Graphology 75378 224435265 2008-07-08T20:51:16Z Pseudo daoist 8627 /* Medical diagnosis */ Deleted Kanfer's research '''Graphology''' is the study and analysis of [[handwriting]] especially in relation to human [[psychology]]. In the medical field, it can be used to refer to the study of handwriting as an aid in diagnosis and tracking of diseases of the brain and nervous system. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to [[questioned document examination|forensic document examination]]. Graphology has been a controversial field for more than a century. Although supporters point to the [[anecdotal evidence]] of thousands of positive testimonials as a reason to use it for personality evaluation, most empirical studies fail to show the validity claimed by its supporters.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Driver | first = Russel H. | authorlink = | coauthors = M. Ronald Buckley and Dwight D. Frink | title = Should We Write Off Graphology? | journal = International Journal of Selection and Assessment | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 78–86 | date = April 1996 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2389.1996.tb00062.x | accessdate = 2007-08-28 }}</ref><ref name="Furnham1987"> {{cite journal | last =Furnham | first = Adrian | authorlink = | coauthors = Barrie Gunter | title = Graphology and Personality: Another Failure to Validate Graphological Analysis. | journal = Personality And Individual Differences | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 433–435 | date = 1987 | url = | accessdate = | doi = 10.1016/0191-8869(87)90045-6 }} </ref> == Etymology == '''Graphology''': '''graphos''' (from the Greek γράφειν): writing / '''logos''' (from the Greek λόγος: science). It is a generic, as for instance: Anthropology, Psychology, Biology, Geology. With the lexeme Grapho (from the Greek: γράφειν ) there are many words generic: Graphopatology, Graphomaniac, Graphistic, Graphopsychology, psychoGraphology, Graphometric, Graphometry, Graphoanalysis, Graphotechnology. == Basic tenets == Graphology is based upon the following basic assertions: * When we write, the [[Id, ego, and super-ego|ego]] is active but it is not always active to the same degree. Its activity waxes and wanes; being at its highest level when an effort has to be made by the writer and at its lowest level when the motion of the writing organ has gained momentum and is driven by it. * When the action of writing is comparatively difficult, the writer uses those forms of letters which are simpler or more familiar. * The muscular movements involved in writing are controlled by the [[central nervous system]]. The form of the resultant writing movement is modified further by the flexibly assembled coordinative structures in the hand, arm, and shoulder; which follow the principles of [[dynamical system]]s. The specific writing organ (mouth, foot, hand, crook of elbow) is irrelevant if it functions normally and is sufficiently adapted to its function. * The neurophysiological mechanisms which contribute to the written movement are related to conditions within the central nervous system and vary in accordance with them. The written strokes, therefore, reflect both transitory and long term changes in the central nervous system such as [[Parkinson's disease]], or alcohol usage. * The movements and corresponding levels of muscular tension in writing are mostly outside of conscious control and subject to the [[ideomotor effect]]. Emotion, mental state, and biomechanical factors such as muscle stiffness and elasticity are reflected in a person's handwriting. * One must examine the handwriting or drawing movements by considering them as movements organized by the central nervous system and produced under biomechanical and dynamical constraints. Given these considerations, graphologists proceed to evaluate the pattern, form, movement, rhythm, quality, and consistency of the graphic stroke in terms of psychological interpretations. Such interpretations vary according to the graphological theory applied by the analyst. * Most schools of thought in graphology concur that a single graphological element can be a component of many different clusters, with each cluster having a different psychological interpretation. The significance of the cluster can be assessed accurately by tracing each component of the cluster back to their origins and adapting the meaning of the latter to the conditions of the milieu in which the form appears. == Some basic examples == A sampling from various popular Graphology books <ref>{{Citation | last = Gardner | first = Ruth | authorlink = | title = Instant Handwriting Analysis: A Key to Personal Success | place= | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | year = 2002 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | isbn = 0875422519 }}</ref> <ref>{{Citation | last = Amend | first = Karen | authorlink = | coauthors = Mary S. Ruiz | title = Handwriting Analysis | place= | publisher = Newcastle Publishing Company | year = 1980 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | isbn = 087877050X }}</ref> provide these interpretations: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Handwriting Characteristic ! Interpretation |- | Slant of the letters | * A forward slant indicates high emotional expressiveness * Vertical handwriting indicates moderate, restrained emotional expression * A left slant indicates emotional withdrawal. |- | Angle of the lines on unlined paper | * An upward slant indicates optimism and higher energy. * A downward slant or lines with trail off the page indicate low energy or physical exhaustion. |- | General shape of the strokes | * Circular handwriting indicates an agreeable, easygoing nature. * Angular handwriting with sharp points indicates aggressiveness, directness, and high energy * Square handwriting indicates a real world, practical based approach * Squiggles and irregular strokes indicate an artistic and non standard approach |- | Individual letters | * The letter "t" has the largest number of interpretations. For example where the horizontal "bar" of the t is placed on the vertical "stem" indicates where one places their goals, while the height of the t stem indicates the potential to accomplish those goals. :* A low t bar indicates goals set lower than what can be accomplished. :* A t bar high on the stem indicates goals set high. :* A t bar that is above the stem indicates setting goals higher than can be accomplished. |- | Pressure applied on the paper while writing | * The emotional intensity behind a person's behavior. The heavier the pressure, the more intense the emotions of that person. |} == Approaches to graphology == ; Integrative graphology : This approach holds that specific stroke structures