Green
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/65.32.200.134|65.32.200.134]] to last version by ClueBot (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
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{{infobox color
|title=Green
|textcolor=Black
|pic=Image:Color icon green.svg
|wavelength=520–570
|symbolism=[[nature]], [[growth]], [[hope]], [[youth]], [[Illness|sickness]], [[health]], [[Go (verb)|go]], [[Islam]], [[environmentalism]] and [[envy]]<ref name = diction/><ref name = OED/><ref name = Islam/>
|bgcolor=00FF00
|hex= 008000 (HTML/CSS)<br>#00FF00 (X11)
|r= 0|g=128~255|b= 0 |sRGB=1
|c=Not|m=possible|y=in|k=CMYK
|h=120|s=100|v=50~100
|source=[[Web colors#HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]<ref name="css3-color">[http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4 W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords]. W3C. (May 2003). Retrieved on [[2007-12-01]].</ref><br>[[X11 color names]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cvsweb.xfree86.org/cvsweb/*checkout*/xc/programs/rgb/rgb.txt?rev=1.1 | title = X11 rgb.txt}}</ref>
}}
'''Green''' is a [[color]], the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a [[wavelength]] of roughly 520–570-[[Nanometre|nm]]. In the [[subtractive color]] system, it is not a primary color, but is created out of a mixture of [[yellow]] and [[blue]], or yellow and [[cyan]]; it is considered one of the [[additive color|additive]] [[primary color]]s. On the [[HSV color space|HSV color wheel]], the [[Complementary color|complement]] of green is [[magenta]]; that is, a [[purple]] color corresponding to an equal mixture of [[red]] and [[blue]] light. On a [[color wheel]] based on traditional color theory ([[RYB]]), the complementary color to green is considered to be [[red]].<ref name = wheel>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Glossary Term: Color wheel
| work =
| publisher =Sanford Corp.
| date =2005
| url =http://www.sanford-artedventures.com/study/g_color_wheel.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-22 }}</ref>
The word ''green'' is closely related to the [[Old English]] verb ''growan'', “to grow”. It is used to describe plants or the ocean. Sometimes it can also describe someone who is inexperienced, jealous, or sick. In America, ''green'' is a [[Slang|slang term]] for money, among other things. Several colloquialisms have derived from these meanings, such as “green around the gills”, a phrase used to describe a person who looks ill.
Several [[minerals]] have a green color, including the [[emerald]], which is colored green by its [[chromium]] content. Animals such as frogs, lizards, and other reptiles and amphibians, fish, insects, and birds, appear green because of a mixture of layers of blue and green coloring on their skin. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is [[chlorophyll]], the chemical by which plants [[photosynthesis|photosynthesize]]. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as [[camouflage]].
Culturally, green has broad and sometimes contradictory meanings. In some cultures, green symbolizes hope and growth, while in others, it is associated with death, sickness, [[envy]] or the [[devil]]. The most common associations, however, are found in its ties to nature. For example, [[Islam]] venerates the color, as it expects paradise to be full of lush greenery. Green is also associated with regeneration, fertility and rebirth for its connections to nature. Recent political groups have taken on the color as symbol of environmental protection and social justice, and consider themselves part of the [[Green politics|Green movement]], some naming themselves [[Green party|Green parties]]. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or [[environmentally friendly]], products.
==Etymology and definitions==
[[Image:Traffic Light Euro.jpg|thumb|right|upright|In [[traffic light]]s, green means "go".]]
The word ''green'' comes from the [[Old English]] word ''grene'', or, in its older form, ''groeni''. This adjective is closely related to the Old English verb ''growan'' (“to grow’) and goes back into Western Germanic and [[North Germanic languages|Scandinavian languages]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =Harper
| first =Douglas
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Online Etymology Dictionary
| work =
| publisher =
| date =November 2001
| url =http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=green&searchmode=none
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-22}}</ref> The word designates the color on the visible light [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectrum]] situated between [[blue]] and [[yellow]]. It is often used to describe foliage and the sea, and has become a symbol of [[environmentalism]]. It also is combined with other color names to increase specificity, as in “blue-green”, or with objects, as in “emerald green”. Green is also used to describe jealousy and envy, as well as anyone young, inexperienced, or gullible (probably by analogy to unripe, i.e. unready or immature, fruit).<ref name = diction>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Results for "green"
| work =Dictionary.com
| publisher =Lexico Publishing Corp.
