Graphics
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'''Graphics''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:γραφικός|γραφικός]]}}; see [[-graphy]]) are [[visual]] presentations on some surface, such as a wall, [[canvas]], computer screen, paper, or stone to [[brand]], inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are [[photograph]]s, [[drawings]], [[Line Art]], [[graphs]], [[diagrams]], [[typography]], [[number]]s, [[symbols]], [[geometric]] designs, [[maps]], [[engineering drawings]], or other [[image]]s. Graphics often combine [[character (computer)|text]], [[illustration]], and [[color]]. Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association with other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style.
Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred.
== History ==
The earliest graphics known to anthropologists studying prehistoric periods are [[cave painting]]s and markings on boulders, bone, ivory, and antlers, which were created during the [[Upper Palaeolithic]] period from 40,000–10,000 [[Before Christ|B.C.]] or earlier. Many of these were found to record astronomical, seasonal, and chronological details. Some of the earliest graphics and drawings known to the [[modern world]], from almost 6,000 years ago, are that of engraved [[stone tablets]] and ceramic [[cylinder seals]], marking the beginning of the historic periods and the keeping of records for accounting and inventory purposes. Records from Egypt predate these and [[papyrus]] was used by the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] as a material on which to plan the building of [[pyramids]]; they also used slabs of [[limestone]] and [[wood]]. From 600–250 BC, the Greeks played a major role in [[geometry]]. They used graphics to represent their mathematical theories such as the [[Circle Theorem]] and the [[Pythagorean theorem]].
=== Drawing ===
{{main|Drawing|Technical drawing}}
[[Image:Cleft(mini-art.info).jpg|right|thumbnail|Cleft (graphic by Irina Minaeva)]]
Drawing generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are [[graphite]] [[pencil]]s, [[pen and ink]], [[ink]]ed [[brush]]es, wax [[color pencil]]s, [[crayon]]s, [[charcoal]]s, [[pastel]]s, and [[marker pen|marker]]s. Digital tools which simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, [[hatching]], crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, [[stippling]], blending, and shading.
Drawing is generally considered distinct from [[painting]], in which colored [[pigment]]s are suspended in a liquid [[Art techniques and materials|medium]] and are usually applied with a brush. Notable great drawers include Sir Michael Ash and [[Leonardo da Vinci]].
Many people choose drawing as a main art style, or they may use it to sketch out paintings, sculptures and other styles of art.
=== Painting ===
{{main|Painting}}
In the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Post Modern Ages]], feet were very distorted; for example, people on a castle wall appeared disproportionately large because they were the painting's focus. Later, [[Realism (visual arts)|realism]] and [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]] became more important, characterized by the technique of looking through a wire mesh to precisely copy dimensions onto a corresponding grid drawn on canvas. During the [[Renaissance]], artists took a non-mathematical approach to drawing. [[Giotto di Bondone]] and [[Duccio di Buoninsegna]] made great advancements in perspective drawing, using [[symmetry]], [[converging lines]] and [[foreshortening]]. Many renaissance painters also used [[fresco]]—painting directly onto walls—a technique which finds its prototype in cave and rock art. Graphics of this kind, from 30–40,000 years ago, have survived in Australia and France. A modern day equivalent is the [[mural]].
=== Printmaking ===
{{main|Printmaking}}
Printmaking originated in [[China]] after [[paper]] was invented (about A.D. 105). Relief [[printing]] first flourished in [[Europe]] in the 15th century, when the process of papermaking was imported from the East. Since that time, relief printing has been augmented by the various techniques described earlier, and printmaking has continued to be practiced as one of the fine arts.
=== Line Art ===
{{main|Line art}}
Line art is any image that consists of distinct straight and curved lines placed against a (usually plain) background, without gradations in [[shading|shade]] (darkness) or [[hue]] ([[color]]) to represent two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. Line art is usually monochromatic, although lines may be of different colors.
=== Etching ===
{{main|Etching}}
[[Image:etching landscape.jpg|right|thumbnail|Etching]]
Etching is an [[intaglio]] method of [[printmaking]] in which the image is incised into the surface of a metal plate using an acid. The acid eats the metal, leaving behind roughened areas, or, if the surface exposed to the acid is very thin, burning a line into the plate. The process is believed to have been invented by [[Daniel Hopfer]] (circa 1470–1536) of [[Augsburg]], [[Germany]], who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to printmaking.