relate to [[Wiktionary:personality|personality]] traits. Most systems within this approach use a cluster of stroke formations, to score a specific personality trait. Systems that fall under this umbrella are: ''fixed signs'', ''trait stroke'', ''French System'' and [[Graphoanalysis]]. It has been described as starting from the inside, and working to the outside. ; Holistic graphology : This is commonly, but incorrectly referred to as ''Gestalt Graphology''. Gestalt graphology was a system of handwriting analysis developed circa 1915 in [[Germany]] and was related theoretically to [[Gestalt psychology]]. In this approach (Holistic Graphology) a profile is constructed on the basis of form, movement and space. It has been described as starting from the outside, and working to the inside. In this approach, individual traits, such as legibility, are not assigned specific meanings, but can take on different meanings depending on the overall context. ; Symbolic analysis :In this approach, one looks for symbols seen in the handwriting. This can be either '''Major symbolism''', or '''Minor Symbolism'''. ;* '''Major symbolism''' is the meaning ascribed to the stroke, as it related to the page. ;*'''Minor symbolism''' ascribes a meaning to the stroke, depending upon the picture that the stroke draws. For example, [[John Wayne]]'s signature shows a blackened out portion, that represents his [[lung cancer]]. :This approach provides the theory that underlies both Holistic Graphology, and Integrative Graphology. [[Max Pulver]]<ref>{{Citation | last = Pulver | first = Max Albert Eugen | author-link = Max Pulver | title = Symbolik der Handschrift | place = Zurich &amp; Leipzig | publisher = Orell Füssli | year = 1931 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st Edition | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Pulver | first = Max Albert Eugen | author-link = Max Pulver | title = Symbolik der Handschrift. | place= Munich | publisher = Kindler | year = 1972 | location = | volume = | edition = New | url = | doi = | isbn = 3463180871 }}</ref><Ref>{{Citation | last = Pulver | first = Max Albert Eugen | author-link = Max Pulver | title = Person, Charakter, Schicksal | place=Zurich | publisher = Orell Füssli | year = 1944 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Pulver | first = Max Albert Eugen | author-link = Max Pulver | title = Der Intelligenzausdruck in der Handschrift | place= Zurich | publisher = Orell Füssli | year = 1949 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> is the best known exponent of this system. === Systems of handwriting analysis === Each approach to handwriting analysis has spawned several different systems. *Integrative Graphology **[[Graphoanalysis]] was the most influential system in the United States, between 1929 and 2000. ** Sistema de Xandró.<ref>{{Citation | last = Xandró | first = Mauricio | author-link = | title = Psicologia y Grafologia | place = Havana | publisher = Ed de Conf y Ensayos | year = 1949 | location = | volume = | edition = | url = | doi =}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Xandró | first = Mauricio | author-link = | title = Abecedario Grafológico | place = Onate | publisher = Aránzazu | year = 1954 | location = | volume = | edition = | url = | doi =}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Xandró | first = Mauricio | author-link = | title = Grafología Tratado de Iniciación | place = Barcelona | publisher =Stadium | year = 1955 | location = | volume = | edition = | url = | doi =}}</ref> * Holistic Graphology **The [[psychogram]]<ref>{{Citation | last = Roman | first = Klara G. | author-link = | title = Handwriting: A Key to Personality | place= New York | publisher = Pantheon Books | year = 1952 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Cole | first = Charlie | author-link = | coauthor = Jean Hartman, Karey Starmer | title = Handwriting Analysis Workshop Unlimited: Professional Graphology Course | place= | publisher = E C F Cole / HAWU | year = 1961 - 1968 | location = Campbell, CA | volume = | edition = | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Anthony | first = Daniel S. | author-link = | title = The Graphological Psychogram: Psychological meanings of its Sectors; Symbolic Interpretation of its Graphic Indicators | place= Fort Lauderdale, FL; New York NY | publisher = | year = 1964, 1983 | location = | volume = | edition = Revised | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> is the only system to have been taught as part of an academic degree, at an accredited institution in the United States . ** The [[Psychogram#Personal Worth Chart|Personal Worth Chart]] was developed by Handwriting Consultants of San Diego<ref>{{Citation | last = Sassi | first = Paula | last2 = Whiting | first2 = Eldene | author2-link = | author-link = | title = Personal Worth Intermediate Course in Handwriting Analysis | place= San Diego, CA | publisher = Handwriting Consultants of San Diego | year = 1983 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> during the early eighties. ** The [[Psychogram#The Psychograph|psychograph]] <ref>{{Citation | last = King | first = Leslie W. | author-link = | title = Graphology Handbook for Tyros or Pros .. .. | place= Bountiful, UT | publisher = Handwriting Consultants of Utah | year = 1978 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> was developed by Leslie King during the seventies. ** Wittlich Character Diagram.<ref>{{Citation | last = Wittlich | first = Bernhard | author-link = | title = Graphologische Charakterdiagramme | place= Munich | publisher = Johann Ambrosius Barth | year = 1956 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Wittlich | first = Bernhard | author-link = | title = Angewandte Graphologi | place= Berlin | publisher = Walter de Griyter & Co | year = 1951 | location = | volume = | edition = 2nd | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> ** Muller - Enskat Protokol<ref>{{Citation | last = Müller | first = Wilhelm H. | last2 = Enskat | first2 = Alice | author-link = | author2-link = | title = Graphologische Diagnostik | place= Bern, Stuttgart, Wien | publisher = Verlag Hans Huber | year = 1973 | location = | volume = | edition = 20th | url = | doi = | isbn = 3-456-30514-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Müller | first = Wilhelm H. | author-link = | title = Mensch und Handschrift. Lehrbuch der Graphologischen Deutungstechnik zum Selbstunterricht | place= Bern | publisher = Munz | year = 1943 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi =}}</ref> ** Szondi ** Girolamo Moretti <ref>{{Citation | last = Moretti | first = Girolamo Maria | author-link = | title = Trattato Scientifico di Perizie Grafiche su base Grafologica | place= Verona | publisher = L'Alberto | year = 1942 | location = | volume = | edition = | url = | doi =}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Moretti | first = Girolamo Maria | author-link = | title = ISanti dalla scrittura: esami grafologici. | place= Padova | publisher = Messaggero di S Antonio | year = 1963 | location = | volume = | edition = | url = | doi =}}</ref><ref>:Moretti, Girolamo (1980) : ''Trattato di Grafologia. Intelligenza – Sentimento,'' Padova, Ed. Messagero di S. Antonio, 12ª Ed.