Grapefruit 67401 225937366 2008-07-16T02:47:11Z Knulclunk 2709888 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225922667 by [[Special:Contributions/203.122.249.239|203.122.249.239]] ([[User talk:203.122.249.239|talk]]) {{otheruses4|the citrus fruit|the Sixties pop band|Grapefruit (band)}} {{Taxobox | name = Grapefruit | image = Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit, pink).jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Grapefruit | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | subclassis = [[Rosidae]] | ordo = [[Sapindales]] | familia = [[Rutaceae]] | genus = ''[[Citrus]]'' | species = ''C. × paradisi'' | binomial = ''Citrus × paradisi'' | binomial_authority = Macfad. }} The '''grapefruit''' is a [[subtropics|subtropical]] [[citrus]] [[tree]] grown for its [[fruit]] which was originally named the "forbidden fruit " of [[Barbados]].<ref name="Forbidden_Fruit">{{cite book |author=Dowling, Curtis F.; Morton, Julia Frances |title=Fruits of warm climates |publisher=J.F. Morton |location=Miami, Fla |year=1987 |pages= |isbn=0-9610184-1-0 |oclc= |doi= | url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html }}</ref> These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5-6 m tall, although they can reach 13-15 m. The leaves are dark green, long (up to 150 mm) and thin. It produces 5 cm white four-petalled [[flower]]s. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned, largely [[oblate]] and ranges in diameter from 10-15 cm . The flesh is segmented and [[acid]]ic, varying in color depending on the [[cultivar]]s, which include white, pink and red pulps of varying sweetness. The 1929 US Ruby Red (of the Redblush variety) has the first grapefruit [[patent]].<ref name="txsweet">[http://www.texasweet.com/About-Texas-Citrus/Texas-Grapefruit-History Texas grapefruit history], TexaSweet. Retrieved [[2008-07-02]].</ref> The fruit has only become popular from the late 19th century; before that it was only grown as an ornamental plant. The US quickly became a major producer of the fruit, with [[orchard]]s in [[Florida]], [[Texas]], [[Arizona]], and [[California]]. In Spanish, the fruit is known as ''toronja'' or ''pomelo''. ==History== The fruit was first documented in [[1750]] by the Rev. Griffith Hughes describing specimens from [[Barbados]].<ref name="Q_A:Grapefruit">World Wide Words: Questions & Answers; Grapefruit. [http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-gra3.htm Abstract]</ref> Currently, the grapefruit is said to be one of the "Seven Wonders of Barbados."<ref>Barbados Seven Wonders: The Grapefruit Tree. [http://www.barbados.org/grapefrt.htm Abstract]</ref> It had developed as a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of the [[pomelo]] (''Citrus maxima'') with the sweet [[orange (fruit)|orange]] (''Citrus sinensis''), though it is closer to the former. It was brought to Florida by Odette Philippe in [[1823]]. Further crosses have produced the [[tangelo]] (1905), the [[minneola tangelo|minneola]] (1931), and the [[Sweetie (fruit)|sweetie]] (1984). The sweetie has very small genetic and other differences from [[pomelo]]. The grapefruit was known as the ''shaddock'' or ''shattuck'' until the [[1800s]]. Its current name alludes to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to [[grape]]s. Botanically, it was not distinguished from the pomelo until the [[1830s]], when it was given the name ''Citrus paradisi.'' Its true origins were not determined until the [[1940s]]. This led to the official name being altered to ''Citrus &times; paradisi.''