Griot 475671 223654741 2008-07-05T02:52:38Z VincentValentine29 2157327 [[WP:AWB/T|typo fixing]] / clean up, typos fixed: indiginous → indigenous, african → African using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{dablink|This article is about the West African poets. For the rapper, see [[Griot (rapper)]].}} [[Image:BaobabGriots.jpg|thumb|right|260px|This ancient [[Baobab]] tree in the ''Réserve de Bandia'', Sénégal, forms a living mausoleum for the remains of famed local Griots.]] [[Image:GriotFête.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Senegalese [[Wolof]] griot, 1890]] [[Image:GriotsSambala.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Griots of Sambala, king of Médina ([[Fula]] people, [[Mali]]), 1890.]] [[Image:Diffa Niger Griot DSC 0177.jpg|thumb|right|260px|A modern Griot performs at [[Diffa]], [[Niger]], playing a [[Ngoni]] or [[Xalam]].]] A '''griot''' ([[Help:IPA|pronounced]] {{IPA|/gɹi.ɒ/}} in [[English language|English]] or {{IPA|[ɡʁi.o]}} in [[French language|French]], with a [[Silent letter|silent t]]) or '''jeli''' (''djeli'' or ''djéli'' in French spelling) is a [[West Africa]]n [[poet]], praise singer, and wandering [[musician]], considered a repository of [[oral history|oral tradition]]. As such they are sometimes also called [[bards]]. According to Paul Oliver in his book "Savannah Syncopators", "Though [the griot] has to know many traditional songs without error, he must also have the ability to extemporize on current events, chance incidents and the passing scene. His wit can be devastating and his knowledge of local history formidable." Although they are popularly known as 'praise singers', griots may also use their vocal expertise for gossip, satire, or political comment. Griots today live in many parts of West Africa, including [[Mali]], the [[Gambia]], [[Guinea]], [[Western Sahara]] and [[Senegal]], and are present among the [[Mande]] peoples ([[Mandinka people|Mandinka]], [[Malinké]], [[Bambara]], etc.), [[Fula people|Fulɓe]] (Fula), [[Hausa]], [[Toucouleur|Tukulóor]], [[Wolof people|Wolof]], [[Serer]], [[Mauritania]]n Arabs and many other smaller groups. The word may derive from the [[French language|French]] transliteration "guiriot" of the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word "criado," which in turn means "servant." In African languages, griots are referred to by a number of names: '''jeli''' in northern Mande areas, '''jali''' in southern Mande areas, '''guewel''' in [[Wolof language|Wolof]], '''gawlo''' in [[Fula language|Pulaar]] (Fula), and '''igiiw''' (or igawen) in [[Hassaniyya]] [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. Griots form an [[endogamous]] [[caste]], meaning that most of them only marry fellow griots and that those who are not griots do not normally perform the same functions that they perform. ==Griots and jeliya== The [[Manding languages|Manding]] term ''jeliya'' (meaning "musicianhood") is sometimes used for the knowledge of griots, indicating the hereditary nature of the class. ''Jeliya'' comes from the root word ''jeli'' or ''djeli'' (blood), which is also the title given to griots in areas corresponding to the former [[Mali Empire]]. Though the usage "griot" is far more common in English, some griot advocates such as [[Bakari Sumano]] prefer the term ''jeli''. ==In the Mali Empire== The [[Mali Empire]] (Malinke Empire), at its height in the middle of the [[fourteenth century]], extended from [[central Africa]] (today's [[Chad]] and [[Niger]]) to West Africa (today's [[Mali]] and [[Senegal]]). The Empire was founded by [[Sundjata Keita]], whose exploits remain celebrated in Mali even today. In the [[Epic of Sundiata|Epic of Sundjata]], King [[Naré Maghann Konaté]] offered his son Sundiata a griot, [[Balla Fasséké]], to advise him in his reign. [[Balla Fasséké]] is thus considered the first griot and the founder of the Kouyaté line of griots that exists to this day. Each family of griots accompanied a family of warrior-kings, which they called ''jatigi''. In traditional culture, no griot can be without ''jatigi'', and no ''jatigi'' can be without a griot; the two are inseparable, and worthless without the other. However, the ''jatigi'' can accept a "loan" of his griot to another ''jatigi''. Most villages also had their own griot, who told tales of births, deaths, marriages, battles, hunts, affairs, and hundreds of other folktales. == Griots/Jeli in Mande Society == The Jeli in Mande society was as a historian, advisor, arbitrator, praise singer (patronage), and storyteller. Essentially, these musicians were walking history books, preserving their ancient stories and traditions through song. Their inherited tradition was passed down through generations. Their name, "Jeli", means "Blood" in the Manika language. They were said to have deep connections to spiritual, social, or political powers as music is associated as such. Speech is also said to have power as it can recreate history and relationships. ==Griots today== Bakari Sumano, head of the Association of Bamako Griots from [[1994]] to [[2003]], was an internationally-known advocate for the importance of the griot in West African society. ==In popular culture== In the [[Mali]]an film ''[[Guimba the Tyrant]]'' directed by [[Cheick Oumar Sissoko]], the storytelling is done through the village griot, who also