| date =2007
| url =http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/green
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-22}}</ref> Green is sometimes associated with nausea and sickness.<ref>Ford, Mark. Self Improvement of Relationship Skills through Body Language. City: Llumina Press, 2004. ISBN 1932303790 pg. 81</ref> Lastly, green can communicate safety to proceed, as in [[traffic light]]s.<ref name = OED>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> Overall, greens, along with blues and purples, are frequently described as “cool” colors, in contrast to red and yellow.<ref name = brit/> Some languages have no word separating green from blue (see [[blue-green across cultures]]).<ref name = brit/>
The word green is found in several colloquial phrases derived from these meanings: in [[golf]], the region of [[grass]] around the hole is trimmed short and referred to as the ''putting green'', or simply, the ''green''.<ref name = diction/> Someone who works well with plants is said to have a ''green thumb'' or ''green fingers'', a physically-ill person is said to look ''green around the gills'', and the word ''greenhorn'' refers to an inexperienced person.<ref name = OED/> A company is ''[[greenwash]]ing'' if they advertise positive environmental practices to cover up environmental destruction.<ref>The article on [[greenwash]]ing discusses several examples.</ref>
''Green with envy'' highlights another emotional association, which [[William Shakespeare]] had first described as the "green-eyed monster" in ''[[Othello]]'' and ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]''.<ref name="deVries76"/>
[[Image:Usdollar100front.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The United States 100 dollar note, like all other American dollar bills, is historically green.]]
In areas that use the [[U.S. Dollar]] as currency, green carries a connotation of money, wealth, and [[capitalism]], because green is the color of [[United States]] [[banknotes]], giving rise to the slang term ''greenback'' for [[cash]].<ref name = diction/> One of the more notable uses of this meaning is found in ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]''. In this story is the [[Emerald City]], where everyone wears tinted glasses to which make everything look green. According to the populist interpretation of the story, the city’s color is used by the author, [[L. Frank Baum]], to illustrate the financial system of America in his day, as he lived in a time when America was debating the use of paper money versus gold.<ref>Carruthers, Bruce G.; Sarah Babb. "The Color of Money and the Nature of Value: Greenbacks and Gold in Postbellum America." ''The American Journal of Sociology.'' (May 1996) 101.6 pgs. 1556-1591</ref>
{{-}}
==In science==
[[Image:MeyerLemon.jpg|thumb|[[Chlorophyll]] is responsible for the green color in plants. This [[lemon]] will gradually turn [[yellow]] as it ripens.]]
===Color vision and colorimetry===
Human eyes have color receptors known as [[cone cell]]s, of which there are three types. In some cases, one is missing or faulty, which can cause [[color blind]]ness, including the common inability to distinguish red and yellow from green, known as [[deuteranopia]] or red–green color blindness.<ref name = brit>The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2002. ISBN 0852297874</ref> Green is restful to the eye. Studies show that a green environment can reduce fatigue.<ref>Laird, Donald A. "Fatigue: Public Enemy Number One: What It Is and How to Fight It." The American Journal of Nursing (Sep 1933) 33.9 pgs. 835-841.</ref>
The [[perception]] of green is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a [[wavelength]] of roughly 520–570 [[Nanometre|nm]]. The sensitivity of the dark-adapted human eye is greatest at about 507 nm, a blue-green color, while the light-adapted eye is most sensitive about 555 nm, a slightly yellowish green; these are the peak locations of the rod and cone (scotopic and photopic, respectively) [[luminosity function]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html | title = Human Vision and Color Perception | work = Olympus Microscopy Resource Center | accessdate = 2007-09-19}}</ref>
Green is considered one of the additive [[primary color]]s, along with red and blue. Additive combination of primary colors can produce most colors. In subtractive color mixtures, green is created by mixing yellow and blue pigments or dyes. On the [[HSV color space|HSV color wheel]], the [[Complementary color|complement]] of green is [[magenta]]; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of [[red]] and [[blue]] light (one of the [[purple]]s). On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be [[red]].<ref name = wheel/>
===In minerals and chemistry===
[[Image:Émeraude (Colombie).jpg|thumb|right|Emeralds come in many shades of green.]]
