Greater London
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{{infobox England region
| name = Greater London<br><small>London region</small>
| short_name = London
| imagename = image:EnglandLondon.png
| status = [[Regions of England|Region]] †<br>[[Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|Administrative area]]<br>[[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]]*
| area_km2 = 1,579
| area_mi2 = 609
| area_rank = 9th
| density = 4,758/km² (mid-2006)
| nuts = UKI
| population = 7,512,400<ref name=Greater_London_population>{{cite web |title=T 08: Selected age groups for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population; Mid-2006 Population Estimates |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9664&More=Y |accessdate22 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref>(mid-2006)
| population_rank = 2nd
| gdp_rank = 1st
| gdp = 27,633
| authority = [[Greater London Authority]]
| hq = City Hall, Southwark
| mayor = [[Boris Johnson]]
| assembly = [[London Assembly]]
| development_agency = [[London Development Agency|LDA]]
| election = directly elected
| euro = [[London (European Parliament constituency)|London]]
| notes = † - called London <br> * - excluding the [[City of London]]
| url = http://www.london.gov.uk
|}}
'''Greater London''' is the top-level administrative subdivision covering [[London]], [[England]].<ref name=travers>Travers, T., ''The Politics of London'', (2004)</ref> The administrative area was officially created in 1965 and covers the [[City of London]] (including [[Middle Temple]] and [[Inner Temple]]) and 32 [[London borough]]s.<ref name=travers/> Its area also forms the London [[Regions of England|region]] of England and the [[London (European Parliament constituency)|London European Parliament constituency]]. The region has by far the [[List of United Kingdom nations by GDP per capita|highest]] [[GDP per capita]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. It covers 1579 km² (609 square miles) and had a 2006 mid-year estimated population of 7,512,400.<ref name=Greater_London_population /> It is bounded by the ''[[Home Counties]]'' of [[Essex]] and [[Hertfordshire]] in the [[East of England]] region and [[Buckinghamshire]], [[Berkshire]], [[Surrey]] and [[Kent]] in [[South East England]]. The [[List of highest points in London|highest point in Greater London]] is Westerham Heights, in the [[North Downs]] and on the boundary with Kent, at 245 metres (804 ft). The term ''Greater London'' was in use before 1965 to refer to a variously defined area, larger than the [[County of London]] and often similar to the [[Metropolitan Police District]].<ref>Glass, R., ''London: aspects of change'', (1964)</ref>
==Status==
Greater London is not a ''city'' in the proper sense that the word applies in the United Kingdom, being a [[City status in the United Kingdom| status]] granted by the Crown. In addition, one of the [[London borough]]s, [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], is already a city,<ref>Westminster City Council - [http://www.westminster.gov.uk/onecity/ One City - An Introduction]</ref> as well as the [[City of London]] itself which would make such a status anomalous. Despite this, Greater London is commonly regarded as a city in the general sense of a municipality. A [[Lord Lieutenant of Greater London]] is appointed for its area, less the City of London, an area identical to the [[Metropolitan Police District]], and for the purposes of the [[Lieutenancies Act 1997]], this area is defined as a [[Ceremonial counties of England|county]].<ref>HMSO, ''[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/1997023.htm Lieutenancies Act 1997]'', (1997)</ref>
The term "London" is normally used in reference to Greater London or to the overall conurbation, but not often to the ancient, tiny [[City of London]].<ref name=mills>Mills, A., ''Dictionary of London Place Names'', (2001), Oxford</ref><ref name=travers/> Instead, this small area is often referred to simply as "the City" or "the Square Mile" and it forms the main financial district. Archaically the urbanised area of London was known as the [[Metropolis]]. In common usage, the terms 'London' and 'Greater London' are usually used interchangeably.<ref name=travers/> It is officially divided for some purposes, with varying definitions, into [[Inner London]] and [[Outer London]]. For strategic planning purposes the region is divided into five [[London Plan#Sub regions|sub regions]].
