Grape seed oil
413249
223697178
2008-07-05T09:11:22Z
Badagnani
308437
{{expert-subject|Food and drink}}
{{Disputed|date=March 2008}}
[[Image:Grapeseed-oil.jpg|thumb|right|240px|A bottle of grape seed oil]]
'''Grape seed oil''' (also called '''grapeseed oil''' or '''grape oil''') is a [[vegetable oil]] pressed from the seeds of various varieties of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' grapes, an abundant [[by-product]] of [[winemaking]]. [[Grape]] seed oil is used for: [[salad]] dressings, marinades, deep [[frying]], flavored oils, baking, [[massage]] oil, [[sunburn]] repair lotion, [[hair]] products, body hygiene creams, lip balm and hand creams. Most grape seed oil is produced in [[Italy]], with other producing nations including [[France]], [[Spain]], and Argentina.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Although known to Europeans for centuries, grape seed oil was not produced or used on a large scale until the 20th century, largely because grape seeds contain a lower percentage of oil as compared to other oil-producing seeds, nuts, or beans.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
== Uses ==
=== Cooking ===
[[Grape]] seed [[Vegetable oil|oil]] is extracted from grape seeds and has a relatively high [[smoke point]], approximately 420 °F (216 °C), so it can be safely used to cook at high temperatures. Grape seed oil can be used for stir-fries, sautéing and fondue. In addition to its high smoking point, grape seed oil has other positive attributes in relation to cooking. It has a clean, light taste that has been described as 'nutty'. Because of its 'neutral' taste, grape seed oil is often used as an ingredient in salad dressings or as a base for infusing or flavoring with garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices. It is also used as an ingredient in homemade [[mayonnaise]]. One is able to use less grape seed oil for precisely the same reasons that the cosmetics industry likes it, the [[emollient]] and [[film-forming]] virtues.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
The [[food energy|metabolic energy]] density of grape seed oil is comparable to that of other oils: about 120 [[calorie|kcal]] per [[tablespoon]] (34 [[joule|kJ]]/[[milliliter|ml]]).{{Fact|date=February 2007}} However, because less oil is needed for cooking, it can be used within a [[low-fat diet]] especially when combined with good [[frying]] techniques (such as using enough [[oil]], not overcrowding the [[pans|pan]], and having the [[oil]] at the correct [[temperature]]) which reduces the amount of [[absorbed]] oil.
=== Cosmetics ===
In all products grape seed oil is a preferred cosmetic ingredient for damaged and stressed tissues, possessing regenerative and restructuring qualities which allow a better control of skin moisturization. It can help skin retain the normal structure of epithelium cells and nerve cells via supporting the cell membranes.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is noted to be especially effective for repair of the skin around the eyes. Used as an all-over skin moisturizer, grape seed oil is known to reduce the look of [[stretch marks]]. A light, thin oil, grape seed oil leaves a glossy film over the skin when used as a carrier oil for essential oils in aromatherapy. It contains more [[linoleic acid]] than many other carrier oils. Grape seed oil is also usable as a lubricant for face [[shaving]].
== Nutritional value ==
Grape seeds contain [[antioxidants]] ([[polyphenols]], including [[proanthocyanidins]]), which show some health benefits.<ref name="Joshi2001">{{cite journal
| first = S. S.
| last = Joshi
| coauthors = Kuszynski C. A., Bagchi D.
| title = The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract
| journal = Curr Pharm Biotechnol.
| date = 2001
| volume = 2
| issue = 2
| pages = 187–200
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?uid=11480422
| accessdate = 2008-01-13
| doi = 10.2174/1389201013378725
}}</ref> In particular, sufficiently high amounts of [[resveratrol]] occur that it can be extracted commercially.<ref>{{cite journal
| first = Y.
| last = Yilmaz
| coauthors = Toledo, R. T.
| title = Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of grape/wine industry byproducts and effect of solvent type on extraction of grape seed polyphenols
| journal = Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
| volume = 19
| issue = 1
| pages = 41–48
| date = February 2006
| doi = 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.10.009
| accessdate = 2008-01-13
}}</ref> Despite this, these antioxidants are not likely to be present in significant amounts in the cold-pressed grape seed oil itself<ref name="Nakamura2003">{{cite journal
| first = Y.
