Guadalupe Island 1229566 222133103 2008-06-27T18:40:36Z Lightbot 7178666 Units/dates/other {{For|the French Caribbean island|Guadeloupe}} [[Image:Guadalupe Island.jpg|thumb|450px|Southeast coast of Guadalupe Island]] '''Guadalupe Island''', or '''''Isla Guadalupe''''', ({{coord |29.039|N|118.278|W|}}) is a volcanic island located 241 kilometers (150 [[statute mile]]s) off the west coast of [[Mexico]]'s [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja California peninsula]] and some 400 kilometers (250 statute miles) southwest of the city of [[Ensenada]] in [[Baja California]] state, in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The two other Mexican island groups in the Pacific Ocean that are not on the [[continental shelf]] are [[Revillagigedo Islands]] and [[Rocas Alijos]]. ==Administration and population== The 2005 [[census]] recorded a population of 15 persons on the island<ref>INEGI (2007)</ref>. Guadalupe is part of Ensenada ''delegación'', one of the 24 ''delegaciones'' or subdivisions of [[Ensenada (municipality)|Ensenada]] [[Municipalities of Baja California|municipality]] of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[States of Mexico|state]] of [[Baja California]]. Ensenada ''delegación'' and Chapultepec ''delegación'' together form the city of [[Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada]], the [[municipal seat]] of the namesake municipality. The [[postal code]] of Guadalupe Island is 22997. ''Campo Oeste'' ("West Camp", also called ''Campo Tepeyác'', with 15 buildings) is a small community of [[abalone]] and [[lobster]] fishermen, located on the western coast, specifically on the north side of West Anchorage, a bay that provides protection from the strong winds and swells that whip the islands during winter. Generators provide electricity, and a military vessel brings 20,000 liters of fresh water. The number of fishermen varies annually depending on the fishing season. 10 months of the year the 30 families of the fishing cooperative "''Abuloneros'' and ''Langosteros'' of Guadalupe Island" are present. [http://www.ine.gob.mx/dgoece/con_eco/conhc/isla_guadalupe.html] Additional temporary fishing camps are ''Campo Norte'' ("North Camp", four buildings), ''Campo Lima'' (''Campo Corrals'') (one building) and ''Arroyitos'' (four buildings). [http://ine.gob.mx/ueajei/publicaciones/libros/2/iguad.html] An abandoned fishermen community, ''Campo Este'' ("East Camp"), is located near a cove on the eastern shore. At the southern tip, on Melpómene Cove, there is a weather station staffed by a detachment from the Mexican Ministry of the Navy. The site is called ''Campamento Sur'' ("South Encampment"). ''Campo Bosque'' was established as a temporary camp in 1999 in the [[cypress]] forest in the north. The camp houses members of the Cooperative Farming Society "Francisco Javier Maytorena, S.C. of R.L." and removes goats from the island and sells them in the State of [[Sonora]], with permission of [[SEMARNAT]] and the support of the Ministry of the Navy. ''Campo Pista'' is located at the small airstrip with a length of 1200 meters, near the center of the island ({{coor dms|29|01|24.04|N|118|16|21.75|W|}}, elevation:592 m, direction:05/23). [http://www.cofemermir.gob.mx/uploadtests/5049.59.59.5.Decreto%20RB%20Isla%20Guadalupe-VF.doc] ==Geography and geology== [[Image:Guadalupe Island Map.gif|thumb|250px|right|Island map]] Guadalupe has a rugged landscape. It consists of two ancient overlapping [[shield volcano]]es, of which the northern and higher volcano is the younger. The island measures 35 km north-south and up to 9.5 km east-west, with a total area of 243.988 km² (94.204 square miles). It features a chain of high volcanic mountain ridges which rises to a height of 1,298 meters (4,257 ft) at its northern end ('''Mount Augusta'''). Its smaller counterpart on the southern end is the 975 m (3,199 ft) '''El Picacho'''. The southern part of the island is barren, but there are fertile valleys and trees in the northern part. The coast generally consists of rocky bluffs with detached rocks fronting some of them. Two high and prominent islets are within 3 km of the southwestern end of the