==Politics==
[[Image:city.hall.london.arp.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Greater London Authority is based in [[London City Hall|City Hall]]]]
===Regional government===
London is the only English region with directly elected local governance.<ref name=jones>Jones, B. et al, ''Politics UK'', (2004)</ref> The [[Greater London Authority]] (GLA) comprises a regional assembly called the [[London Assembly]] and an executive head known as the [[Mayor of London]].<ref name=guide_arden>Arden Chambers Barristers, ''A Guide to the Greater London Authority Act'', (2000)</ref> The current Mayor of London is [[Boris Johnson]] who is not to be confused with the [[Lord Mayor of the City of London]]. He is scrutinised by an elected [[London Assembly]], which may amend his annual budget (by two-thirds majority) but otherwise lacks the power to block his directives. The headquarters of the GLA is at [[City Hall (London)|City Hall]] in [[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]]. The Mayor is responsible for Greater London's strategic planning and is required to produce a [[London Plan]] document.
===Local government===
{{further|[[London borough]]}}
Greater London is divided into 32 London boroughs, each governed by a London borough council; and the City of London, which has a unique government dating back to the 12th century.<ref name=travers/> These various authorities are all often considered as equivalent to [[Unitary authority|unitary authorities]], but not legally defined as such. All London borough councils belong to the [[London Councils]] association. Two London boroughs, [[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]], and [[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]], carry the purely honorific title of [[List of UK place names with royal patronage|Royal borough]]. Within the City of London boundary are the [[Liberty (division)|liberties]] of [[Middle Temple]] and [[Inner Temple]].
=== Twinning ===
{{Expand|date=February 2008}}
The Greater London Authority has twin and sister city agreements with the following cities.<ref>The Mayor of London's City Partnerships [http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/international/city_partnerships/partnerships.jsp webpage]</ref>
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:right;font-size:100%;"|
|-
! style="background: #810541; color: #FFFFFF" ! |
! style="background: #810541; color: #FFFFFF" height="17" width="110" | Country
! style="background: #810541; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="110" | City
! style="background: #810541; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="150" | County / District / Region / State
! style="background: #810541; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="50" | Date
|-
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|China}}
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[People's Republic of China|China]]
! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Beijing]]'''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Beijing Municipality]]''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2006<!-- This is dubious and conflicts with the ref above, 9/4/08 --><ref name="CD">"[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-04/11/content_565439.htm Beijing, London to be sister cities]", [[China Daily]], [[11 April]] [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[2006-06-06]].</ref>
|-
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|France}}
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[France]]
! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Paris]]'''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! |
|-
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Germany}}
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Germany]]
! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Berlin]]'''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''Berlin''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2000
|-
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Russia}}
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Russia]]
! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Moscow]]'''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Central Federal District]]''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! |
|-
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|United States}}
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[United States]]
! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[New York City]]'''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[New York]]''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2001<ref name="nytwin">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/london_main.shtml|publisher=[[New York City|nyc.gov]]|title=Sister City - London|accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Japan}}
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Japan]]
! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Tokyo]]'''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Tokyo]]''
! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2005
|}
For Borough twinning see [[List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom#London|List of London Borough twinnings]].
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of London}}
With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and was the most populated city in the world until overtaken by New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939. There were an estimated 7,512,400 official residents in Greater London as of mid-2006. However, London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to an estimated 9,332,000 people in 2005, while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 million depending on the definition of that area. According to Eurostat, London is the most populous city and metropolitan area of the European Union.
The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres. The population density is 4,761 people per square kilometre, more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city and the 17th largest metropolitan region in the world. It is also ranked 4th in the world in number of billionaires (United States Dollars) residing in the city. London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.
===Ethnic groups===
In the 2001 census, 71.15% of these seven and a half million people classed their ethnic group as white, including White British (59.79%), White Irish (3.07%) or "Other White" (8.29%, mostly Greek Cypriot, Italian and French). 12.09% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern Asian ethnicities). 10.91% classed themselves as Black British (around 7% as Black African, 4.79% as Black Caribbean, 0.84% as "Other Black"). 3.15% were of mixed race; 1.12% as Chinese; and 1.58% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other "British Orientals"). 21.8% of inhabitants were born outside the European Union. The Irish, from both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, number about 200,000, as do the Scots and Welsh combined.