<ref name="Texas_Citrus">Texas Citrus: Puzzling Beginnings. [http://www.texasweet.com/texascitrus/grapefruit.html Article]</ref><ref name="University_of_Florida">University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. {{PDFlink|[http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CH/CH06300.pdf Fact Sheet]}}</ref> The 1929 Ruby Red patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after the discovery of a red grapefruit growing on a pink variety. Only with Ruby Red the grapefruit transformed into a real agricultural fruit. The Red grapefruit, starting from the Ruby Red, has even become a symbol fruit of [[Texas]], where white "inferior" grapefruit were eliminated and only red grapefruit were grown for decades. Using radiation to trigger mutations, new varieties were developed to retain the red tones which typically faded to pink,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin |title=Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation |accessdate=2008-02-23}}</ref> with Rio Red is the current (2007) Texas grapefruit with registered trademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as "Reddest" and "Texas Choice". ==Production== [[Image:2005grapefruit and pomelo.PNG|thumb|right|Grapefruit and [[pomelo]] output in 2005]] The United States of America is the top producer of grapefruit and [[pomelo]] followed by China and Mexico. {| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left" ! colspan=5|Top Ten Grapefruit and [[Pomelo]] Milk Producers — 2005 |- ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%" | Country ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Production (Int $1000) ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Footnote ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Production (MT) ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Footnote |- | {{USA}} || 155,940 || C || 914,440 || |- | {{PRC}} || 57,128 || C || 443,000 || F |- | {{MEX}} || 43,947 || C || 257,711 || F |- | {{ISR}} || 42,632 || C || 250,000 || F |- | {{CUB}} || 38,540 || C || 226,000 || F |- | {{RSA}} || 36,212 || C || 212,348 || |- | {{ARG}} || 28,990 || C || 170,000 || F |- | {{TUR}} || 25,580 || C || 150,000 || |- | {{IND}} || 24,215 || C || 142,000 || F |- | {{TUN}} || 12,278 || C || 72,000 || F |- |colspan=5 style="font-size:.7em"|No symbol = official figure,F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure;<br> Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999-2001 international prices<br> Source: [http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html?lang=en&item=507&year=2005 Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision] |} {{-}} ==Colors and flavors== [[Image:Grapefruit-mercaptan-2D-skeletal-vertical.png|right|80px|thumb|Grapefruit mercaptan]] Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by the pigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness and genetic bent.<ref name="WHF"/> The most popular varieties cultivated today are [[red]], [[white]], and [[pink]] hues, referring to the inside, pulp color of the fruit. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat bitter to sweet and tart.<ref name="WHF"/> [[Grapefruit mercaptan]], a [[sulfur]]-containing [[terpene]], is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.<ref name="Andrea_Buettner_and_Peter_Schieberle">{{cite journal | title = Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfayden) | author = A. Buettner, P. Schieberle | journal = J. Agric. Food Chem. | year = 1999 | volume = 47 | pages = 5189–5193 | doi = 10.1021/jf990071l}}</ref> ==Drug interactions== {{main|List of drugs affected by grapefruit}} Grapefruit can have a [[List of drugs affected by grapefruit|number of interactions]] with [[drugs]], often increasing the effective potency of compounds. Grapefruit contains [[naringin]], [[bergamottin]] and [[dihydroxybergamottin]], which inhibit the [[protein isoform]] [[CYP3A4]] in the intestine. It is via inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of a [[List of drugs affected by grapefruit|variety of drugs]].<ref name="GSE_Drug_Effect">{{cite journal |author=He K, Iyer KR, Hayes RN, Sinz MW, Woolf TF, Hollenberg PF |title=Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice |journal=Chem. Res. Toxicol. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=252–9 |year=1998 |pmid=9548795 |doi=10.1021/tx970192k}}</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG1998">{{cite journal |author=Bailey DG, Malcolm J, Arnold O, Spence JD |title=Grapefruit juice-drug interactions |journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=101–10 |year=1998 |pmid=9723817| doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00764.x}}</ref><ref name="Carbamazepine">{{cite journal |author=Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK |title=Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy |journal=Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=286–8 |year=1998 |pmid=9757152 |doi=10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90177-1}}</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG2004">{{cite journal |author=Bailey DG, Dresser GK |title=Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs |journal=Am J Cardiovasc Drugs |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=281–97 |year=2004 |pmid=15449971| doi = 10.2165/00129784-200404050-00002}}</ref><ref name="Bressler_R">{{cite journal |author=Bressler R |title=Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs |journal=Geriatrics |volume=61 |issue=11 |pages=12–8 |year=2006 |pmid=17112309 |doi=}}</ref> The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. However, the effect became well-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing on medication.<ref name="NYTimes">Bakalar, Nicholas. Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice. ''New York Times.'' Published: March 21, 2006. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/21/health/21grap.html?ex=1300597200&en=61e834f36b9afac9&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Article]</ref> ==Nutritional properties== {{nutritionalvalue | name=Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas | kJ=138 | protein=0.69 g | fat=0.10 g | water=90.48 g | carbs=8.41 g | fiber=1.1 g | sugars=7.31 g | glucose= | fructose= | iron_mg=0.06 | opt1n=[[Manganese]] 0.013 mg | opt1v= | calcium_mg=12 | magnesium_mg=9 | phosphorus_mg=8 | potassium_mg=148 | zinc_mg=0.07 | vitC_mg=33.3 | pantothenic_mg=0.283 | vitB6_mg=0.043 | folate_ug=10 | thiamin_mg=0.037 | riboflavin_mg=0.020 | niacin_mg=0.269 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }} Grapefruit is an excellent source of many [[nutrient]]s and [[phytochemical]]s, able to contribute to a [[healthy diet]]. Grapefruit is a good source of [[vitamin C]],<ref name="WHF">The World's Healthiest Foods; Grapefruit. ''The George Mateljan Foundation.'' [http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=25 Article]</ref><ref name="Fellers_PJ">Fellers PJ, Nikdel S, Lee HS. Nutrient content and nutrition labeling of several processed Florida citrus juice products. ''J Am Diet Assoc.'' 1990 Aug;'''90'''(8):1079-84. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2380455 Abstract]</ref> [[pectin]] [[fiber]],<ref name="Pectin_Benefits">Cerda JJ, Robbins FL, Burgin CW, Baumgartner TG, Rice RW. The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle. ''Clin Cardiol.'' 1988 Sep;'''11'''(9):589-94. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3229016 Abstract]</ref> and the pink and red hues contain the beneficial antioxidant [[lycopene]].<ref name="WHF"/><ref name="Lee_HS">Lee HS. Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 2000 May;'''48'''(5):1507-11. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10820051 Abstract]</ref> Studies have shown grapefruit helps lower [[cholesterol]]<ref name="WHF"/><ref name="Platt_R">Platt R. Current concepts in optimum nutrition for cardiovascular disease. ''Prev Cardiol.'' 2000 Spring;'''3'''(2):83-87. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11834923 Abstract]</ref> and there is evidence that the seeds have high levels of [[antioxidant]] properties.<ref name="Extract">Armando, C., Maythe, S., Beatriz, N. P. Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils. ''Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture'' 1997 Dec;'''77'''(4):463-467. [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/10007270/ABSTRACT Abstract]</ref> Grapefruit forms a core part of the "[[grapefruit diet]]", the theory being that the fruit's low [[glycemic index]] is able to help the body's [[metabolism]] burn [[fat]].