Etching is also a preliminary step in [[lithography]]. The Dutch artist [[M. C. Escher]] mastered the technique to perfection, specialising in etchings of impossible structures and oriental interlocking designs.
Etching is also used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards and semiconductor devices.
=== Illustration ===
{{main|Illustration}}
[[Image:Mad scientist.svg|thumb|right|150px|An illustration of a character from a story; also, an illustration of illustrations]]
An illustration is a [[visualisation]] such as a [[drawing]], [[painting]], [[photograph]] or other work of [[art]] that stresses subject more than form. The aim of an illustration is to elucidate or decorate a story, poem or piece of textual information (such as a [[newspaper]] article), traditionally by providing a visual representation of something described in the text. The [[editorial cartoon]], also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration containing a political or social message.
Illustrations can be used to display a wide range of subject matter and serve a variety of functions, such as:
* giving faces to characters in a story
* displaying a number of examples of an item described in an academic textbook (e.g. A [[Typology]])
* visualising step-wise sets of instructions in a technical manual
* communicating subtle thematic tone in a narrative
* linking brands to the ideas of human expression, individuality and creativity
* making a reader laugh or smile
* for fun (to make laugh) funny
=== Graphs ===
{{main|Graphs}}
A graph or chart is a type of [[information graphic]] that represents [[Table (information)|tabular]], [[number|numeric]] data. Charts are often used to make it easier to understand large quantities of data and the relationships between different parts of the data.
=== Diagrams ===
{{main|Diagrams}}
A diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, etc, used to visualize and clarify the topic.
=== Symbols ===
{{main|Symbols}}
A symbol, in its basic sense, is a conventional representation of a [[concept]] or quantity; i.e., an [[idea]], [[object (philosophy)|object]], concept, [[quality]], etc. In more psychological and philosophical terms, all concepts are symbolic in nature, and representations for these concepts are simply token artifacts that are [[allegorical]] to (but do not directly codify) a symbolic [[Meaning (semiotics)|meaning]], or [[symbolism]].
=== Geometric design ===
=== Maps ===
{{main|Maps}}
A map is a simplified depiction of a [[space]], a navigational aid which highlights relations between objects within that space. Usually, a map is a [[2D geometric model|two-dimensional, geometrically accurate representation]] of a three-dimensional space.
One of the first 'modern' maps was made by [[Waldseemüller]].
=== Photography ===
{{main|Photography}}
One difference between photography and other forms of graphics is that a photographer, in principle, just records a single moment in reality, with seemingly no interpretation. However, a photographer can choose the [[field of view]] and angle, and may also use other techniques, such as various [[photographic lens|lenses]] to distort the view or [[filter (photography)|filter]]s to change the colours. In recent times, [[digital photography]] has opened the way to an infinite number of fast, but strong, manipulations. Even in the early days of photography, there was controversy over photographs of enacted scenes that were presented as 'real life' (especially in [[war photography]], where it can be very difficult to record the original events). Shifting the viewer's eyes ever so slightly with simple pinpricks in the negative could have a dramatic effect.
The choice of the field of view can have a strong effect, effectively 'censoring out' other parts of the scene, accomplished by cropping them out or simply not including them in the photograph. This even touches on the philosophical question of what reality is. The human brain processes information based on previous experience, making us see what we want to see or what we were taught to see. Photography does the same, although the photographer interprets the scene for their viewer.
=== Engineering drawings ===
[[Image:First_angle_projection.svg|thumb|Image of a part represented in First Angle Projection]]
{{main|Engineering drawings}}
An engineering drawing is a type of [[drawing]] that is technical in nature, used to fully and clearly define requirements for [[engineering|engineered]] items. It is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as [[typeface]]s and line styles), size, etc.
=== Computer graphics ===
[[Image:OpenArena-Rocket.jpg|thumb|A graphic from the video game ''[[OpenArena]]''.]]