</ref> ** Augusto Vels<ref>: Vels, Augusto: ''Tratado de Grafología'', Barcelona, Editorial Vives, 1945</ref><ref>:Vels, Augusto: ''El lenguaje de la Escritura'', Barcelona, Editorial Miracle, 1949.</ref><ref>:Vels, Augusto:''Cómo ser importante'', Barcelona, P.E.A.P., 1957.</ref><ref>: Vels, Augusto:''Escritura y Personalidad'', Barcelona, Editorial Herder, 468 pág. - 8ª ed.</ref><ref>:Vels, Augusto:''La Selección de Personal y el problema humano en las empresas'', Barcelona, Ed. Herder, 640 pág. -5ª ed.</ref><ref>:Vels, Augusto: Diccionario de Grafología y términos psicológicos afines, Barcelona, Ed. Herder,1998, 532 pág., 5ª ed.</ref><ref>:Vels, Augusto:''Manual de Grafoanálisis'', Barcelona, Ed. Herder, 264 pág., 2ª ed. revisada.</ref><ref>:Vels, Augusto:''Grafología Estructural y Dinámica'', Barcelona, Ed. Herder, 404 pág.1997</ref><ref>:Vels, Augusto:''Grafología de la A a la Z'', Barcelona, Ed. Herder, 2000,432 pág.</ref> === Training === The only academic institutions in the world that currently offer an accredited degree in handwriting analysis are: * The [[University of Urbino]], Italy: MA (Graphology) * The LUMSA University in Rome, Italy: BA (Graphology) * [[Emerson University College]], Buenos Aires, Argentina: BA (Graphology) * [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]], Barcelona: Spain: MA (Graphology) ==== Training in the United States ==== Between 1940 and 1995, [[New School of Social Research|New School for Social Research]], in New York City, offered a diploma in Graphology. At its peak, the diploma course took 8 semesters, and also included [[Questioned Document Examination|Forensic Document Analysis]]. This diploma did not have academic accreditation. From 1970 to 2000, one could obtain a Graphology track Associate Arts Degree from [[Felician College]], in Lodi, NJ. This was the only academic institution in the United States to have offered graphology for an accredited academic degree. Training in the United States is currently available through correspondence courses. The quality of instructions varies considerably. Look for instructors that have a successful track record in teaching handwriting analysis. ==== Writing systems ==== The majority of material in the field is oriented towards the Latin Writing system. Courses offered in the subject reflect that bias. Before taking any course, or certification, ensure that it is usable for the local [[writing system]]. === Certification === There is no certification that is generally recognized, either within or without the field. Certifications are invariably linked to the organization one belongs to, and are no longer recognized when one resigns from the organization. == Vocabulary == Every system of handwriting analysis has its own vocabulary. Even though two or more systems may share the same words, the meanings of those words may be different. The technical meaning of a word used by a handwriting analyst, and the common meaning is not congruent. Resentment, for example, in common usage, means to feel or exhibit annoyance. In [[Graphoanalysis]], the term indicates a fear of imposition.<ref>{{Citation | last = IGAS Department of Instruction | first = | authorlink = IGAS | title = The Encyclopedic Dictionary for Graphoanalysts | place = Chicago, IL | publisher = International Graphoanalysis Society | year = 1964 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = IGAS Department of Instruction | first = | authorlink = IGAS | title = The Encyclopedic Dictionary for Graphoanalysts | place = Chicago, IL | publisher = International Graphoanalysis Society | year = 1984 | location = | volume = | edition = 3rd | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> == History == In the West, the book: [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01371741544583735212257/index.htm ''Examen de ingenios para las ciencias''] 1575, written by Juan Huarte de San Juan (medical Spanish) according to the research of Jean Charles Gille-Maisani.<ref>Gille-Maisani, Jean Charles(1991): ''Psicología de la Escritura'' (Psychology of the Handwriting), Barcelona, Herder. Prefaced by Augusto Vels</ref> Prospero Aldorisio's <ref>{{Citation | last = Aldorisio | first = Prospero | authorlink = | title = Idengraphicus nuncius | place = | publisher = | year = 1611 | edition = | url = | pages = | isbn = }} </ref> 1611 manuscript is probably the first book to describe how to analyze handwriting. The major contender is Camilo Baldi's manuscript <ref>{{Citation | last = Baldi | first = Camilo | authorlink = Camillo Baldi | title = Trattado come de una lettera Missiva si conoscano la nature e qualita dello scriviente | place = Bologna | publisher = | year = 1622 | edition = | url = | pages = | isbn = }}</ref> which was unofficially published in 1622. The 1625 edition was probably the first authorized edition of Baldi's book. Around 1830 Abbé Michon became interested in handwriting analysis. He published his findings <ref>{{Citation | last = Michon | first = Jean-Hippolyte | authorlink = | title = Le mystéres de l'écriture | place = Paris | publisher = | year = 1872 | edition = | url = | pages = | isbn = }}</ref> <ref>{{Citation | last = Michon | first = Jean-Hippolyte | authorlink = | title = Systéme de graphologie | place = Paris | publisher = | year = 1875 | edition = | url = | pages = | isbn = }}</ref> shortly after founding ''Société Graphologique'' in 1871. The most prominent of his disciples was J. Crépieux-Jamin who rapidly published a series of books <ref>{{Citation | last = Crépieux-Jamin | first = J | authorlink = | title = Traité pratique de graphologie, étude du caractère de l'homme d'après son écriture. | place = Paris | publisher = | year = | edition = | url = | pages = | isbn = }}</ref> <ref>{{Citation | last = Crépieux-Jamin | first = J | authorlink = | title = L'écriture et le caractère | place = Paris | publisher = 1888 | year = | edition = | url = | pages = | isbn = }}</ref> that were soon published in other languages <ref>{{Citation | last = Crépieux-Jamin | first = J | authorlink = | title = Handwriting and Expression | place = London | publisher = 1892 | year = | edition = First English Translation | url = | pages = | isbn = }}</ref> <ref>{{Citation | last = Crépieux-Jamin | first = J | authorlink = | title = Praktisches Lehrbuch der