In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and more than 50 non-indigenous communities which have a population of more than 10,000 in London. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, as of 2006, London's foreign-born population is 2,288,000 (31%), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2001 census showed that 27.1% of Greater London's population were born outside the UK, and a slightly higher proportion were classed as non-white.
The table below shows the 'Country of Birth' of London residents in 2001, the date of the last UK Census. (Top 21). Note that a portion of the German-born population are likely to be British nationals born to parents serving in the British armed forces in Germany.
'''Country of Birth Population (2001)'''
;United Kingdom 5,230,155
:India 172,162
:Greece 150,000 (Greek Community estimate)
:Republic of Ireland 147,285
:Bangladesh 84,565
:Jamaica 80,319
:Nigeria 68,907
:Pakistan 66,658
:Kenya 66,311
:Sri Lanka 49,932
:Ghana 46,513
:Cyprus 45,888
:South Africa 45,506
:United States 44,622
:Australia 41,488
:Germany 39,818
:Turkey 39,128
:Italy 38,694
:France 38,130
:Somalia 33,831
:Uganda 32,082
:New Zealand 27,494
London has been a focus for immigration for centuries, whether as a place of safety or for economic reasons. Huguenots, eastern European Jews and Cypriots are examples of the former; Irish, Bangladeshis and West Indians came for new lives. The East End district around Spitalfields has been first home for several ethnic groups, which have subsequently moved elsewhere in London as they gained prosperity. The largest ethnic communities are the Jamiacan in Brixton, West-African in [[North Kensington]], Pakistani and Bangladeshi in Newham, Tamil in Wembley and East African and Caribbean in [[Harlesden]] and [[Gospel Oak]].
=== Religion ===
{{main|Religion in London}}
The largest religious groupings in London are [[Christian]] (58.2%), [[Agnosticism|No Religion]] (15.8%), [[Muslim]] (8.2%), [[Hindu]] (4.1%), [[Jewish]] (2.1%), and [[Sikh]] (1.5%). London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of [[church]]es, particularly in the City. The famous [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in the City and [[Southwark Cathedral]] south of the river are [[Anglican]] administrative centres, while the head of the Church of England and worldwide [[Anglican Communion]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] has his main residence at [[Lambeth Palace]] in the London Borough of [[Lambeth]]. Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and [[Westminster Abbey]]. The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby [[Westminster Cathedral]], the largest [[Roman Catholic]] [[cathedral]] in England and Wales. Religious practice is lower than any other part of the UK or [[Western Europe]] and is around seven times lower than American averages. Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, weekly observance is low within the Anglican [[denomination]], although in recent years church attendance, particularly at [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] Anglican churches in London, has started to increase.
London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Many Muslims live in [[Tower Hamlets]] and [[Newham]]; the most important Muslim buildings are the East London [[Mosque]] in Whitchapel and the London Central Mosque on the edge of [[Regent's Park]]. London's large Hindu community is found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which contains one of Europe's largest Hindu [[temple]]s, [[Neasden]] Temple. Sikh communities are located in East and West London, which is also home to the largest Sikh Temples in the world, outside India. The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in [[Stamford Hill]] (the most [[Orthodox Jew]]ish area outside New York City and Israel) and [[St. John's Wood]], [[Golders Green]], and [[Edgware]] in North London.