Many minerals provide [[pigment]]s which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through [[luminescent]] or [[phosphorescent]] qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more famous green minerals, however is the [[emerald]], which is colored green by trace amounts of [[chromium]] and sometimes [[vanadium]].<ref> Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr, & Kammerling, Robert C., 1991, ''Gemology'', p. 203, John Wiley & Sons, New York</ref> Chromium(III) oxide (Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), is called [[Chromium(III) oxide|chrome green]], also called [[viridian]] or institutional green when used as a pigment.<ref>A. F. Holleman and E. Wiberg "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press, 2001, New York.</ref> For many years, the source of [[amazonite]]'s color was a mystery. Naturally, many people assumed the color was due to [[copper]] because copper compounds often have blue and green colors. More recent studies suggest that the blue-green color results from small quantities of [[lead]] and water in the [[feldspar]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Hoffmeister and Rossman | title= | journal=Am. Min. | year=1985 | volume=70 | pages=794–804}}</ref> Copper is also the source of the green color in [[malachite]] pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/malachite.html | title = Malachite | publisher = WebExhibits | year = 2001 | accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref> Early painters would also use copper in the form of [[verdigris]] mixed with [[wax]] and [[turpentine]] to create green pigmentation in paints.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/curesinate.html | title = Copper resinate | publisher = WebExhibits | year = 2001 | accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref> Mixtures of oxidized [[cobalt]] and [[zinc]] were also used to create green paints as early as the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/cogreen.html | title = Cobalt green | publisher = WebExhibits | year = 2001 | accessdate = 2007-12-08}}</ref> A more complete list of green minerals and pigments can be seen [http://webmineral.com/determin/green_minerals.shtml here].
[[Image:Fireworks 2.JPG|thumb|left|Fireworks typically use [[barium]] salts to create green sparks.]]
There is no natural source for green [[food coloring]]s which has been approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]]. Chlorophyll, the [[E number]]s E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/8134foodcoloring.html | title = Food Coloring: Synthetic and natural additives impart a rainbow of possibilities to the foods we eat | first = Victoria | last = Gilman | date = [[2003-08-25]] | accessdate = 2007-12-08 | publisher = [[Chemical & Engineering News]]}}</ref> [[Quinoline Yellow]] (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e104.htm | title = E104 Quinoline Yellow, FD&C Yellow No.10 | publisher = UK Food Guide | accessdate = 2007-12-09 }}</ref> [[Green S]] (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause [[hyperactivity]], [[asthma]], [[urticaria]], and [[insomnia]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e142.htm | title = E142 Green S | publisher = UK Food Guide | accessdate = 2007-12-09 }}</ref>
To create green sparks, [[firework]]s use [[barium]] [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]], such as [[barium chlorate]], [[barium nitrate]] crystals, or [[barium chloride]], also used for green fireplace logs.<ref name=firework/> [[Copper]] salts typically burn blue, but [[cupric chloride]] (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames.<ref name=firework/> Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of [[boron]] and [[potassium nitrate]].<ref name=firework/> Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, [[lactose]], [[magnesium carbonate]] plus [[sodium carbonate]] added to [[potassium chlorate]].<ref name="firework">{{cite web | title = Firework Chemicals (list) | date=2008| publisher = Sylighter, Inc. | accessdate=2008-01-11| url=http://www.skylighter.com/mall/chemicals.asp}}
</ref>
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===In biology===
[[Image:Caerulea3 crop.jpg|thumb|right|Frogs often appear green because light reflects off of a blue underlayer of chemicals and through a yellow upperlayer, filtering the light to be primarily green.]]
Green is common in nature, especially in [[plant]]s. Many plants are green mainly because of a complex chemical known as [[chlorophyll]] which is involved in [[photosynthesis]].<ref name = brit/> Some [[animal]]s are green: these include some [[frog]]s, [[toad]]s, some [[turtle]]s, some [[lizard]]s and [[amphibian]]s, some [[snake]]s, some birds such as [[parrots]], [[caterpillar]]s and some [[insect]]s such as [[praying mantis]]. [[Green algae]] and green [[plankton]] are important food sources at the bottom of the [[food chain]]. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be effected by the environment surrounding. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. [[Turacoverdin]] is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially.<ref name = brit/> Invertebrates, such as insects or mollusks, often display green colors because of [[Porphyrin]] pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are [[flavins]] (lychochromes) and [[hemanovadin]].<ref name = brit/> Animals typically use the color green as [[camouflage]], blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment.<ref name = brit/> Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include [[biliverdin]], the green [[pigment]] in [[bile]], and [[ceruloplasmin]], a [[protein]] that carries [[copper]] [[ion]]s in [[chelation]].
