Ground beetle 417048 225486931 2008-07-13T23:14:45Z Jóna Þórunn 723632 + is: {{Taxobox | name = Ground beetles | image = Carabus auratus with prey.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Golden ground beetle ''[[Carabus auratus]]''<br/>With [[earthworm]] prey | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]] | subordo = [[Adephaga]] | familia = '''Carabidae''' | familia_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802 | subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]] | subdivision = Many genera; see text. }} [[Beetle]]s within the [[Coleoptera]] family '''Carabidae''' are commonly known as '''ground beetles'''. Carabidae is a large family, with more than 40,000 species worldwide (approximately 2,000 of which reside in [[North America]] and 2,700 in [[Europe]])<ref>Kromp, B. 1999. Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation aspects and enhancement. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 187-228</ref>. Most species are carnivorous, and some will run swiftly to catch their prey. Although there is some variation in their body shape and coloring, most are shiny, black (some are metallic), and have ridged [[elytra]] (wing covers). Ground beetles in the genus ''Brachinus'' are commonly known as [[bombardier beetle]]s; they are noted for their defensive ability to squirt a jet of hot foul-smelling liquid from their [[abdomen]]s. Ground beetles in the subfamily [[Cicindelinae]] are known as [[tiger beetle]]s. Unlike most of the other species of Carabidae, which are [[nocturnal]], the tiger beetles are active diurnal hunters, and often brightly coloured. All species except the more primitive [[Paussinae]], have a groove on their front tibiae (leg) bearing a comb of hairs, for cleaning their [[antenna (biology)|antennae]]. Common habitats are under the bark of trees, under logs, or amongst rocks or sand by the edge of ponds and rivers. Ground beetles of the species ''[[Promecognathus laevissimus]]'' are specialised predators of the millipede ''[[Harpaphe haydeniana]]'', countering the [[hydrogen cyanide]] defence mechanism used by the millipede. Ground beetles in the subfamily [[Mormolycinae]] are known as [[violin beetle]]s. ==Pest control== The most effective method of controlling this particular pest is to spray likely points of entry; such as windows, doors and skirting boards with a repellent known as [[Cypermethrin]]. The beauty of this insecticide is that it's not harmful to humans or household pets; and ground beetles hate it. <gallery> Image:Anthia_sexguttata.jpg|''[[Anthia sexguttata]]'' </br>(India) Image:Green_tiger_beetle_1.jpg|Six-spotted green tiger beetle</br>''[[Cicindela sexguttata]]'' Image:Amblytelus species.jpg|Family ''Carabidae'': Subfamily ''Psydrinae'' Genus ''Amblytelini'' </gallery> == Classification == An incomplete list of subfamilies and genera:See also [http://www.itis.gov/ ITIS] {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} * [[Brachininae]] <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Brachinus]]'' <small>Weber, 1801</small> * [[Broscinae]] <small>Hope, 1838</small> ** ''[[Acallistus]]'' <small>Sharp, 1886</small> ** ''[[Adotela]]'' <small>Laporte de Castelnau, 1867</small> ** ''[[Axonya]]'' <small>Andrewes, 1923</small> ** ''[[Baripus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1828</small> ** ''[[Bountya]]'' <small>Townsend, 1971</small> ** ''[[Brithysternum]]'' <small>Macleay, 1873</small> ** ''[[Broscodera]]'' <small>Lindroth, 1961</small> ** ''[[Broscodes]]'' <small>Bolivar, 1914</small> ** ''[[Broscosoma]]'' <small>Rosenhauer, 1846</small> ** ''[[Broscus]]'' <small>Panzer, 1813</small> ** ''[[Brullea]]'' <small>Laporte de Castelnau, 1868</small> ** ''[[Cascellius]]'' <small>Curtis, 