See also [[List of churches and cathedrals of London]]
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto; backgrond:none;"
| style="padding-right:1em;" | <ol>
<li>[[City of London]]</li>
<li>[[City of Westminster]]</li>
<li>[[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Islington|Islington]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Brent|Brent]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond]]</li>
<li>[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Merton|Merton]]</li>
</ol>
| style="background:#FFF; padding:0 1em;" class="toccolours"| {{London boroughs imagemap}}
| <ol start="18">
<li>[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Croydon|Croydon]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Havering|Havering]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Newham|Newham]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]</li>
<li>[[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]]</li>
</ol>
|}
=== London Assembly ===
{{further|[[London Assembly constituencies]]}}
For elections to the London Assembly, London is divided into fourteen constituencies. The constituencies are formed from the area of two or three boroughs combined. The City of London forms part of the [[City and East (London Assembly constituency)|City and East]] constituency.
=== UK Parliament ===
{{further|[[List of Parliamentary constituencies in Greater London]]}}
London is divided into 74 Parliamentary constituencies, which are all small [[Borough constituency|borough constituencies]]. They are formed from the combined area of several [[ward (politics)|ward]]s from one or more London Boroughs. Typically a single borough is covered by two or three constituencies. Their number will be reduced to 73 before the next general election.
== History ==
===Early incarnations===
The term ''Greater London'' had been used well before 1965, particularly to refer to the area covered by the [[Metropolitan Police District]] (such as in the 1901 census),<ref>Vision of Britain -[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=SRC_P&c_id=2&cpub_id=EW1901PRE&show=DB Census 1901: Preliminary Report]</ref> the area of the [[Metropolitan Water Board (London)|Metropolitan Water Board]] (favoured by the London County Council for statistics),<ref name=urban_change>Young, K. & Garside, P., ''Metropolitan London: Politics and Urban Change'', (1982)</ref> the [[London Passenger Transport Board|London Passenger Transport Area]] and the area defined by the [[Registrar General]] as the ''Greater London Conurbation''.<ref name=aspects>Westergaard, J., ''The Structure of Greater London'', London: Aspects of Change, (1961)</ref> The [[Greater London Arterial Road Programme]] was devised between 1913 and 1916.<ref>The Motorway Archive - [http://www.iht.org/motorway/londonm25.htm The origins of the London Orbital Motorway (M25)]</ref> One of the larger early forms was the [[Greater London Planning Region]], devised in 1927, which occupied 1,856 square miles and included 9 million people.<ref name=urban_change/>
[[Image:Arms of the Greater London Council.svg|thumb|Arms of Greater London Council]]
===Royal Commission on London Government===
Although the [[London County Council]] had been created as a London-wide authority covering the [[County of London]] in 1889, the County did not even cover all the built-up area of London then, particularly [[West Ham]] and [[East Ham]]; furthermore many of the LCC housing projects, including the vast [[Becontree|Becontree Estate]], were constructed outside its formal boundaries.<ref>Saint, A., ''Politics and the people of London: the London County Council (1889-1965)'', (1989)</ref> London County Council pressed for an alteration in its boundaries soon after the end of the [[First World War]], noting that within the Metropolitan and City Police Districts there were 122 housing authorities. A [[Royal Commission on London Government]] was set up to consider the issue.<ref>''London Local Government.'' The Times. 18 April, 1921.</ref><ref>''Complex London: Big Task For Inquiry Commission''. The Times. 5 August, 1921.</ref> London County Council proposed a vast new Greater London, somewhere between the Metropolitan Police District and the entire [[Home Counties]].<ref>''Greater London: Case for Central Authority: Area and Powers''. The Times. 14 December, 1921.</ref> Protests were made at the possibility of including [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], [[Slough]] and [[Eton, Berkshire|Eton]] in the authority.<ref>''Windsor and Greater London: Protests Against Proposals''. The Times. 27 December, 1921</ref> The Commission made its report in 1923, rejecting the LCC's scheme. Two minority reports favoured change beyond the amalgamation of smaller urban districts, including both smaller borough councils and a Central Authority for strategic functions. The [[London Traffic Act 1924]] was a result of the Commission.<ref>''Greater London: Report of Royal Commission''. The Times. March 22, 1923.</ref>
===Creation of administrative area===
Reform of the local government arrangements in the County of London and its environs was again considered by the [[Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London]]. Greater London was formally created by the [[London Government Act 1963]], which took force on [[1 April]] [[1965]], replacing the former [[administrative counties of England|administrative counties]] of [[Middlesex]] and [[County of London|London]], adding the [[City of London]], which was not under the London County Council, and absorbing parts of [[Kent]], [[Surrey]], [[Essex]] and [[Hertfordshire]]. Greater London originally had a two-tier system of local government, with the [[Greater London Council]] (GLC) sharing power with the [[City of London Corporation]] (governing the small City of London) and the 32 London borough councils. The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986 by the [[Local Government Act 1985]]. Its functions were devolved to the Corporation and the London boroughs with some functions transferred to central government and joint boards.