| last = Nakamura
| coauthors = Tsuji S., Tonogai, Y.
| title = Analysis of Proanthocyanidins in Grape Seed Extracts, Health Foods and Grape Seed Oils
| journal = Journal of Health Science
| volume = 49
| issue = 1
| pages = 45–54
| date = 2003
| url = http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/49(1)/49_45.htm
| accessdate = 2008-01-13
| doi = 10.1248/jhs.49.45
}}</ref>, since proanthocyanidins are [[polar molecule]]s and therefore insoluble in lipids. Antioxidants from grape skins and seeds are more concentrated in products such as grape juice and red [[wine]].
In a study presented in 1993 at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Session, Nash and colleagues showed that up to 45 g (1.5 ounces) of grape seed oil per day raised [[High density lipoprotein|HDL-C]] levels by 13% and reduced [[Low density lipoprotein|LDL]] levels by 7% in three weeks.<ref name="Nash>{{cite journal
| first = D. T.
| last = Nash
| title = Cardiovascular risk beyond LDL-C levels: Other lipids are performers in cholesterol story
| journal = Postgraduate Medicine
| volume = 116
| issue = 3
| date = September 2004
| pages = 11–5
| url = http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2004/09_04/nash.htm
| accessdate = 2008-01-13
}}</ref> The total cholesterol/HDL ratio fell 15.6%, and the total LDL/HDL ratio fell 15.3%.
=== Composition ===
[[Image:Illustration Vitis vinifera0.jpg|thumb|right|Grape seeds in Nr. 7 and 8 and grapes]]
{{Refimprovesect|date=January 2008}}
The following table lists the average [[fatty acid]] composition of grape seed oil:<ref name="titleFAQ.html">{{cite web |url=http://www.grapeseedoilcorp.com/FAQ.html |title=Grape Seed Oil FAQ |publihser = Grape Seed Oil Corp|accessdate=2008-02-13 |format= |note= This FAQ is in agreement with the numbers in the table but does not duplicate them ''per se''}}</ref>{{Or|date=January 2008}}
{| name="acids" class="wikitable"
|-
! Acid
! Type
! colspan=3 | Average Percentage Range
|-
| [[Linoleic acid]]
| [[Omega-6 fatty acid|ω−6]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]]
| align=right | 69
| align=center | to
| 78%
|-
| [[Oleic acid]]
| [[Omega-9 fatty acid|ω−9]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]]
| align=right | 15
| align=center | to
| 20%
|-
| [[Palmitic acid]]<br />(Hexadecanoic acid)
| [[Saturated fatty acid|Saturated]]
| align=right | 5
| align=center | to
| 11%
|-
| [[Stearic acid]]<br />(Octadecanoic acid)
| [[Saturated fatty acid|Saturated]]
| align=right | 3
| align=center | to
| 6%
|-
| [[α-Linolenic Acid]]
| [[Omega-3 fatty acid|ω−3]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]]
| align=right | 0.3
| align=center | to
| 1%
|-
| [[Palmitoleic acid]]<br />(9-Hexadecenoic acid)
| [[Fatty acid|ω−7]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]]
| align=right | 0.5
| align=center | to
| 0.70%
|}
Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% [[unsaponifiables]] rich in [[phenols]] (tocopherols) and [[steroids]] (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol){{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Grapeseed oil contains also small amounts of [[Vitamin E]].<ref name="bitelog">{{cite web
| publisher = Bitelog.com
| title = Calorie and Vitamin Diary
| url = http://www.bitelog.com/mega-food-search.htm?q=canola+oil&action=Search&percent=100&food_quantity_text1=1&show1=4517&unit_no1=1&show2=4582&unit_no2=2&food_quantity_text2=1
| accessdate = 2008-01-13
}}</ref>
<!-- Todo; oil fat comparison chart ... -->
== References ==
{{refs}}
{{fatsandoils}}
[[Category:Aromatherapy]]
[[Category:Cooking oils]]
[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[Category:Pet foods]]
[[de:Traubenkernöl]]
[[es:Aceite de pepitas de uva]]
[[fr:Huile de pépins de raisin]]
[[no:Druekjerneolje]]
[[pl:Olej z pestek winogron]]
[[pt:Óleo de uva]]