==Green in culture==
[[Image:Michael Pacher 004.jpg|thumb|left|In the fifteenth century "[[Saint Augustine]] and the Devil" by [[Michael Pacher]], the [[Devil]] is green. Poets such as [[Chaucer]] also drew connections between the color green and the devil.<ref>Robertson, D. W. Jr. "Why the Devil Wears Green." ''Modern Language Notes.'' (Nov 1954) 69.7 pgs. 470-472</ref>]]
===Western===
In many folklores and literatures, green has traditionally been used to symbolize nature and its embodied attributes, namely those of life, fertility, and rebirth. Green is a [[metaphor]] for "young" in Portuguese as well as English, hence [[Vinho Verde]] (literally "green wine") which in its export version is mostly a [[white wine]] (and, because of its name, sometimes misreported as being pale green).{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Green was symbolic of resurrection and immortality in [[Ancient Egypt]]; the god [[Osiris]] was depicted as green-skinned.<ref name="deVries76">{{cite book |last=de Vries |first=Ad |title=Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery |year=1976 |pages=p. 226-28|publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-7204-8021-3}}</ref> Stories of the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]] further portray it as representing love<ref>Chamberlin, Vernon A. “Symbolic Green: A Time-Honored Characterizing Device in Spanish Literature.” ''Hispania.'' 51.1 (Mar 1968) pp. 29-37</ref> and the base, natural desires of man.<ref>Goldhurst, William. “The Green and the Gold: The Major Theme of Gawain and the Green Knight.” ''College English.'' 20.2 (Nov 1958) pp. 61-65 doi:10.2307/372161</ref> Green is also known to have signified [[witchcraft]], devilry and evil for its association with [[faeries]] and spirits of early [[English folklore]]. It also had an association with decay and toxicity.<ref name=evil>Williams, Margaret. The Pearl Poet, His Complete Works. Random House, 1967.</ref> Actor [[Bela Lugosi]] wore green-hued makeup for the role of [[Dracula]] in the 1927-28 Broadway stage production.<ref>{{cite book | last = Skal | first= David J. |year = 1990| title = Hollywood Gothic: The Tangled Web of Dracula from Novel to Stage to Screen| pages = p. 85 | publisher = Andre Deutch| isbn= 0-233-98766-5}}</ref> The color, when combined with gold, is seen as representing the fading away of youth.<ref>Lewis, John S. "Gawain and the Green Knight." ''College English.'' 21.1 (Oct 1959) pp. 50–51</ref> In the [[Celtic mythology|Celtic tradition]], green was avoided in clothing for its superstitious association with misfortune and death.<ref name = knight>''The Idea of the Green Knight'', Lawrence Besserman, ELH, Vol. 53, No. 2. (Summer, 1986), pp. 219-239. The Johns Hopkins University Press.</ref><ref>''Why The Devil Wears Green'', D. W. Robertson Jr., Modern Language Notes, Vol. 69, No. 7. (Nov., 1954), pp. 470-472. The Johns Hopkins University Press.</ref> Green is thought to be an unlucky color in British and British-derived cultures,<ref>"Folklore and Symbolism of Green," by John Hutchings in ''Folklore'', 1997, 108:55.</ref> where green cars, wedding dresses, and theater costumes are all the objects of superstition.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.snopes.com/autos/cursed/green.asp | title = Green is an unlucky color for automobiles | publisher = [[Snopes.com]] | date = [[2007-02-27]]| accessdate = 2007-04-03 }}</ref> In high schools in the [[United States]] during the [[1960s]], it was widely believed that if someone wore green on Thursdays, it meant that they were [[Homosexuality|homosexual]].<ref> Grahn, Judy ''Another Mother Tongue''. New York: 1990. Beacon Press. This book discusses the origins of this curious belief.</ref> [[List of Spider-Man enemies|Spider-Man villains]] were often colored green to represent a contrast to the hero's red.<ref>{{cite news | author = Sean Elliott | title = Spectacular Spider-Man producer Victor Cook unmasks Spider secrets - Part 2 | publisher = iF Magazine | date = [[2008-04-11]] | url = http://www.ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=2718 | accessdate=2008-04-12}}</ref>
===Eastern===