island, separated from one another by a gap called '''Tuna Alley''': * '''Islote Afuera''' (''Outer Islet'', also ''Islote Zapato''), {{coor dms|28|51|53|N|118|17|41|W|}}, 0.015 km², the most distant, steep with almost vertical walls above and below water * '''Islote Adentro''' (''Inner Islet'', also ''El Toro''), {{coor dms|28|52|18|N|118|17|34|W|}}, 0.393 km², with two smaller islets nearby: ** '''Church Rock''' ** '''Roca del Skip''' Elsewhere, the other islets are very small and close to the shore, all less than one kilometer away: * '''Islote Negro''', {{coor dms|28|54|23|N|118|17|18|W|}}, 0.088 km², to the southwest * '''Roca Hundida''', {{coor dms|28|55|00|N|118|18|00|W|}}, 0.003 km², to the southwest * '''Islote Bernal''', {{coor dms|28|56|04|N|118|17|53|W|}}, 0.011 km², to the southwest * unnamed islet, {{coor dms|28|56|49|N|118|17|42|W|}}, 0.005 km², 2 km north of Islote Bernal * unnamed islet, {{coor dms|28|56|59|N|118|17|48|W|}}, 0.002 km², 4 km north of Islote Bernal * '''Steamboat Rock''', 0.003 km², to the west * '''Roca Elefante''', 0.001 km², to the northwest (the westernmost) ===Climate=== The island has two major [[climate zone]]s: a very arid, semi-hot climate between 0 and 800 meters elevation, with mean annual temperature between 18-22°C, and a very arid, temperate climate above 800 meters elevation with temperatures over 22°C in the hottest month of the year. Most [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] occurs over the winter months with strong influence of northwestern winds and [[cyclone]]s. ==Ecology== [[Image:Guadalupe-NASA.png|thumb|right|250px|NASA satellite image]] Guadalupe shares the [[California chaparral and woodlands]] [[ecoregion]] with the [[Channel Islands of California]] in the [[United States]], but the island has been practically denuded of all plants higher than a few centimeters by the up to 100,000<ref>Maximum population that was reached in the late 19th century; nearly 2 goats per acre/more than 4/[[hectare|ha]]: León de la Luz ''et al.'' (2003)</ref> feral [[goat]]s. Originally brought there in the early [[19th century]] by primarily [[Russia]]n whalers and sealers for provisions when stopping over, the population eventually eliminated most vegetation; the number of goats declined to a few thousand. The main impact of the goat population was before this collapse, about the turn of the 19th/20th century. Naturalist A.W. Anthony wrote in 1901: <blockquote>"It is directly due to the despised Billy-goat that many interesting species of plants formerly abundant are now extinct, and also that one or more of the birds peculiar to the island has disappeared, and others are following rapidly."<ref>Anthony (1901)</ref></blockquote> After the crash, the goat population once again grew, this time more slowly, until it had reached the new, lower [[carrying capacity]] at maybe 10,000–20,000 in modern times. The island had been a nature conservancy area since [[August 16]], [[1928]], making it one of the oldest reserves in Mexico. Eradication of the goats was long envisioned, but logistical difficulties such as island size and lack of suitable spots for landing and encamping hunters and material prevented this. As of June [[2005]], after many years of false starts, the Mexican government has almost completed a round-up and evacuation of the remaining goat population and Guadalupe has been designated a [[biosphere]] [[nature reserve|reserve]]. Of the large tree species on Guadalupe Island ([[Guadalupe Palm]], [[Guadalupe Cypress]]), [[Island Oak]], and [[Guadalupe Pine]]), there were only old individuals left; [[California Juniper]] had entirely disappeared. As the goats ate any seedlings that managed to germinate, no regeneration of trees was possible. Water, formerly plentiful as the common fogs condensed in the forests of the northern end of the island, today only occurs in a few scattered pools and springs. Because the springs were a critical emergency water supply for the human inhabitants, protective measures including goat fences were installed beginning in [[2000]], allowing new seedlings of many species to survive for the first time in 150 years. [[Seacology]], a