1839</small> ** ''[[Cerotalis]]'' <small>Laporte de Castelnau, 1868</small> ** ''[[Chaetobroscus]]'' <small>Semenov, 1900</small> ** ''[[Chylnus]]'' <small>Sloane, 1920</small> ** ''[[Craspedonotus]]'' <small>Schaum, 1863</small> ** ''[[Creobius]]'' <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1838</small> ** ''[[Diglymma]]'' <small>Sharp, 1886</small> ** ''[[Eobroscus]]'' <small>Kruizhanovskií, 1951</small> ** ''[[Eurylychnus]]'' <small>Bates, 1891</small> ** ''[[Gnathoxys]]'' <small>Westwood, 1842</small> ** ''[[Mecodema]]'' <small>Blanchard, 1853</small> ** ''[[Metaglymma]]'' <small>Bates, 1867</small> ** ''[[Microbarypus]]'' <small>Roig-Juñent, 2000</small> ** ''[[Miscodera]]'' <small>Eschscholtz, 1830</small> ** ''[[Nothobroscus]]'' <small>Roig-Juñent & Ball, 1995</small> ** ''[[Nothocascellius]]'' <small>Roig-Juñent, 1995</small> ** ''[[Oregus]]'' <small>Putzeys, 1868</small> ** ''[[Parroa]]'' <small>Laporte de Castelnau, 1868</small> ** ''[[Percolestus]]'' <small>Sloane, 1892</small> ** ''[[Percosoma]]'' <small>Schaum, 1858</small> ** ''[[Promecoderus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1829</small> ** ''[[Rawlinsius]]'' <small>Davidson & Ball, 1998</small> ** ''[[Zacotus]]'' <small>Leconte, 1869</small> * [[Carabinae]] <small>Latreille, 1802</small> ** ''[[Calosoma]]'' <small>Weber, 1801</small> ** ''[[Carabus]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> ** ''[[Cychrus]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1794</small> ** ''[[Leistus]]'' <small>Frölich, 1799</small> ** ''[[Nebria]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> ** ''[[Notiophilus]]'' <small>Dumeril, 1806</small> ** ''[[Pelophila]]'' <small>Dejean, 1821</small> * [[Cicindelinae]] <small>Latreille, 1802</small> ** ''[[Cicindela]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> ** ''[[Cylindera]]'' <small>Westwood, 1831</small> * [[Elaphrinae]] Latreille, 1802</small> ** ''[[Blethisa]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Diacheila]]'' <small>[[Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky|Motschulsky]], 1845</small> ** ''[[Elaphrus]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1775</small> {{col-break}} * [[Harpalinae]] <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Abax (genus)|Abax]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Acupalpus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1829</small> ** ''[[Agonum]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Amara]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Anchomenus]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Anisodactylus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1829</small> ** ''[[Anthracus]]'' <small>[[Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky|Motschulsky]], 1850</small> ** ''[[Badister]]'' <small>Clairville, 1806</small> ** ''[[Blackburnia]]''<!-- Systematics and Biodiversity 2 (2): 175–189 --> ** ''[[Bradycellus]]'' <small>Erichson, 1837</small> ** ''[[Calathus]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Callistus (genus)|Callistus]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1809</small> ** ''[[Calodromius]]'' <small>Reitter, 1905</small> ** ''[[Chlaenius]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Cymindis]]'' <small>Latreille, 1806</small> ** ''[[Demetrias (genus)|Demetrias]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Diachromus]]'' <small>Erichson, 1837</small> ** ''[[Dicheirotrichus]]'' <small>Jacqelin du Val, 1857</small> ** ''[[Dolichus]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Dromius]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Harpalus (genus)|Harpalus]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> ** ''[[Laemostenus]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Lebia]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> ** ''[[Licinus]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> ** ''[[Lionychus]]'' <small>Wissman, 1846</small> ** ''[[Masoreus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1821</small> ** ''[[Microderes]]'' <small>Faldermann, 1835</small> ** ''[[Microlestes]]'' <small>Schmidt-Goebel, 1846</small> ** ''[[Odacantha]]'' <small>Paykull, 1798</small> ** ''[[Olisthopus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1828</small> ** ''[[Oodes]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Ophonus]]'' <small>Stephens, 1828</small> ** ''[[Orthomus]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1838</small> ** ''[[Oxyselaphus]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1843</small> ** ''[[Panagaeus]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> ** ''[[Paradromius]]'' <small>Fowler, 1887</small> ** ''[[Paranchus]]'' <small>Lindroth, 1974</small> ** ''[[Pedius]]'' <small>[[Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky|Motschulsky]], 1850</small> ** ''[[Perigona]]'' <small>Laporte de Castelnau, 1835</small> ** ''[[Philorhizus]]'' <small>Hope, 1838</small> ** ''[[Platyderus]]'' <small>Stephens, 1828</small> ** ''[[Platynus]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Plochionus]]'' <small>Wiedemann, 1823</small> ** ''[[Poecilus]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Pterostichus]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Sericoda]]'' <small>Kirby, 1837</small> ** ''[[Sphodrus]]'' <small>Clairville, 1806</small> ** ''[[Stenolophus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1821</small> ** ''[[Stomis]]'' <small>Clairville, 1806</small> ** ''[[Syntomus]]'' <small>Hope, 1838</small> ** ''[[Synuchus]]'' <small>Gyllenhal, 1810</small> ** ''[[Zabrus]]'' <small>Clairville, 1806</small> * [[Loricerinae]] <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Loricera]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> * [[Omophroninae]] <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Omophron]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> * [[Paussinae]] ** ''[[Arthropterus]]'' <small>Macleay, 1838</small> ** ''[[Megalopaussus]]'' <small>Lea, 1906</small> ** ''[[Mystropomus]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1848</small> ** ''[[Paussus]]'' ** ''[[Sinometrius]]'' <small>Wrase & Schmidt, 2006</small> * [[Psydrinae]] ** ''[[Mecyclothorax]]''<!-- Systematics and Biodiversity 2 (2): 175–189 --> * [[Scaritinae]] <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Dyschirius]]'' <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> {{col-break}} * [[Trechinae]] <small>Bonelli, 1810</small> ** ''[[Aepus]]'' <small>Samouelle, 1819</small> ** ''[[Amerizus]]'' - includes ''Gnatholymnaeum''<!-- Systematics and Biodiversity 2 (2): 175–189 --> ** ''[[Asaphidion]]'' <small>Des Gozis, 1886</small> ** ''[[Bembidion]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small><!-- Systematics and Biodiversity 2 (2): 175–189 --> ** ''[[Blemus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1821</small> ** ''[[Broscus]]'' <small>Panzer, 1813</small> ** ''[[Cillenus]]'' <small>Leach, 1819</small> ** ''[[Miscodera]]'' <small>Eschscholtz, 1830</small> ** ''[[Ocys]]'' <small>Stephens, 1828</small> ** ''[[Patrobus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1821</small> ** ''[[Perileptus]]'' <small>Schaum, 1860</small> ** ''[[Pogonus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1821</small> ** ''[[Porotachys]]'' <small>Netolitzky, 1914</small> ** ''[[Rhysodes]]'' <small>Dejean, 1821</small> ** ''[[Tachyra]]'' <small>[[Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky|Motschulsky]], 1862</small> ** ''[[Tachys]]'' <small>Dejean, 1821</small><!