In some Asian cultures the color green is often used as a symbol of sickness and/or nausea;<ref>Kalb, Ira. Creating Your Own Marketing Makes Good $ & Sense. City: K & A Press, 1989. ISBN 0924050012 pg. 210</ref> however, in China, green is associated with the east, with sunrise, and with life and growth.<ref>Yoon, Hong-Key. The Culture of Feng-Shui in Korea. Lexington: Lexington Books, 2006. ISBN 0739113488 pg. 27</ref> Many Asian languages have no word [[Distinguishing blue from green in language|distinguishing blue from green]], though recently published dictionaries do make the distinction.<ref>Newman, Paul and Martha Ratliff. Linguistic Fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0521669375 pg. 105</ref> ({{lang-th|'''เขียว'''}}) besides meaning Green also means rank and smelly and other unpleasant associations.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =English - Thai Dictionary OnLine
| work =
| publisher =4M System
| date =2007
| url =http://english-thai-dictionary.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=4f45ab7ea8c50b85369a44a3453bdb91&
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-30}}</ref> In [[Ancient China]], green was the symbol of East and Wood, one of the main five colors. The Chinese term for “cuckold” sounds similar to the Chinese for “wearing a green hat”. It is because of this that it is extremely rare to see any Chinese man wearing a green hat.<ref>{{cite web
| last =Gee
| first =Marcus
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| title =Green hats and other ways to blow a deal in China
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| publisher =Scripps Newspaper Group Online
| date = 29 Aug 2007
| url =http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/26365
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| accessdate = 2007-11-22 }}</ref>
===Nationality and politics===
{{main|Green politics|Green party}}
[[Image:Greenflags.png|thumb|450px|'''Countries with green flags:'''
{{Legend|#00ff00|Used in [[Green in Islam|honor of the Islamic religion]]|border=1px solid #AAA}}
{{Legend|#009900|[[Pan-African colours|Pan-African colors]] (red, black, and green)|border=1px solid #AAA}}
{{Legend|#00ff8a|Other, most commonly to represent either lush national vegetation or heraldry|border=1px solid #AAA}}]]
Green has become the symbolic color of [[environmentalism]], chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The [[Green Party]] is any of various political parties emphasizing [[ecology movement|ecology]], [[grassroots democracy]], [[nonviolence]], and [[social justice]]. Green Parties, now active in over one hundred countries, are more broadly included in the green movement, and most are members of the [[Global Greens|Global Green Network]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Global Greens Charter
| work =
| publisher =Global Greens Conference
| date =2001
| url =http://www.global.greens.org.au/charter.htm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-22}}</ref>
The association of green with advocates of the environment has extended to other circles as well, as is the case with [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople]], who is often referred to as the “Green Patriarch” because the new environmental focus which he brought about within the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =Howden
| first =Daniel
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =The Green Patriarch - Bartholomew I
| work =
| publisher =BBC News
| date =12 June 2002
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2040567.stm
| format =
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| accessdate = 2007-11-22 }}</ref>
Several countries use green on their flags for symbolic or cultural reasons. Green, for example is one of the three colors (along with red and black, or red and gold)) of [[Pan-Africanism]]. Several [[African]] countries thus use the color on their flags, including [[South Africa]], [[Ghana]], [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Togo]], [[Guinea]], [[Benin]], and [[Zimbabwe]]. The [[Pan-African colours|Pan-African colors]] are borrowed from the [[Flag of Ethiopia|Ethiopian flag]], one of the oldest independent African countries. Green in these cases represents the natural richness of Africa.<ref>Murrell, Nathaniel et.al. Chanting down Babylon. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998. ISBN 1566395844 pg. 135</ref>
[[Image:Heraldic Shield Vert.svg|left|thumb|122px|Vert tincture]]
Many flags of the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam.<ref>Matthews, John. The Quest for the Green Man. Wheaton: Quest Books, 2001. ISBN 0835608255 pg. 30</ref>
The [[flag of Libya]] consists of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It is the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details.