===Greater London Authority===
Greater London was used to form the London [[Regions of England|region of England]] in 1994. A [[London referendum, 1998|referendum held in 1998]], established public will to create a regional authority. The [[Greater London Authority]], [[London Assembly]] and the directly elected [[Mayor of London]] were created in 2000 by the [[Greater London Authority Act 1999]]. The [[London mayoral election, 2000|2000]] and [[London mayoral election, 2004|2004 mayoral elections]] were both won by [[Ken Livingstone]], who had been the final leader of the GLC. The 2008 election was won by [[Boris Johnson]] the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] candidate. In 2000 the outer boundary of the [[Metropolitan Police District]] was re-aligned to the Greater London boundary.
== Statistics ==
=== Population ===
[[Image:Population greater-london graph.gif|frame|Population of Greater London]]
The population on the current territory of Greater London rose from about 1.1 million in 1801 (back then only about 0.85 million people were in the urban area of London, while 0.25 million were living in villages and towns not yet part of London) to an estimated 8.6 million in 1939, but declined to 6.7 million in 1988, before starting to rebound in the end of the 1980s. As of 2006, the population in Greater London has only recovered the level of 1970 (which was also the level of population in the 1920s). Some researchers expect the population of Greater London to reach 8.15 million by 2016, which would still be 0.45 million short of the 1939 peak.
Figures here are for Greater London in its 2001 limits. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are midyear estimates (revised as of August 2007), which are more accurate than the censuses themselves, known to underestimate the population of London.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| 1891
| April 5/6
| 5,572,012
|-
| 1901
| March 31/April 1
| 6,506,954
|-
| 1911
| April 2/3
| 7,160,525
|-
| 1921
| June 19/20
| 7,386,848
|-
| 1931
| April 26/27
| 8,110,480
|-
| 1939
| Midyear estimate
| 8,615,245
|-
| 1951
| April 8/9
| 8,196,978
|-
| 1961
| April 23/24
| 7,992,616
|-
| ''1965''
| colspan=2 | ''[[London Government Act 1963|Greater London formally created]]''
|-
| 1971
| April 25/26
| 7,452,520
|-
| 1981
| Midyear estimate
| 6,805,000<ref>{{cite web |title=T 08: Quinary age group and sex for local authorities in England and Wales; estimated resident population based on the 1991 Census; Mid-1981 Population Estimates.|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=6802&More=Y |accessdate=22 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
|-
| 1988
| Midyear estimate
| 6,729,300<ref>{{cite web |title=T 08h: Mid-1988 Population Estimates; Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in England and Wales; estimated resident population revised in light of results of the 2001 Census |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=6649&More=Y |accessdate=22 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
| Midyear estimate
| 6,829,300<ref>{{cite web |title=T 09a: Mid-1991 Population Estimates; Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8602&More=Y |accessdate=22 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| Midyear estimate
| 7,322,400<ref>{{cite web |title=T 08: Selected age groups for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population; revised in light of the local authority population studies; Mid-2001 Population Estimates |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8531&More=Y |accessdate=22 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| Midyear estimate
| 7,361,600<ref>{{cite web |title=T 09L: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2002 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9670&More=Y |accessdate=22 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| Midyear estimate
| 7,364,100<ref>{{cite web |title=T 09m: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2003 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9671&More=Y |accessdate=22 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| Midyear estimate
| 7,389,100<ref>{{cite web |title=T 09n: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2004 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9672&More=Y |accessdate=22 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| Midyear estimate