-- Systematics and Biodiversity 2 (2): 175–189 --> ** ''[[Tachyta]]'' <small>Kirby, 1837</small> ** ''[[Trechoblemus]]'' <small>Ganglbauer, 1891</small> ** ''[[Trechosia]]'' <small>Jeannel, 1926</small> ** ''[[Trechus]]'' <small>Clairville, 1806</small> * ''[[incertae sedis]]'' ** ''[[Acinopus]]'' <small>Latreille</small> ** ''[[Agatus]]'' <small>[[Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky|Motschulsky]], 1844</small> ** ''[[Amblystomus]]'' <small>Erichson</small> ** ''[[Apotomus]]'' <small>Illiger</small> ** ''[[Apristus]]'' <small>Chaudoir</small> ** ''[[Aptinus]]'' <small>Bonelli</small> ** ''[[Callisthenes (genus)|Callisthenes]]'' <small>Fischer de Waldheim </small> ** ''[[Cardioderus]]'' <small>Dejean</small> ** ''[[Carterus]]'' <small>Dejean</small> ** ''[[Clivina]]'' <small>Latreille</small> ** ''[[Corsyra]]'' <small>Dejean</small> ** ''[[Cychrus]]'' <small>Fabricius</small> ** ''[[Daptus]]'' <small>Fischer de Waldheim</small> ** ''[[Deltomerus]]'' <small>[[Victor Motschulsky|Motschulsky]]</small> ** ''[[Diachila]]'' <small>[[Victor Motschulsky|Motschulsky]]</small> ** ''[[Dichirotrichus]]'' <small>Gemminger & Harold</small> ** ''[[Ditomus]]'' <small>Bonelli</small> ** ''[[Drypta]]'' <small>Latreille</small> ** ''[[Duvaliopsis]]'' <small>Jeannel</small> ** ''[[Duvalius]]'' <small>Delarouzée</small> ** ''[[Gynandromorphus]]'' <small>Dejean</small> ** ''[[Harpalobrachys]]'' <small>Tschitscherin</small> ** ''[[Hemiaulax]]'' <small>Bates</small> ** ''[[Lasiotrechus]]'' <small>Ganglbauer</small> ** ''[[Limnastis]]'' <small>[[Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky|Motschulsky]]</small> ** ''[[Lorocera]]'' <small>Latreille</small> ** ''[[Mastax]]'' <small>Fischer de Waldheim</small> ** ''[[Metabletus]]'' <small>Schmidt-Goebel</small> ** ''[[Molops]]'' <small>Bonelli</small> ** ''[[Odontonyx]]'' <small>Stephens</small> ** ''[[Omophoron]]'' <small>Latreille</small> ** ''[[Parophonus]]'' <small>Ganglbauer</small> ** ''[[Penthus (genus)|Penthus]]'' <small>Chaudoir</small> ** ''[[Polystichus]]'' <small>Bonelli</small> ** ''[[Pseudaphaenops]]'' <small>Winkler</small> ** ''[[Scarites]]'' <small>Fabricius</small> ** ''[[Taphoxenus]]'' <small>[[Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky|Motschulsky]]</small> ** ''[[Thalassophilus]]'' <small>Wollaston</small> ** ''[[Trachypachys]]'' <small>[[Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky|Motschulsky]] </small> ** ''[[Trichocellus]]'' <small>Ganglbauer</small> ** ''[[Trichotichnus]]'' <small>A. Morawitz</small> ** ''[[Zuphium]]'' <small>Latreille</small> {{col-end}} Subfamily - Agoninae ** Three genera in South Australia ** Laemostenus - one species ** Notogonum - Three species ** Homothes - four species ==References== <references /> {{commonscat|Carabidae}} {{wikispecies|Carabidae}} * [[Edmund Reitter]]. ''Fauna Germanica''. Käfer, [[1908]], I:67-201. * C. H. Lindroth. ''Svensk Insectenfauna 9, Coleoptera, Carabidae''. [[Stockholm]], [[1942]] : 1-260. * E. Csiki. ''Die Aäferfauna des Karpaten-Beckens''. [[Budapest]] [[1946]], 1:71-546. * K. Kult. ''Klic k urcovani brouku celedi Carabidae Ceskoslovenske republiky''. Praha [[1947]]:1-198. == External links == *[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Carabidae Tree of Life page, Family Carabidae, with pictures] *[http://www.carabidae.ru Carabidae of the World] [[Category:Carabidae| ]] [[Category:Beetles]] [[cs:Střevlíkovití]] [[da:Løbebiller]] [[de:Laufkäfer]] [[es:Carabidae]] [[et:Jooksiklased]] [[fr:Carabidae]] [[ko:딱정벌레과]] [[is:Járnsmiðir]] [[it:Carabidae]] [[he:רצניתיים]] [[lt:Žygiai]] [[nl:Loopkevers]] [[pl:Biegaczowate (owady)]] [[ru:Жужелицы]] [[sv:Jordlöpare]] [[uk:Туруни]]