Other countries use flags for reasons of heraldry, or to represent lush national vegetation. In [[heraldry]], green is called ''[[vert]]'' (French for "green"). Fourteenth century documents describe vert as a symbol of "jolliness and youth, but also of beauty and shame" as well as of death. Vert is used for the flags of Wales and Hungary, and is the basis for the [[Flag of Brazil|Brazilian flag]] as well.<ref>Miller, Dean. The Epic Hero. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 0801862396 pgs. 289-290</ref><ref>Brault, Gerard J. (1997). ''Early Blazon: Heraldic Terminology in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries'', (2nd ed.). Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-711-4.</ref> Other countries using green in their flags use it to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the [[flag of Jamaica]],<ref>Smith, Whitney. Flag Lore of All Nations. Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 2001. ISBN 0761317538 pg. 49</ref> and hope in the future, as in the [[flag of Nigeria]].<ref>Amienyi, Osabuohien. Communicating National Integration. City: Ashgate Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0754644251 pg. 43</ref>
Green is a symbol of [[Ireland]], which is often referred to as the “Emerald Isle”. The color is particularly identified with the [[Fianna Fáil|republican]] and [[nationalist]] traditions in modern times. It is used this way on the flag of the Republic of Ireland, in balance with [[white]] and the Protestant [[orange (colour)|orange]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Guidelines for Use of the National Flag
| work =
| publisher =Irish Government
| date =
| url =http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/attached_files/RTF%20files/The%20National%20Flag.rtf
| format =RTF
| doi =
| accessdate = 2006-12-11 }}</ref> Green is a strong trend in the Irish holiday [[Saint Patrick's Day|St. Patrick’s Day]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =The History of St. Patrick's Day
| work =
| publisher =OttawaPlus
| date =2007
| url =http://www.ottawaplus.ca/feature/st_patrick/103/history_lore.jsp
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-22 }}</ref>
===Religion and philosophy===
[[Image:Flag of Libya.svg|thumb|The [[Libyan flag]] is completely green, in honor of Islam's veneration of the color.]]
Green is considered the traditional color of [[Islam]], likewise because of its association with [[nature]]. This is for several reasons. First, [[Muhammad]] is reliably quoted in a [[hadith]] as saying that “water, greenery, and a beautiful face” were three universally good things.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Wilson
| first =Peter Lamborn
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = CLOUD PAPERS FOR PHILIP TAAFFE
| work =
| publisher =
| date =
| url =http://www.philiptaaffe.info/Critical_Commentary/PLW.php
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-30 }}</ref> In the [[Qur'an]], [[sura]] [[Al-Insan]], believers in [[God in Islam|God]] in [[Paradise]] wear fine green [[silk]].<ref name = Islam>{{cite web
| last =Khalifa
| first =Rashad (trans)
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Sura 76, The Human (Al-Insaan)
| work =Quran The Final Testament
| publisher =
| date =
| url =http://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/noframes/ch76.html#21
| format =
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| accessdate = 2007-11-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Khalifa
| first =Rashad (trans)
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Sura 18, The Cave (Al-Kahf)
| work =Quran The Final Testament
| publisher =masjidtuscon
| date =
| url =http://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/noframes/ch18.html#31
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-30 }}</ref> Also, [[Al-Khidr]] (“The Green One”), is a [[Qur’an]]ic figure who met and traveled with [[Moses]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =Catherine
| first =David
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Al-Khidr, The Green Man
