Grosbeak
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215330178
2008-05-27T18:55:01Z
Dysmorodrepanis
303688
/* Grosbeak finches */
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{{unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
'''Grosbeak''' is the name given to a [[form taxon]] containing several [[species]] of seed-eating [[passerine]] birds with large [[beak]]s. Although they all belong to the [[superfamily]] [[Passeroidea]], they are not a natural group but rather a [[polyphyletic]] assemblage of distantly related [[songbird]]s.
The following is a list of grosbeak species, arranged in groups of closely related [[genera]]. Note that these genera are more closely related to smaller-billed birds than to other grosbeaks. The single exception are the three genera of "typical grosbeak finches", which indeed form a group of closest living relatives and might thus be considered the "true" grosbeaks.
==Grosbeak finches==
[[image:Abendkernbeisser_m.jpg|right|220px|thumb|[[Evening Grosbeak]], ''Coccothraustes vespertinus'']]
[[image:Pine grosbeak17.jpg|right|220px|thumb|[[Pine Grosbeak]], ''Pinicola enucleator'']]
The [[finch]] [[family (biology)|family]] (Fringillidae) contains 13 living species named "grosbeak":
'''Typical grosbeak finches'''
* The two [[Nearctic]] and one [[Palearctic]] species in the [[genus]] ''[[Coccothraustes]]'':
** [[Evening Grosbeak]], ''C. vespertinus''
** [[Hooded Grosbeak]], ''C. abeillei''
** [[European Grosbeak]] or Hawfinch, ''C. coccothraustes''
* The two species in the [[East Asian]] [[genus]] ''[[Eophona]]'':
** [[Japanese Grosbeak]], ''E. personata''
** [[Chinese Grosbeak]] or Yellow-billed Grosbeak, ''E. migratoria''
* The four species in the [[South Asian]] [[genus]] ''[[Mycerobas]]'':
** [[Black-and-yellow Grosbeak]], ''M. icterioides''
** [[Collared Grosbeak]], ''M. affinis''
** [[Spot-winged Grosbeak]], ''M. melanozanthos''
** [[White-winged Grosbeak]], ''M. carnipes''
'''Grosbeak bullfinch'''
* The [[Pine Grosbeak]], ''Pinicola enucleator'', a pan-[[Holarctic]] pine forest species
'''Grosbeak goldfinches'''
* The three [[golden-winged grosbeak]]s in the genmus ''Rhynchostruthus'', found in northern [[Somalia]], mountains of south-west [[Arabia]] and on the island of [[Socotra]] and often considered a single species:
** [[Somali Grosbeak]], ''R. louisae''
** [[Arabian Grosbeak]], ''R. percivali''
** [[Socotra Grosbeak]], ''R. socotranus''
'''Affiliations unknown'''
* The [[São Tomé Grosbeak]], ''Neospiza concolor'', a [[critically endangered]] [[restricted-range endemic]] found only in forests on the island of [[São Tomé]] off the [[West Africa]]n coast, believed extinct until rediscovered in 1996
Two species in the genus ''[[Serinus]]'' are named "Grosbeak-canaries": the [[Abyssinian Grosbeak-canary]] (''Serinus donaldsoni'') and the [[Southern Grosbeak-canary]] or Kenya Grosbeak-canary (''Serinus buchanani''). The genus ''Serinus'' is somewhat closely related to the golden-winged grosbeaks.
In addition, there are two extinct Fringillidae "grosbeaks": the [[Bonin Grosbeak]] (''Chaunoproctus ferreorostris''), found only on the [[Ogasawara Islands]], which was last recorded in 1832, and the [[Kona Grosbeak]] or Grosbeak Finch (''Chloridops kona''), a [[Hawaiian honeycreeper]], last recorded in 1896.
==Cardinal-grosbeaks==
[[image:Cyanocompsa brissonii.jpg|right|220px|thumb|[[Ultramarine Grosbeak]], ''Cyanocompsa brissonii'']]
[[image:Black-headed Grosbeak.jpg|right|220px|thumb|[[Black-headed Grosbeak]], ''Pheucticus melanocephalus'']]
The [[Cardinal (bird)|cardinal]] family (Cardinalidae) of the [[Americas]] contains the following 17 "grosbeaks":
'''Masked cardinal-grosbeaks'''
* The [[Red-and-black Grosbeak]], ''Periporphyrus erythromelas'' of northern [[South America]]
* The two species in the [[Neotropical]] [[genus]] ''[[Caryothraustes]]'':
** [[Black-faced Grosbeak]], ''C. poliogaster''
** [[Yellow-green Grosbeak]], ''C. canadensis''
* The [[Crimson-collared Grosbeak]], ''Rhodothraupis celaeno'', a [[restricted-range endemic]] found only in eastern [[Mexico]]
'''Blue cardinal-grosbeaks'''
* Two species in the [[Neotropical]] genus ''[[Cyanocompsa]]'' which also contains the [[Blue Bunting]] (''C. parellina''):
** [[Ultramarine Grosbeak]], ''C. brissonii''
** [[Blue-black Grosbeak]], ''C. cyanoides''
* The [[Glaucous-blue Grosbeak]] (''Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea'') of eastern [[South America]]
* One species (sometimes separated in ''Guiraca'') in the genus ''[[Passerina]]'', which also contains the [[North American bunting]]s:
** [[Blue Grosbeak]], ''Passerina caerulea''
'''Typical cardinal-grosbeaks'''
* The six species in the [[genus]] ''[[Pheucticus]]''
** [[Yellow Grosbeak]], ''P. chrysopeplus''
** [[Golden-bellied Grosbeak]], ''P. chrysogaster''
** [[Black-thighed Grosbeak]], ''P. tibialis'', a [[restricted-range endemic]] found only in the highlands of [[Costa Rica]] and [[Panama]]
** [[Black-backed Grosbeak]], ''P. aureoventris''
** [[Rose-breasted Grosbeak]], ''P. ludovicianus''
** [[Black-headed Grosbeak]], ''P. melanocephalus''
==Grosbeak tanagers?==
Three additional species of "grosbeaks" have long been placed in the Cardinalidae, but actually seem to be closer to the [[tanager]] family (Thraupidae):
* Two species in the [[Neotropical]] [[genus]] ''[[Saltator]]'', which also contains the saltators:
** [[Slate-coloured Grosbeak]], ''S. groseus''
** [[Black-throated Grosbeak]], ''S. fuliginosus''
* The [[Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak]], ''Parkerthraustes humeralis'' of [[South America]]
==Grosbeak Weaver==
Finally, the [[weaver (bird)|weaver]] family (Ploceidae) contains a species called the [[Grosbeak Weaver]] (''Amblyospiza albifrons'').
==External links==
* The Burgess Bird Book for Children[http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=burgess&book=bird&story=red&PHPSESSID]
* RoseBreasted Grosbeak [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/i5950id.html]
* All About Birds [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Evening_Grosbeak.html]
* Birds -Everything About Grosbeaks [http://birding.about.com/od/birdsgrosbeaks/Birds_Everything_About_Grosbeaks.htm]
[[Category:Grosbeaks|*]]
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