]s and [[monocyte]]s.
==Toxic materials produced or released==
Examples of toxic materials produced or released by [[degranulation]] by granulocytes on the ingestion of microorganism includes:
* Low pH [[Vesicle (biology)|vesicles]] (3.5-4.0)
* Toxic [[oxygen]]-derived products (e.g. [[superoxide]], [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[hydroxy]] radicals, singlet oxygen, [[hypohalite]])
* Toxic [[nitrogen]] oxides ([[nitric oxide]])
* [[Antimicrobial]] agents ([[Defensin]]s and [[cationic]] proteins)
* [[Enzyme]]s
**[[Lysozyme]]: dissolves cell walls of some [[gram positive bacteria]]
**[[Acid hydrolase]]s: further digest bacteria
==Pathology==
'''Granulocytopenia''' is an abnormally low concentration of granulocytes in the blood. This condition reduces the body's resistance to many infections. Closely-related terms include [[agranulocytosis]] (no granulocytes at all) and [[neutropenia]] (deficiency of [[neutrophil granulocyte]]s). [[Blood transfusion|Transfusion]] of granulocytes would have been a solution to the problem. However, granulocytes live only ~10 hours in the circulation (for days in [[spleen]] or other tissue), which gives a very short-lasting effect. In addition, there are many complications of such procedure.
A [[granuloma]] is a [[tumor]] containing granulocytes, and a "granulomatosis" is a [[necrotizing]] granuloma.
There is usually a granulocyte [[chemotactic]] defect in individuals who suffer from [[insulin dependent diabetes mellitus]].
==Additional images==
<gallery>
Image:Illu blood cell lineage.jpg|Blood cell lineage
Image:Hematopoiesis (human) diagram.png|Hematopoiesis
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Blood count]]
* [[White blood cell]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{MeshName|Granulocytes}}
{{Blood}}
{{immune system}}
[[Category:leukocytes]]
[[Category:cell biology]]
[[ar:خلية محببة]]
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