<ref name="Grapefruit_Diet">WMUR Ch. 9: New Hampshire news, weather, sports and entertainment. Researchers Put Grapefruit Diet To Test: Grapefruit Compound Lowers Cholesterol, Helps Regulate Insulin. June 11, 2003. [http://www.wmur.com/health/2262919/detail.html Article]</ref> [[Grapefruit seed extract]] has been claimed to be a strong [[antimicrobial]] with proven activity against [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[fungi]]. However, studies have shown the efficacy of grapefruit seed extract as an antimicrobial is not demonstrated. Although GSE is promoted as a highly effective plant-based preservative by some natural personal care manufacturers, studies indicate the universal antimicrobial activity associated with GSE preparations is merely due to [[contamination]] with synthetic [[paraben|preservatives]].<ref name="Study">Sakamoto S, Sato K, Maitani T, Yamada T. Analysis of components in natural food additive "grapefruit seed extract" by HPLC and LC/MS. ''Bull. Natl. Inst. Health Sci.'' 1996, '''114''':38&ndash;42. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9037863&query_hl=1 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Pharmazie">von Woedtke T, Schluter B, Pflegel P, Lindequist U, Julich WD. Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained. ''Pharmazie'' 1999 '''54''':452&ndash;456. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10399191&query_hl=1 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Contamination">Takeoka G, Dao L, Wong RY, Lundin R, Mahoney N. Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 2001 '''49'''(7):3316&ndash;20. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11453769 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Adulteration">Takeoka GR, Dao LT, Wong RY, Harden LA. Identification of benzalkonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 2005 '''53'''(19):7630&ndash;6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16159196&query_hl=1 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Preservatives">Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H. Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract. Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 2006 May 31;'''54'''(11):3768-72. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16719494 Abstract]</ref> A 2007 study found a correlation between eating a quarter of grapefruit daily and a 30% increase in risk for [[breast cancer]] in [[Menopause|post-menopausal]] women. The study points to the inhibition of [[CYP3A4]] enzyme by grapefruit, which metabolizes [[estrogen]].<ref>{{cite journal | source = British Journal of Cancer | last = Monroe | first = KR | coauthors = Murphy SP, Kolonel LN, & Pike MC | year = 2007 | title = Prospective study of grapefruit intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Multiethnic Cohort Study | pmid = 17622247 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603880 | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 97 | pages = 440}} (E-published before print; [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Grapefruit_raises_breast_cancer_risk/articleshow/2206788.cms news article])</ref> ==Other uses== Grapefruit peel oil is used in [[aromatherapy]] and it is historically known for its [[aromatic]] [[scent]].<ref name="Valerie">Ann Worwood, Valerie. The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy (Paperback). ''New World Library'' 1991. ISBN 0-93143-282-0</ref> ==See also== * [[Grapefruit juice]] * [[Grapefruit spoon]] * [[Pomelo]] == References == {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html Grapefruit from "Fruits of warm climates" by Julia F. Morton.] * [http://www.aboutgrapefruitdiet.com/grapefruit_utensils.htm Grapefruit Utensils-Grapefruit Knife & Grapefruit Spoon] [[Category:Grapefruit| ]] [[Category:Citrus]] [[Category:Fruit]] [[Category:Flora of Barbados]] [[Category:Tropical agriculture]] [[ar:كريفون]] [[zh-min-nan:Phô-tô-iū]] [[bs:Grejpfrut]] [[bg:Грейпфрут]] [[ca:Aranja]] [[cs:Grapefruit]] [[da:Grapefrugt]] [[de:Grapefruit]] [[et:Greibipuu]] [[el:Γκρέιπ-φρουτ]] [[es:Citrus × paradisi]] [[eo:Grapfrukto]] [[fa:دارابی]] [[fr:Citrus ×paradisi]] [[gl:Pomelo]] [[ko:그레이프프루트]] [[it:Citrus × paradisi]] [[he:אשכולית]] [[la:Citrus paradisi]] [[lt:Greipfrutas]] [[hu:Grépfrút]] [[nl:Grapefruit]] [[ja:グレープフルーツ]] [[nrm:Pampl'yemousse]] [[pl:Grejpfrut]] [[pt:Toronja]] [[ru:Грейпфрут]] [[simple:Grapefruit]] [[sl:Grenivka]] [[sr:Грејпфрут]] [[fi:Greippi]] [[sv:Grapefrukt]] [[th:Grapefruit]] [[vi:Bưởi chùm]] [[tr:Greyfurt]] [[zh:葡萄柚]]