| work =
| publisher =
| date =
| url =http://khidr.org/
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-30 }}</ref> The flag of [[Hamas]],<ref>Friedland, Roger and Richard Hecht. To Rule Jerusalem. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. ISBN 0520220927 pg. 461</ref> as well as the [[flag of Iran]], is green, symbolizing their [[Islamism|Islamist]] ideology.<ref>Kaplan, Leslie C. Iran. ISBN 1404255486 pg. 22</ref>
In the [[metaphysics]] of the "[[New Age]] Prophetess", [[Alice Bailey]], in her system called the [[Seven Rays]] which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical personality types, the "third ray" of "creative intelligence" is represented by the color green. People who have this metaphysical personality type are said to be "on the Green Ray".<ref>{{cite book | last = Bailey| first= Alice A. | authorlink = Alice Bailey | title = The Seven Rays of Life | location= New York| year= 1995 |publisher = Lucis Publishing Company | isbn = 0853301425}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], Green is used to symbolically represent the fourth, heart [[chakra]] ([[Anahata]]).<ref>Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. ISBN 1894663497 pg. 24</ref> [[Psychic]]s who claim to be able to observe the [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] with their [[third eye]] report that someone with a green aura is typically someone who is in an occupation related to health, such as a physician or nurse, as well as people who are lovers of nature and the outdoors.<ref>[[Swami Panchadasi]] ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois, USA:1912--Yogi Publications Society Page 35</ref>
Also, [[Roman Catholic]] and more traditional [[Protestant]] clergy wear green [[vestments]] at liturgical celebrations during [[Ordinary Time]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Diocese of The British Isles and Europe
| work =
| publisher =Anglican Independent Communion
| date =
| url =http://www.aic.btik.com/p_Campaign.ikml
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-30 }}</ref> In the [[Eastern Catholic Church]], green is the color of [[Pentecost]].<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Liturgical Vestment Colors of the Orthodox Church
| work =
| publisher =
| date =2004
| url =http://aggreen.net/vestment/liturgical_colors.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-30 }}</ref> Green is one of the [[Christmas]] colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green [[holly]] and [[evergreen]] as decorations for their [[winter solstice]] celebration called [[Saturnalia]], which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration.<ref>Collins, Ace and Clint Hansen. Stories behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003. ISBN 0310248809 pg. 77</ref>
== See also ==
{{EMSpectrum}}
{{web colors}}
{{Shades of green}}
== Notes and references ==
{{reflist|2}}
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|green}}
[[Category:Shades of green| ]]
[[Category:Optical spectrum]]
[[af:Groen]]
[[ar:أخضر]]
[[an:Berde]]
[[arc:ܝܪܘܩܐ]]
[[gn:Hovyũ]]
[[ay:Ch'uxña]]
[[az:Yaşıl]]
[[zh-min-nan:Chheⁿ-sek]]
[[bs:Zelena]]
[[bg:Зелен цвят]]
[[ca:Verd]]
[[cs:Zelená]]
[[ch:Betde]]
[[cy:Gwyrdd]]
[[da:Grøn]]
[[de:Grün]]
[[et:Roheline]]
[[el:Πράσινο]]
[[es:Verde]]
[[eo:Verdo]]
[[eu:Berde]]
[[fa:سبز]]
[[fr:Vert]]
[[fur:Vert]]
[[gl:Verde]]
[[ko:녹색]]
[[hak:Liu̍k-set]]
[[hi:हरा]]
[[id:Hijau]]
[[it:Verde]]
[[he:ירוק]]
[[jv:Ijo]]
[[ht:Vèt]]
[[ku:Kesk]]
[[la:Viridis]]
[[lb:Gréng]]
[[lt:Žalia]]
[[ln:Lángi la mpɔndú]]
[[hu:Zöld]]
[[mk:Зелена боја]]
[[mt:Aħdar]]
[[mr:हिरवा]]
[[ms:Hijau]]
[[nah:Xoxoctic]]
[[myv:Пиже]]
[[nl:Groen (kleur)]]
[[ja:緑]]
[[ce:Баьццара]]
[[no:Grønn]]
[[nn:Grøn]]
[[nrm:Vèrt]]
[[nds:Gröön]]
[[pl:Barwa zielona]]
[[pt:Verde]]
[[ro:Verde]]
[[qu:Q'umir]]
[[ru:Зелёный цвет]]
[[scn:Virdi]]
[[simple:Green]]
[[sk:Zelená]]
[[sl:Zelena]]
[[sr:Зелена боја]]
[[su:Héjo]]
[[fi:Vihreä]]
[[sv:Grön]]
[[ta:பச்சை]]
[[th:สีเขียว]]
[[vi:Xanh lá cây]]
[[tg:Сабз]]
[[tr:Yeşil]]
[[uk:Зелений колір]]
[[ur:سبز]]
[[wo:Wert]]
[[yi:גרין]]
[[zh-yue:綠]]
[[zh:綠色]]