serves to provide comic relief. In the late novels of the [[Ivory Coast|Ivorian]] writer [[Ahmadou Kourouma]], ''Waiting for the Wild Beasts to Vote'' takes the form of a praise-song by the Sora, the Griot, Bingo to the president-Dictator of the fictitious République du Golfe. His final novel ''Allah is not Obliged'' also prominently features a griot character. There are also references in the Alex Haley's book ''[[Roots: The Saga of an American Family|Roots]]'' of a Griot that passed his family history through oral tradition. When Haley traces back his history, passing from his previous generation through the slave time, back to Africa, he thought there should be griots telling his history and the history of his ancestor, known in the family as "The African", who was captured in the bushes when he was seeking timber to make a talking drum. When he arrived in Africa to make researches to his book, he actually found Griots telling his history. It was through them he learned the ancestor's identity, ''[[Kunta Kinte]]''. Since he had first heard the story from his grandmother and later refreshed by his older cousin, he believed that they were griots in their own way until someone put the story to writing. He later learned that his cousin had died within the hour of his arrival at the village. In [[Paule Marshall]]'s ''Praisesong for the Widow,'' the protagonist Avatara (Avey) might take on some of the characteristics of a griot, especially in her commitment to passing on to her grandchildren her aunt's oral story of the Ibos at the Landing, in which Africans brought to the U.S. Sea Islands to be slaves promptly turned around and walked back to Africa over the water. [[Image:Papa1999.bJPG.jpg| thumb|[[Mandinka]] [[Griot]] Al-Haji [[Papa Susso]] performing songs from the oral tradition of the [[Gambia]] on the [[kora]]]] == List of griot artists/groups == * [[Ayaléw Mèsfin]] (Ethiopia) * [[Abdoulaye Diabaté]] (Mali) * [[Cheick Hamala Diabaté]] (Mali) * [[Alassane Sarr]] (Senegal) * [[Ali Farka Touré]] (?) * [[Alpha Oulare]] (Guinea) * [[Afel Bocoum]] (Mali) * [[Gokh-Bi System]] (Senegal) * [[Amadu Bansang Jobarteh]] (Gambia) * [[Baaba Maal]] (Senegal) * [[Ba Cissoko]] (Guinea) * [[Baba Sissoko]] (Mali) * [[Badenya les Frères Coulibaly]] (Burkina Faso) * [[Balla Kouyate]] (Mali) * [[Balla Tounkara]] (Mali) * [[Boubacar Diabate]] (Mali) * [[Boubacar Traoré]] (Mali) * [[Daby Balde]] (Senegal) * [[Dan Maraya]] (Nigeria) * [[Dembo Jobarteh]] (Gambia) * [[Dimi Mint Abba]] (Mauritania) * [[Djeli Moussa]] * [[Djelimady Tounkara]] (Mali) * [[Djimo Kouyate]] (Senegal) * [[Dou Dou N'Diaye Rose]] (Senegal) * [[El Hadj Djeli Sory Kouyate]] (Guinea) * [[Etran Finatawa]] (Niger) * [[Foday Musa Suso]] (Gambia) * [[Habib Koité]] (Mali) * [http://www.jumbierecords.com/artists/kakande.html Famoro Dioubaté's Kakande] (Guinea/New York) * [[Kasse Mady Diabate]] (Mali) * [[Lamin Saho]] (Gambia) * [[Malamini Jobarteh]] (Gambia) * [http://www.mamadoukora.com/index.html Mamadou Diabate] (Mali) * [[Mamadou Lynx N'Diaye]] (Senegal) * [[Mory Kanté]] (Guinea) * [[Mansour Seck]] * [[Mariem Hassan]] (Western Sahara) * [[N'Faly Kouyate]] (Guinea) * [[National Instrumental Ensemble of Guinea]] (Guinea) * [[Nuru Kane]] (Senegam) * [[Oumou Sangare]] (Mali) * [[Papa Susso]] (?) * [[Pape Kanoutè]] (Senegal) * [[Prince Diabaté]] (Guinea) * [[Rokia Traoré]] (Mali) * [[Salif Keita]] * [[Salieu Suso]] (Gambia) * [[Backa Niang]] (Senegal) * [[Sanjally Jobarteh]] (Gambia) * [[Seikou Susso]] (Gambia) * [[Sherrifo Konteh]] (Gambia) * [[Toumani Diabaté]] (Mali) * [[Vieux Diop]] (Senegal) * [[Yacouba Sissoko]] (Mali) ==See also== *[[List of Sub-Saharan African folk music traditions]] * [[Ahmadou Kourouma]] *The [[skald]]s performed a similar function in Scandinavian societies. *[[Marabout]], another [[caste]] of the indigenous African [[society|societies]] ==External links== *Lavender, Catherine (2000). [http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/griotimages.html "African Griot Images." (Webpage for a course at CSI/CUNY)] *Salmons, Catherine A. (2004). [http://www.mali-music.com/Cat/CatB/BallaTounkara_En.htm Balla Tounkara "Griot"] *[http://www.djembefola.com/jeliya.htm The Maninka and Mandinka Jali/Jeli] *[http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/CoursePack/coursepackpast/keita.htm Keita: The Heritage of the Griot] - Film Notes ==References== *Charry, Eric S. (2000). ''Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa.'' Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology. Includes audio CD. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. *Hale, Thomas A. (1998). ''Griots and Griottes: Masters of Words and Music.'' Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press *Hoffman, Barbara G. (2001). ''Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation and Caste in Mande.'' Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press *[[Freestyle Fellowship]]'s second album is entitled ''[[Innercity Griots]]'']. [[Category:Gambian culture]] [[Category:Guinean culture]] [[Category:Malian culture]] [[Category:Ivorian culture]] [[Category:Nigerien culture]] [[Category:Sahrawi culture]] [[Category:Senegalese culture]] [[bm:Jèli]] [[cs:Griot]] [[de:Griot]] [[es:Griot]] [[fr:Griot]] [[it:Griot]] [[nl:Griot]] [[ja:グリオ]] [[nds:Griot]] [[fi:Griotti]] [[tr:Griot]] [[uk:Гріот]]