| 7,456,100<ref>{{cite web |title=T 09p: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2005 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9673&More=Y |accessdate=22 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| Midyear estimate
| 7,512,400<ref name=Greater_London_population />
|}
=== Economy ===
This is a chart of trend of regional [[gross value added]] (GVA) of Inner London at current basic prices [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf published] (pp.240-253) by ''Office for National Statistics'' with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Regional Gross Value Added<ref name="fn_4">Components may not sum to totals due to rounding</ref>
! Agriculture<ref name="fn_1">includes hunting and forestry</ref>
! Industry<ref name="fn_2">includes energy and construction</ref>
! Services<ref name="fn_3">includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured Hi</ref>
|-
| 1995
| '''64,616'''
| 7
| 8,147
| 56,461
|-
| 2000
| '''92,330'''
| 6
| 10,094
| 82,229
|-
| 2003
| '''112,090'''
| 12
| 10,154
| 101,924
|}
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Outer London at current basic prices [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf published] (pp.240-253) by ''Office for National Statistics'' with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Regional Gross Value Added<ref name="fn_4" />
! Agriculture<ref name="fn_1" />
! Industry<ref name="fn_2" />
! Services<ref name="fn_3" />
|-
| 1995
| '''44,160'''
| 51
| 10,801
| 33,307
|-
| 2000
| '''60,304'''
| 43
| 12,529
| 47,732
|-
| 2003
| '''67,582'''
| 39
| 13,081
| 54,462
|}
=== Area ===
The area of Greater London has not changed significantly since its creation. There have been a [[List of Greater London boundary changes|considerable number of small boundary changes]]. The most significant of these were the 1969 transfers of [[Knockholt]] to Kent and [[Farleigh, Surrey|Farleigh]] to Surrey<ref>The Greater London, Kent and Surrey Order, 1962</ref> and a series of minor adjustments during the 1990s which realigned the boundary to the [[M25 motorway]] in some places.
== Environment ==
The majority of Greater London forms the [[London low emission zone]] from [[4 February]] [[2008]].
== Education ==
The education system has been split into the thirty three separate [[Local education authority|LEA]]s, which correspond to the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, since the 1990 enactment of the [[Education Reform Act 1988]].<ref name=tomlinson>Tomlinson, S., ''Education in a post-welfare society'', (2001)</ref> From 1965 to 1990, twelve Inner London boroughs and the City of London had been served by an [[Inner London Education Authority]].<ref name=tomlinson/> The introduction of comprehensive schools, directed by [[Circular 10/65]] in 1965, was mostly followed in Greater London, however 19 grammar schools have been retained in some [[Outer London]] boroughs.<ref>BBC News - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2763973.stm What future for grammar schools?]. 15 February 2003.</ref> At [[GCSE]] and A level, Outer London boroughs have broadly better results than [[Inner London]] boroughs.<ref>OFSTED, ''[http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/assets/Internet_Content/Shared_Content/Files/imp_lndndschls_0006.pdf Improvements in London schools 2000–06]'', (2006)</ref>
== Wider population ==
Greater London is not exactly coterminous with London's built up area and a somewhat wider [[Greater London Urban Area]] has been defined and is used for mainly statistical purposes. London's wider metropolitan area is known as the [[London commuter belt]] and is delimited by a variety of definitions.
== See also ==
* [[Greater London Urban Area]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
{{portal|London}}
* [http://www.london.gov.uk/ Greater London Authority]
* [http://www.greaterlondononline.co.uk/ Greater London Online - London Community News, Information and Business Directory]
{{England_counties}}
{{London}}
{{London history}}
{{United_Kingdom_regions}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Counties of England]]
[[Category:Geography of London]]
[[Category:Government Office Regions]]
[[Category:Local government in London]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of England]]
[[Category:NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:UK planning interested parties]]
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