{{main|Computer graphics}}
There are two types of computer graphics: [[raster graphics]], where each pixel is separately defined (as in a digital photograph), and [[Vector (spatial)|vector graphics]], where mathematical formulas are used to draw lines and shapes, which are then interpreted at the viewer's end to produce the graphic. Using vectors results in infinitely sharp graphics and often smaller [[files]], but, when complex, vectors take time to render and may have larger filesizes than a raster equivalent.
In 1950, the first computer-driven display was attached to MIT's [[Whirlwind I]] computer to generate simple pictures. This was followed by [[MIT]]'s [[TX-0]] and [[TX-2]], interactive computing which increased interest in computer graphics during the late 1950s. In 1962, [[Ivan Sutherland]] invented [[Sketchpad]], an innovative program that influenced alternative forms of interaction with computers.
In the mid-1960s, large computer graphics research projects were begun at [[MIT]], [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]], [[Bell Labs]], and [[Lockheed Corporation]]. [[D. T. Ross]] of [[MIT]] developed an advanced compiler language for graphics programming. ''[[S.A.Coons]]'', also at MIT, and [[J. C. Ferguson]] at [[Boeing]], began work in sculptured surfaces. [[General Motors Corporation|GM]] developed their [[DAC-1]] system, and other companies, such as [[Douglas]], [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]], and [[McDonnell]], also made significant developments. In 1968, [[ray tracing]] was invented by Apple
During the late 1970s, [[personal computers]] became more powerful, capable of drawing both basic and complex shapes and designs. In the 1980s, artists and graphic designers began to see the [[personal computer]], particularly the [[Commodore Amiga]] and [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]], as a serious design tool, one that could save time and draw more accurately than other methods. [[3D computer graphics]] became possible in the late 1980s with the powerful [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] computers, which were later used to create some of the first fully [[computer-generated]] [[short film]]s at [[Pixar]]. The [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] remains one of the most popular tools for computer graphics in graphic design studios and businesses.
Modern computer systems, dating from the 1980s and onwards, often use a [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) to present data and information with symbols, icons and pictures, rather than text. Graphics are one of the five key elements of [[multimedia]] technology.
[[3D graphics]] became more popular in the 1990s in [[Video game|gaming]], [[multimedia]] and [[animation]]. In 1996, [[Quake]], one of the first fully 3D [[game]]s, was released. In 1995, [[Toy Story]], the first full-length computer-generated animation film, was released in cinemas worldwide. Since then, computer graphics have become more accurate and detailed, due to more advanced computers and better 3D modelling software applications, such as [[Cinema 4D]].
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Another use of computer graphics is [[screensaver]]s, originally intended to preventing the layout of much-used GUIs from 'burning into' the computer screen. They have since evolved into true pieces of art, their practical purpose obsolete; modern screens are not susceptible to such
burn in artifacts.
=== Web graphics ===
[[Image:Orangesig.jpg|left|thumbnail|Signature art used on web forums]]
In the 1990s, Internet speeds increased, and Internet browsers capable of viewing images were released, the first being [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]]. Websites began to use the [[Graphics Interchange Format|GIF]] format to display small graphics, such as banners, advertisements and navigation buttons, on web pages. Modern [[web browser]]s can now display [[JPEG]], [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] and increasingly, [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]] images in addition to GIFs on web pages. SVG, and to some extent [[Vector Markup Language|VML]], support in some modern web browsers have made it possible to display [[vector graphics]] that are clear at any size. [[Plugin]]s expand the web browser functions to display animated, interactive and 3-D graphics contained within file formats such as [[SWF]] and [[X3D]].
Modern web graphics can be made with software such as [[Adobe Photoshop]], the [[GIMP]], or [[Corel Paint Shop Pro]]. Users of [[Microsoft Windows]] have [[Paint (software)|MS Paint]], which many find to be lacking in features.
Numerous platforms and websites have been created to cater to web graphics artists and to host their communities. A growing number of people use create internet forum signatures—generally appearing after a user's post—and other digital artwork, such as photo manipulations and large graphics.
== Use ==
Graphics are [[visual]] elements often used to point readers and viewers to particular information. They are also used to supplement text in an effort to aid readers in their understanding of a particular concept or make the concept more clear or interesting. [[Popular culture|Popular]] [[magazines]], such as ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', ''[[Wired magazine|Wired]]'' and ''[[Newsweek]]'', usually contain graphic material in abundance to attract readers, unlike the majority of [[Academic journal|scholarly journal]]s. In computing, they are used to create a graphical [[User interface|interface]] for the user; and graphics are one of the five key elements of [[multimedia]] technology. Graphics are among the primary ways of advertising the sale of goods or services.