Graphologie | place = Leipzig | publisher = List | year = 1906 | edition = Fifth German Edition | url = | pages = | isbn = }}</ref>. Starting from Michon's integrative approach, Crépieux-Jamin ended up with a holistic approach to graphology. [[Alfred Binet]] was convinced to do research into graphology from 1893 to 1907. He ended up calling it "The science of the future", despite graphologists' rejecting the results of his research. After [[World War I]], interest in graphology continued to spread in Europe as well as the United States. In Germany during the 1920s, [[Ludwig Klages]] founded and published his finding in ''Zeitschrift für Menschenkunde'' (''Journal for the Study of Mankind''). His major contribution to the field can be found in ''Handschrift und Charakter'' <ref>{{Citation | last = Klages | first = Ludwig | authorlink = Ludwig Klages | title = Handschrift und Charakter | place = | publisher = 1916 | year = | edition = | url = | pages = | isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Klages | first = Ludwig | authorlink = Ludwig Klages | title = Handschrift und Charakter: gemeinverständlicher Abriss der graphologischen Technik | place = Barth | publisher = | year = 1940 | edition = 17th | url = | pages = 256 | isbn = }}</ref>. [[Thea Stein Lewinson]] and J. Zubin modified Klage's ideas, based upon their experience working for the U.S. Government, publishing their method in 1942<ref>{{Citation | last = Lewinson | first = Thea Stein | authorlink = | last2 = Zubin | first2 = J | author2-link = | title = Handwriting analysis; a series of scales for evaluating the dynamic aspects of handwriting. | place = New York | publisher = King's Crown Press | year = 1942 | edition = 1st | url = | pages = 147 + xiii | isbn = }}</ref>. In 1929 Milton Bunker founded ''The American Grapho Analysis Society'' teaching [[Graphoanalysis]]. This organization and its system split the American graphology world in two. Students had to choose between Graphoanalysis or Holistic Graphology. Whilst hard data is lacking, anecdotal evidence indicates that 10% of the members of ''International Graphoanalysis Society''(IGAS) were expelled between 1970 and 1980 <ref>{{Cite Journal | last = Chimera | first = Mary Ann | author-link = | title = | journal = Impact Magazine | volume = | issue = 5 | pages = | year = | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref>. By the time Peter Ferrera died in 1991, the decimation of IGAS members had resulted in a decline of the influence of Graphoanalysis, and IGAS on American graphology. Klara G. Roman was the most prominent of the German refugee scholars. Her books are still considered to be foundations for contemporary American Holistic graphology. She taught at the [[New School for Social Research]] in New York, and was succeeded there by Daniel S. Anthony and Florence Anthony. ''Handwriting Workshops Unlimited'' was organized by Charlie Cole as a series of lectures for advanced students of Graphoanalysis. These lectures featured holistic graphologists such as Thea Lewinson and Klara Roman. By 1960 all of the participants had been expelled by IGAS. These individuals went on to form the ''American Handwriting Analysis Foundation''. Later mass expulsions of IGAS members led to the formation of other societies, such as the ''American Association of Handwriting Analysts'' that were orientated towards Holistic graphology. In 1972 talks between the ''American Handwriting Analysis Foundation'' and the ''American Association of Handwriting Analysis'' started, with the aim to form a single organization. Those talks resulted in the creation of the ''Council of Graphological Societies'' in 1976. Since the rise of the Internet in the early 1990s, the graphology organizations have suffered major declines in membership. However, due to email lists, communication between graphologists representing different approaches has increased. == Validity == Although graphology had some early support in the scientific community such as Fluckinger, Tripp & Weinberg(1961) <ref>{{cite journal |title=A Review of Experimental Research in Graphology: 1933 - 1960 |journal=Perceptual And Motor Skills |date=1961 |volume= |issue=12 |pages=67&ndash;90 |author=Fluckwinger A, Tripp, Clarence A & Weinberg, George H }}</ref> , Lockowandte (1976) <ref>{{cite journal |title=Lockowandte, Oskar Present status of the investigation of handwriting psychology as a diagnostic method |journal=Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology |date=1976 |volume= |issue=6 |pages=4&ndash;5 |author=Lockowandte, Oskar }}</ref> and Nevo(1986) <ref name="nevo1986"> Nevo, B ''Scientific Aspects Of Graphology: A Handbook'' Springfield, IL: Thomas: 1986</ref>, the results of most of the recent surveys on the ability for graphology to access personality and job performance have been negative <ref name="kingkoehler">{{cite journal |title=Illusory Correlations in Graphological Inference |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied |date=2000 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=336&ndash;348 |author=Roy N. King and Derek J. Koehler |doi=10.1037/1076-898X.6.4.336 }}</ref>. Graphology is primarily used as a recruiting tool to screen candidates during the evaluation process. Many studies have been conducted to assess its effectiveness to predict personality and job performance. Recent studies testing the validity of using handwriting for predicting personality traits have been consistently negative <ref name="nevo1986"/>, the results of most of the recent surveys on the ability for graphology to access personality and job performance have been negative as well <ref name ="kingkoehler"/>. Here are some of the specific results for the personality tests: * Graphologists were unable to predict scores on the [[Eysenck]] personality questionnaire using writing samples from the same people<ref name="Furnham1987"/> * Graphologists were unable to predict scores on the [[Myers-Briggs Type Indicator|Myers-Briggs]] test using writing samples from the same people<ref> {{cite journal |title=Handwriting and personality: A test of some expert graphologists' judgments |journal=Guidance and Assessment Review |date=1988 |volume= |issue=4 |pages=1&ndash;3 |author=Bayne, R., & O'Neill, F. }}</ref> * Using [[meta-analysis]] drawn from over 200 studies, graphologists were generally unable to predict any kind of personality trait on any personality test<ref> {{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = Jennings, D. L., Amabile, T. M., & Ross, L. | title = Informal covariation assessment: Data-based versus theory-based judgments. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 1982 | location = Cambridge, England | pages = 211-238 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} </ref> Graphologists didn't do better to assess job performance: * Professional graphologists using handwriting analysis were just as ineffective as lay people at predicting performance<ref> {{cite journal |title=The predictive validity of graphological influences: A meta-analytic approach |journal= Personality and Individual Differences |date=1989 |volume= |issue=10 |pages=737&ndash;745 |author=Neter, E., & Ben-Shakhar, G. }}</ref> * A broad literature screen done by King and Koehler confirmed dozens of studies showing the mechanical aspects of graphology (slant, slope, etc.) are essentially worthless predictors of job performance.<ref name="<ref name="kingkoehler"/> The best way to summarize the appeal that graphology has despite the complete lack of [[empirical evidence]] has been put up by Dr Rowan Bayne, a British psychologist who wrote several studies on graphology: "It's very seductive because at a very crude level someone who is neat and well behaved tends to have neat handwriting" and then added that the practice was "useless... absolutely hopeless".<ref name="duff">{{cite web | last = Duffy | first = Jonathan | authorlink = | coauthors = Giles Wilson | title = Writing wrongs | work = | publisher = BBC News Magazine | date = | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4223445.stm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-24}}</ref>. It is also worth noting that the [[British Psychological Society]] for example ranks graphology alongside [[astrology]] - giving them both "zero validity"<ref name="duff"/>. Overall, despite a few studies that support handwriting analysis, such as Crumbaugh & Stockholm <ref>{{cite journal |title=Validation of Graphoanalysis by "Global" or "Holistic" Method |journal=Perceptual And Motor Skills |date=April 1977 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=403&ndash;410 |author=Crumbaugh, James C & Stockholm, Emilie }}</ref>, the large majority of studies such as Ben-Shakar, Bar-Hillel, Blum, Ben-Abba, & Flug <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ben-Shakar, G., Bar-Hillel, M., Blum, Y., Ben-Abba, E., & Flug, A. |journal=Journal of Applied Psychology |date=1986 |volume=71 |pages=645&ndash;653 |title=missingtitle }}</ref> and many others indicate overwhelming evidence against its predictive validity. ===Additional Specific objections=== * The [[Forer effect|Barnum effect]] and the [[Dr Fox effect]] <ref>{{Citation | last = Ware | first = J E | author-link = | last2 = Williams | first2 = R G | author2-link = | title = The Dr. Fox effect: a study of lecturer effectiveness and ratings of instruction. | journal = Journal Medical Education | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–156 | date = Feb | year = 1975 | url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1120118&dopt=Abstract | accessdate = 2007-05-24 | id = }}</ref>. These phenomena make it difficult to validate methods of personality testing. These describe the observation that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. See, for example, Tallent(1958)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tallent, N|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|date=1958|volume=14|pages=243&ndash;244|title=On Individualizing the Psychologists's Clinical Evaluation | doi = 10.1002/1097-4679(195807)14:3<243::AID-JCLP2270140307>3.0.CO;2-A}}</ref>. Non-individualized graphological reports give credence to this criticism. * Effect Size: Dean's(1992)<ref name> {{Citation | last = Dean | first = Geoffrey A | authorlink = | title = The Bottom Line: Effect Size | journal = in Beyerstein & Beyerstein (1992) | pages = 269–341 | id = }}</ref><ref name ="beyerstein1992">{{Citation | last = Beyerstein | first = Barry L | authorlink = Barry Beyerstein | last2 = Beyerstein | first2 = Dale F | author2-link = | title = The Write Stuff: Evaluation of Graphology - The Study of handwriting Analysis | place = Buffalo, NY | publisher = Prometheus Books | year = 1992 | edition = 1st | url = | pages = | isbn = 0-87975-612-8 }}</ref> primary argument against the use of graphology is that the [[effect size]] is too small. Regardless of the validity of handwriting analysis, the research results imply that it is not applicable for any specific individual, but may be applicable to a group. * Vagueness: One of the key points of attack for critics is the ease with which a graphologist can alter the "rules." Formniveau, for example, interprets a sign positively if the individual is high status, and negatively if the individual has low status {{Fact|date=December 2007}}. == Legal considerations == ==== Privacy ==== Graphologists often claim that handwriting analysis in the workplace is legal<ref name="hwanswers">{{Citation | last = Meister | first = Bob | author-link = | last2 = Meister | first2 = Angela | author2-link = | last3 = Meister | first3 = Scott | title = Handwriting Answers | date = | year = | url = http://www.handwritinganswers.com | accessdate = 2008-06-21}}</ref>, citing one or more of the following cases: * Gilbert v California :388 US 263-267 (1967) * US v Dionisio :410 US 1 (1973) 1973, Lawyers Edition, Second Series 35, 67; 93 SC 774 * US v Mara aka Marasovich :410 US 19 (1973) * US v Rosinsky :547 F 2nd 249 ( CA 4th 1977 ) * United States v Wade :388 US 218, 221-223 (1967) All of these cases are about [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] rights in a criminal investigation. These cases do not address issues relating to psychological analysis of an individual. Neither do they address third party issues. A ''Hungarian Parliamentary Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information'' report <ref name="nagymaros">{{cite paper | first = Attila | last = Péterfalvi | author = | authorlink = Dr. Attila Péterfalvi | coauthors = | title = OVERVIEW of the Data Protection Commissioner’s investigation into the tender for the notary position of the cityof Nagymaros | version = | publisher = Hungarian Parliamentary Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information | date = 2004-03-16 | url = http://abiweb.obh.hu/dpc/index.php?menu=reports/2004/III/4&dok=reports/2004/222&nyomtat=1 | format = | accessdate = 2008-06-21}}</ref> states that handwriting analysis without informed consent is a privacy violation. ==== Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ==== Many graphologists claim that handwriting analysis is non-discriminatory, since it cannot determine Gender, Age, Ethnicity, or other [[EEOC]] Protected Classes.<ref>{{Cite Journal | last = Barrow | first = N K | author-link = | last2 = Scott | first2 = R H | author2-link = | title = Validation of a Personnel Selection System to meet EEOC Guidelines | journal = Journal Of Handwriting Psychology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–17 | year = 1984 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> However, thus far, there have been no studies demonstrating that the use of handwriting analysis in employment does not have a disparate impact upon EEOC protected classes. There have been a number of studies on gender<ref>{{Citation | last = Binet | first = Alfred L | author-link = Alfred Binet | title = La graphologie et ses révélations sure le sexe, l'âge et l'intelligence | journal = L'Année Psychologique | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = 179–210 | year = 1904 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref> {{Citation | last = Binet | first = Alfred L | author-link = Alfred Binet | title = Le sexe de l'écriture | journal = Année Psychologique | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 17–34 | year = 1902/1903 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref> {{Citation | last = Young | first = P T | author-link = | title = Sex differences in Handwriting | journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 486–498 | year = 1931 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Wittlich | first = Bernhard | author-link = | title = Ein Betrag zur Grage der Geschlechtsbestimmung nach der Handschrift | journal = Zeitschrift fűr Menschenkenntnis | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 42–45 | year = 1927 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> and handwriting. Uniformly the research indicates that gender can be determined at a significant level. The published studies on ethnicity<ref>{{Citation | last = Geyer | first = L | author-link = | title = Beitäge zur Graphologischen Technik. Derinnere Widerstreit der Bewusstseinsformen(Rassen), Kraftschwerpunkte (Naturelle) sowie Volksschichten als Urasache jeder unrhythmischen schwankungsbreite sämtl. Scrhiftelemente: Eine Lösung. | publisher = Selbstverlag | place = Heidelberg | year = 1929 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Krieger | first = P L | author-link = | title = Artmerkmale an ausländischen Handschriftenproben unter rassenseelenkundlichen Gesichtspunkt. | journal = Zentralblatt für Graphology | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 95–105 | year = 1935 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Krieger | first = P L | author-link = | title = Rhythmus and Schreibinnervation bei Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. | journal =Zeitschrift für pädaagogische Psychologie und Jugendkunde | volume = 38 | issue = | pages = 15–31 | year =1937 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref>, race<ref>{{Citation | last = Garth | first = T R | author-link = | title = The Handwriting of Indians | journal = Journal of Educational Psychology | volume = 22 | issue = | pages = 705–719 | year = 1931 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Garth, | first = T R | author-link = | last2 = Mitchell | first2 =J J | author2-link = | last3 = Anthony | first3 = C N | author3-link = | title = The Handwriting of Negroes | journal = Journal of Educational Psychology | volume = 30 | issue = | pages = 69–73 | year = 1939 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Weisser | first = E A | author-link = | title = A Diagnostic Study of Indian handwriting. | journal = Journal of Educational Psychology | volume = 23 | issue = | pages = 703–707 | year = 1932 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref>, age<ref>{{Citation | last = Kollarits | first = J | author-link = | title = Űber Sprach- und Schreibströrungen in allgermeinen und als "kleine Zeichen der Geistesschwächung" bei Tuberkulose und im Alter. Das Verhaltnin zwischen innerer Sprache und Schreibfehler. | journal = Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten | volume = 99 | issue =2 | pages = | year = 1935 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Binet | first = Alfred L | author-link = Alfred Binet | title = L'âge et l'écriture | journal =La Revue des Revues | volume =484 | issue = 4 | pages = 182–195;326–341 | year = | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Binet | first = Alfred L | author-link = Alfred Binet | title = La Graphologie et Ses Révélations sur le sexe, l'âge et l'intelligence. | journal = L'Année Psychologique | volume =10 | issue = | pages = 179–210 | year =1904 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref>, nationality<ref>{{Citation | last = Blumenthal | first = E | author-link = | title = Schulschriften der Verschiedenen Länder. Beihefte zur | journal = Schweizerischen Zeitschrift für Psychologie undihre Anwendungen | volume = 31 | issue = | pages = 3–116 | year =1959 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref>, gender orientation, weight, and their relationship to handwriting have had mixed results, with a tendency to indicate that they can be determined from handwriting. ==== Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ==== One of the rules of thumb in human resources is that if an individual who has an [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|ADA]]-defined disability cannot take a test, then nobody can. As a result, tests that cannot be adapted for use by those individuals will not be used by a company. Handwriting clearly falls into the group of tests that cannot be adapted to be administered to individuals who fall within one or more ADA-defined disabilities. Blind people, for example, do not develop the required fluency in handwriting, for the writing to be correctly analyzed. Questions that Handwriting Analysts ask before doing an analysis can be illegal under this act.<ref>{{citation | last = Johnston | first = Dianna B | authorlink = | title = TITLE VII: Disparate Impact, Handwriting Analysis | publisher = The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | date = 28 February 2001 | url = http://www.eeoc.gov/foia/letters/2001/titlevii_disparate_handwriting.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-05-24 }}</ref> ====Graphology in court testimony ==== ''Cameron v Knapp'', 137 Misc. 2d 373, 520 N.Y.S.2d 917 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Co. 1987) (handwriting expert may testify as to the authenticity of a writing but not as to an individual's physical or mental condition based on a handwriting sample) stands as current U.S. case law for the rejection of graphology as psychological testimony. ''Carroll v State'' [276 Ark 160; 634 SW 2d 99, 101-102 (1982)] will be remembered for its implications on the propriety of allowing graphologists to testify. The opposing Handwriting Analysts displayed a distinct lack of professional courtesy to each other. In doing so, they undermined the scientific validity of both Integrative Graphology and Holistic Graphology.