=== Business ===
Graphics are commonly used in [[business]] and [[economics]] to create financial charts and tables. The term ''Business Graphics'' came into use in the late 1970s, when personal computers became capable of drawing graphs and charts instead of using a tabular format. Business Graphics can be used to highlight changes over a period of time.
=== Advertising ===
Advertising is one of the most profitable uses of graphics; artists often do advertising work or take advertising potential into account when creating art, to increase the chances of selling the artwork.
=== Political ===
The use of graphics for overtly political purposes—cartoons, graffiti, poster art, flag design, etc—is a centuries old practice which thrives today in every part of the world. The [[Northern Irish murals]] are one such example.
=== Education ===
Graphics are heavily used in [[textbooks]], especially those concerning subjects such as [[geography]], [[science]] and [[mathematics]], in order to illustrate theories and concepts, such as the [[human anatomy]]. Diagrams are also used to label photographs and pictures.
[[Educational animation]] is an important emerging field of graphics. Animated graphics have obvious advantages over static graphics when explaining subject matter that changes over time.
The ''Oxford Illustrated Dictionary'' uses graphics and technical illustrations to make reading material more interesting and easier to understand. In an [[encyclopedia]], graphics are used to illustrate concepts and show examples of the particular topic being discussed.
In order for a graphic to function effectively as an educational aid, the learner must be able to interpret it successfully. This interpretative capacity is one aspect of [[graphicacy]].
=== Film and animation ===
Computer graphics are often used in the majority of new feature films, especially those with a large budget. Films that heavily use computer graphics include [[Lord of the Rings]] trilogy, the [[Harry Potter]] films, [[Spider-Man (movie)|Spider-Man]] and [[War of the Worlds (2005 movie)|War of the Worlds]].
== Graphics education ==
The majority of schools, colleges and universities around the world educate students on the subject of graphics and art.
The subject is taught in a broad variety of ways, each course teaching its own distinctive balance of craft skills and intellectual response to the client's needs.
Some graphics courses prioritize traditional craft skills—drawing, printmaking and typography—over modern craft skills. Other courses may place an emphasis on teaching digital craft skills. Still other courses may downplay the crafts entirely, concentrating on training students to generate novel intellectual responses that engage with the brief. Despite these apparent differences in training and curriculum, the staff and students on any of these courses will generally consider themselves to be graphic designers.
The typical [[pedagogy]] of a graphic design (or graphic communication, visual communication, graphic arts or any number of [[synonymous]] course titles) will be broadly based on the teaching models developed in the [[Bauhaus]] school in Germany or [[VKhUTEMAS]] in Soviet Russia. The teaching model will tend to expose students to a variety of craft skills (currently everything from drawing to motion capture), combined with an effort to engage the student with the world of [[visual culture]].
== Famous graphic designers ==
[[Aldus Manutius]] designed the first [[Italic type]] style which is often used in [[desktop publishing]] and [[graphic design]]. [[April Greiman]] is known for her influential [[poster]] design. [[Paul Rand]] is well known as a design pioneer for designing many popular corporate logos, including the logo for [[IBM]], [[NeXT]] and [[United Parcel Service|UPS]]. [[William Caslon]], during the mid-18th century, designed many typefaces, including ''ITC Founder's Caslon'', ''ITC Founder's Caslon Ornaments'', ''Caslon Graphique'', ''ITC Caslon No. 224'', ''Caslon Old Face'' and ''Big Caslon''.
== Examples ==
<gallery>
Image:Tulip01.jpg|[[Photograph]]
Image:leonardo_self.jpg|[[Drawing]]
Image:Temptation(mini-art.info).jpg|[[Drawing]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
{{Wiktionary|graphics}}
* [[Center for the Study of Political Graphics]]
* [[Editorial cartoon]]
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Graphics}}
* [http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/timeline.html Timeline Computer Graphics] An Historical Timeline of Computer Graphics and Animation
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== References ==
{{Technology}}
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[[Category:Computer graphics]]
[[Category:Graphic design]]
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