<ref name = "beyerstein1992"/> ==== Daubert ==== [[Daubert]] defined several criteria that admissible expert testimony has to meet. * Be falsifiable, refutable, and testable; * Be valid and reliable; * Subject to published peer review; * Held to standards within the field; * Be generally accepted in the Scientific Community; Depending upon the specific system of handwriting analysis that is used, it fails between two and five criteria. == Applications of graphology == === Employment profiling === A company takes a writing sample provided by an applicant, and proceeds to do a personality profile, matching the congruency of the applicant with the ideal psychological profile of employees in the position.<ref> {{Citation | last = BPI Labs | first = | author-link = | title = Evaluated Characteristics | date = | year = | url =http://www.bpilab.com/Characteristics%20Evaluated.htm | accessdate = 2007-06-05 }}</ref> A graphological report is meant to be used in conjunction with other tools, such as comprehensive background checks, practical demonstration or record of work skills. Graphology supporters state that it can complement but not replace traditional hiring tools. Research in employment suitability has ranged from complete failure <ref>{{cite paper|author=Lighton, R E|title=A Graphological Examination of the Handwriting of Air Pilots|work=Thesis in the Faculty of Arts|publisher=University of Pretoria|date=1934}}</ref> to guarded success.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Luca, E S.|title=Major Aptitudes and Personality Chracteristics of 42 Dental Students as Evaluated Through their Handwriting|journal=New York Journal of Dentistry|date=1973|volume=43|pages=281&ndash;283}}</ref> The most substantial reason for not using handwriting analysis in the employment process is the absence of evidence of a direct link between handwriting analysis and various measures of job performance<ref>{{cite paper|author=Thomas, S.L., Vaught, S.|title=The write stuff: What the evidence says about using handwriting analysis in hiring |work=Thesis in the Faculty of Arts|publisher=S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal Vol. 66, Iss. 4, pg. 31. 5 pgs|date=2001}}</ref> The use of graphology in the hiring process has been criticized on ethical grounds<ref>{{cite journal|author=Daryl Koehn|title=Handwriting Analysis In Pre-Employment Screening|journal=The Online Journal of Ethics|volume=1|issue=1}}</ref> and on legal grounds.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Julie Spohn|title=The Legal Implications of Graphology|journal=Washington University Law Quarterly|volume=73|issue=3|date=Fall 1997}}</ref> === Business compatibility === This is an additional service offered by some handwriting analysts. The focus of these reports can be one, or more of the following: ; Company-wide : This is a report the describes how compatible the individual is, with each employee in the company. ; The average company employee : For this report, the mean, mode, and median scores of every scored data point , for the entire company are used, to create three hypothetical employees. The individual is then compared to these three employees, with the focus being how good a fit the individual is. ; Division wide : This is a report that describes how compatible the individual is, with each employee in the division. ; The average division employee : For this report, the mean, mode, and median scores of every scored data point , for the entire division are used, to create three hypothetical employees. The individual is then compared to these three employees, with focus being how well the individual will fit into the existing company psychodynamic profile. ; Unit wide : This is a report the describes how compatible the individual is, with each employee in the unit. ; The average unit employee : For this report, the mean, mode, and median scores of every scored data point , for the entire unit are used, to create three hypothetical employees. Those are then compared to the applicant, with a focus on how good a fit the individual is. ; The unit manager / Co-worker : This explores the differences in personal style between a manager/co-worker and potential employee. The end result is on how each can maximize productivity and minimize personal friction. ; Composite reports : This explores the difference in personal style between every employee in a group. The idea is for each member of the group to learn not only their own strengths and weakness, but also those of their co-workers, and how they can more harmoniously work together. The resulting reports not only deal with the individual on a one-to-one level within the group, but also each individual as a part of a group of three, four, five, etc people within the group. The content of these reports can range from a simple perspectrograph, to a four wheel Wittlich Diagram and accompanying twenty five thousand word analysis. === Psychological analysis === These reports can range from a ten item check off list to a 25 page report on the makeup of an individual from the perspective of Freudian [[Psychoanalysis]], [[Transactional Analysis]]<ref>Chimera, Mary Ann The Conflict Traits and TA Script Issues: Sensitiveness ''Impact Magazine'' July 1980, 39, 1 - 3</ref>, or another [[Personality psychology|personality theory]]. A major value of a graphological analysis lies in the increased understanding of people and the ability consequently to enjoy improved relationships both personally and professionally.<ref name="Moretti1942"> {{cite book | last = Moretti | first = Girolamo | authorlink = | title = Trattato Scientifico di Perizie Grafiche su base Grafologica | publisher = L'alberto | date = 1942 | location = Verona | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> === Marital compatibility === In its simplest form only sexual expression and sexual response are examined. At its most complex, every aspect of an individual is examined for how it affects the other individual(s). The basic theory is that after knowing and understanding how each other is different, any commitment that is made will be more enduring. Typically done for couples, it is not unknown for a polyamorous group to obtain a report prior to the commitment ceremony of a new individual. In cultures where arranged marriages are common, graphology can be used as an additional checkpoint on the compatibility of the couple prior to the elders giving their consent for the marriage to take place. === Medical diagnosis === Medical graphology <ref>{{Cite Journal | last = Ludewig | first = R | author-link = | last2 = Lewinson | first2 = T S | author2-link = | title = Profiles and Limits of Medical Graphology | journal = Z Gesamte Inn Med | volume = 47 | issue = 12 | pages = 549–557 | year = 1992 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1285461&dopt=Abstract | doi = | id = }}</ref> is probably the most controversial aspect of handwriting analysis. Strictly speaking, such research is not graphology as described throughout this article but an examination of factors pertaining to motor control. Research studies have been conducted in which a detailed examination of handwriting factors, particularly timing, fluidity, pressure, and consistency of size, form, speed, and pressure are considered in the process of evaluating patients and their response to pharmacological therapeutic agents. <ref>{{Cite Journal | last = Kopp | first = W | author-link = | last2 = Paulson | first2 = G | author2-link = | last3 = Allen | first3 = J | author3-link = | last4 = Smeltzer | first4 = F | author4-link = | last5 = Brown | first5 = F | author5-link = | last6 = Koss | first6 = W | author6-link = | title = Parkinson's Disease: L-dopa Treatment and Handwriting Areas | journal = Current Therapeutic Research | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 115–124 | year = 1970 | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref>. The study of these phenomena is a by-product of researchers investigating motor control processes and the interaction of nervous, anatomical, and biomechanical systems of the body. ''The Vanguard Code of Ethical Practice'', amongst others, prohibits medical diagnosis unless one is also licensed to do diagnosis in the state in which they practice. === Jury screening === A graphologist is given handwriting samples of a prospective jury and determines who should be struck, based upon their alleged personality profile. After the trial has begun, the graphologist advises counsel on how to slant their case, for the most favorable response from the jury.<ref name="kimon">{{Citation | last = Iannetta | first = Kimon | author-link = | title = Jury Consultant | date = | year = 2005 | url = http://www.trialrun.com/id4u/services/legal.html | accessdate = 2008-06-22}}</ref> === Graphotherapy === This is the practice of changing a person's handwriting with the goal of changing features of his or her personality. It was pioneered in France during the nineteen-thirties, spreading to the United states in the late fifties. <ref name="destpaul"> {{Citation | last = de Sainte Columbe | first = Paul | author-link = | title = Grapho Therapeutics: Pen and Pencil Therapy | place= Hollywood, CA | publisher = Laurida Books | year = 1966 | location = | volume = | edition = 1st | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref name="destpaul2"> {{Citation | last = de Sainte Columbe | first = Paul | author-link = | title = Grapho Therapeutics: Pen and Pencil Therapy | place= Hollywood, CA | publisher = Paul de St Columbe Center | year = 1972 | location = | volume = | edition = 2nd | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> The therapy consists of a series of exercises which are similar to those taught in basic calligraphy courses, sometimes in conjunction with music or positive self-talk. There have been anecdotal reports of these exercises curing everything from drug addiction<ref name="destpaul"/> to [[anorexia nervosa]],<ref name="laufer"> {{citation | first = Ron | last = Laufer | authorlink = | title = AHAF Convention | date = 1991 | location = Tucson, AZ | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> and back to [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref name="destpaul"/> == Forensic document examination == This discipline is better known as [[questioned document examination]] within the judicial system. This is used to determine whether or not a document was written by the person who is thought to have written it. As such, this is not an aspect of graphology. ''Goodtitle Drevett v Braham'' 100 Eng Rep 1139 (1792) is reportedly the first case at which the testimony of a questioned document examiner was accepted. == Divination == Some individuals believe that one can tell the future from handwriting analysis. Others believe that a handwriting analyst can provide spiritual guidance on situations that they face. These beliefs are claimed to be false for reasons ranging from the complete lack of either scientific or anecdotal evidence, to the application of [[Aristotelian logic]] to any of the numerous (and mutually incompatible) theories of handwriting analysis. Most graphologists reject supernatural insights from their assessment of handwriting. The code of ethics for the ''[[International Graphoanalysis Society]]'', ''British Association of Graphology'', and ''Association Déontologique Européenne de Graphologie'' prohibits the practice of anything related to the [[occult]]. == References == {{Reflist|2}} == See also == === Systems of handwriting analysis === * [[Graphoanalysis]] * [[Psychogram]] === Graphologists === *[[Ludwig Klages]] *[[Léopold Szondi]] *[[Robert Saudek]] *[[Max Pulver]] === Organizations of handwriting analysts === * [[International Graphoanalysis Society]] === Related fields === * [[Asemic]] writing * [[Questioned document examination]] * [[Calligraphy]] * [[Graphonomics]] * [[Doodle]] == External links == <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== | DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF | | LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, | | but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link | | to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)| | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | | | | Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details | ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> * {{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Alternative/Handwriting_Analysis/}} * [http://skepdic.com/graphol.html Skeptic's Dictionary entry on graphology] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4223445.stm BBC article about graphology] * [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Tests/grapho.html How Graphology Fools People] * [http://www.britishgraphology.org/analyses/MichonAndScientificGraphology.htm "Michon and the Birth of Scientific Graphology"] from ''Vanguard'' graphological journal January-March 2007 * [http://www.graphology.it Graphological analysis based on Moretti's method] {{Psychology}} [[Category:Graphology| ]] [[Category:Personality]] [[Category:Writing]] [[Category:Biometrics]] [[Category:Pseudoscience]] {{Link FA|he}} [[ar:جرافولوجي]] [[ca:Grafologia]] [[cs:Grafologie]] [[da:Grafologi]] [[de:Graphologie]] [[es:Grafología]] [[eo:Grafologio]] [[fr:Graphologie]] [[gl:Grafoloxía]] [[it:Grafologia]] [[he:גרפולוגיה]] [[lt:Grafologija]] [[hu:Grafológia]] [[nl:Grafologie]] [[ja:筆跡学]] [[no:Grafologi]] [[pl:Grafologia (psychologia)]] [[pt:Grafologia]] [[ru:Графология]] [[sk:Grafológia]] [[sr:Графологија]] [[fi:Grafologia]] [[sv:Grafologi]] [[tr:Grafoloji]]