non-profit environmental group located in Berkeley, CA, provided funding to the Island Conservation & Ecology Group for the construction of ten fenced exclosures to keep goats out of the most sensitive areas of Guadalupe Island. Many island or [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] [[species]] that reside on or near Guadalupe also frequent the Channel Islands, and vice-versa. In stark contrast to the rampant extinction of terrestrial life that happened at the same time, Guadalupe was the last refuge for the [[Northern Elephant Seal]] (''Mirounga angustirostris'') and the [[Guadalupe Fur Seal]] (''Arctocephalus townsendi'') in the 1890s. The island has been a [[pinniped sanctuary]] since [[1975]]. Guadalupe is considered one of the best spots in the world for sightings of the [[Great White Shark]], possibly because of its large population of [[pinnipeds]]. A joint team from the USA and Mexico ([[UC Davis]] and [[CICIMAR]]) are working in tandem with eco-tour operators [[Horizon Charters]], [[Islander Charters]] and [[Shark Diver]] to tag and study these sharks. ===Habitat types=== Before the removal of goats, surveys found eight major land [[habitat]]s on Guadalupe:<ref name = leondelaluz2003cmicd2007>León de la Luz ''et al.'' (2003), CMICD (2007)</ref> #Flora of the coastal lowlands and rocky cliffs: mainly up to 200 m [[above mean sea level]] (ASL), but higher on the steep cliffs. Largely unresearched due to difficult access, the cliffs might even harbor remnant specimens of the presumably extinct plants. #[[Succulent]] [[perennial]] [[herb]]s: 200-400 m ASL, chiefly on the southern end and on the offshore islets, and in less steep areas towards sea level. Here, the highest number of endemic plants exist. ''[[Baeriopsis guadalupensis]]'', ''[[Cistanthe guadalupensis]]'', ''[[Dudleya guadalupensis]]'', [[Hemizonia greeneana|''Hemizonia greeneana'' ssp. ''greeneana'']], ''[[Hemizonia palmeri|H. palmeri]]'', ''[[Perityle incana]]'' and ''[[Stephanomeria guadalupensis]]'' are dominant endemics, and [[Giant Coreopsis]] (''Coreopsis gigantea''), a non-endemic native species, is also abundant. #[[Arid]] [[Oceanic climate|maritime]] [[shrubland]]: 400-600 m ASL. Mainly in the southern portion around El Picacho. Native species occurring here include ''[[Ambrosia camphorata]]'', ''[[Atriplex barclayana]]'', ''[[Cylindropuntia prolifera]]'' and [[California Boxthorn]] (''Lycium californicum''); none of these is endemic. #Herbland dominated by introduced plants: 600-800m ASL, mainly on the central plateau. This habitat is almost entirely a consequence of overgrazing; hardly anything of the original ecosystem remains. Dominant introduced plants are ''[[Avena barbata]]'', ''[[Bromus berteroanus]]'', ''[[Bromus diandrus|B. diandrus]]'', ''[[Bromus hordeaceus|B hordeaceus]]'' sspp. ''hordaceus'' and ''mollis'', [[Bromus madritensis|''B. madritensis'' ssp. ''rubens'']], [[tocalote]] (''Centaurea melitensis''), ''[[Chenopodium murale]]'', ''[[Filago californica]]'', ''[[Hordeum murinum]]'' sspp. ''glaucum'' and ''leporinum'', ''[[Mesembryanthemum crystallinum]]'', ''[[Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum]]'', ''[[Polypogon monspeliensis]]'' and ''[[Sisymbrium orientale]]''. The non-endemic natives ''[[Amblyopappus pusillus]]'', [[Calystegia macrostegia|''Calystegia macrostegia'' ssp. ''macrostegia'']], [[Cryptantha maritima|''Cryptantha maritima'' var. ''maritima'']], ''[[Filago arizonica]]'', ''[[Gilia nevinii]]'', ''[[Lasthenia californica]]'', ''[[Pectocarya palmeri]]'' and ''[[Perityle emoryi]]'' as well as the endemics ''[[Cryptantha foliosa]]'' and ''[[Sphaeralcea palmeri]]'' can be found here also; some still are numerous. This probably was a [[mesic]] shrub/herbland before the goats destroyed the upland forest, upsetting the water supply. Native plants like ''[[Crossosoma californicum]]'', [[Laurel Sumac]] (''Malosma laurina'') and the endemic [[Camissonia guadalupensis|''Camissonia guadalupensis'' ssp. ''guadalupensis'']] presumably thrived here in former times, as would have native taxa such as ''[[Ceanothus crassifolius]]'', ''[[Ceanothus cuneatus|C. cuneatus]]'' (and possibly also ''[[Ceanothus arboreus|C. arboreus]]'' which was found in 2001-2003 surveys<ref name = junaketal2003>Junak ''et al.'' (2003)</ref>), ''[[Cammisonia robusta]]'', [[Red-flowering Currant]] (''Ribes sanguineum'') and the endemic ''[[Hesperalea palmeri]]'', which have now disappeared from the island. #[[Guadalupe Palm]] groves: 400-900 m ASL on the NW side of the island. There are hundreds of palm trees remaining, mainly in a single patch of this habitat. At least one other major palm forest, at the W coast, existed; it was still present in 1906<ref>At "Steamer Point" (= opposite Steamboat Rock?): Thayer & Bangs (1908)</ref> As reproduction is presumably still ongoing, the species will likely recover in due time. #[[Guadalupe Cypress]] forest: 800–1000 m ASL. Presently some 4000 of old trees, essentially limited to the central northern part. Other cypress forests, such as a major stand NE of the present patch which was still extant in 1906<ref name = thayerbangs1908>Thayer & Bangs (1908)</ref>, have been destroyed by the goats early in the 20th century. There is still reproduction, but the water table appears to have declined to below the level required by the cypresses, and mortality of the old trees is high and can be expected to continue even after removal of the goats. #Guadalupe Palm - [[Island Oak]] - [[Guadalupe Pine]] woodland: 900–1000 m ASL. This habitat has all but disappeared during the 20th century<ref name = thayerbangs1908 />, due to the decline in numbers of the oaks and pines. #Guadalupe Pine [[cloud forest]] with some Island Oak: restricted to above 1000 m ASL on the N-NE point of the island. The population of the pine has declined by about two-thirds during the last 35 years; it presently stands at about 130 old trees in the main population and about the same number scattered elsewhere. Reproduction is ongoing, with several hundred seedlings having successfully established themselves since 2000<ref name = junaketal2003 />, and with the elimination of goat browsing, the pines will likely make a full recovery. The situation of the oak is more dire; there are only 20 trees or so remaining (by about 1950, there were 100) and they appear past reproductive age. Not being restricted to Guadalupe, seedlings could be imported from elsewhere. A ninth habitat type, [[California Juniper]] woodland and extending on the central plateau below the cypress forest, was entirely gone by 1906<ref name = thayerbangs1908 />. What other endemic lifeforms underwent [[coextinction]] with it will forever remain unknown. ===Endemism=== '''Animals:''' * [[Guadalupe Fur Seal]] (''Arctocephalus townsendi'') - only major breeding site * Guadalupe [[Rock Wren]] (''Salpinctes obsoletus guadalupensis'') - [[endemism|endemic]] * Guadalupe [[House Finch]] (''Carpodacus mexicanus amplus'') - endemic * [[Guadalupe Junco]] (''Junco hyemalis insularis'') - endemic<ref>Often considered a distinct species</ref> * Endemic [[spider]]s:<ref>Jiménez & Aguilar (1994)</ref> ** ''[[Habronattus gigas]]'' ** ''[[Herpyllus giganteus]]'' ** ''[[Kibramoa isolata]]'' ** ''[[Sergiolus guadalupensis]]'' '''Plants:'''<ref name = leondelaluz2003cmicd2007 /> * ''[[Baeriopsis guadalupensis]]'' - near-endemic * ''Brahea edulis'' ([[Guadalupe Palm]]) - effectively endemic<ref>Some naturalized populations exist in California</ref> * [[Camissonia guadalupensis|''Camissonia guadalupensis'' ssp. ''guadalupensis'']] - endemic * ''[[Castilleja fruticosa]]'' - endemic * ''[[Cistanthe guadalupensis]]'' - endemic * ''Cupressus guadalupensis'' var. ''guadalupensis'' ([[Guadalupe Cypress]]) - endemic * ''[[Cryptantha foliosa]]'' - endemic * ''[[Deinandra frutescens]]'' - endemic * [[Deinandra greeneana|''Deinandra greeneana'' ssp. ''greeneana'']] - endemic * ''[[Deinandra palmeri]]'' - endemic * ''[[Dudleya guadalupensis]]'' - endemic * [[Dudleya virens|''Dudleya virens'' ssp. ''extima'']] - endemic * ''[[Eriogonum zapatoense]]'' - endemic * ''[[Erysimum moranii]]'' - endemic * ''[[Eschscholzia elegans]]'' - near-endemic * ''[[Eschscholzia palmeri]]'' - endemic * ''[[Galium angulosum]]'' - endemic * [[Githopsis diffusa|''Githopsis diffusa'' var. ''guadalupensis'']] - endemic * ''[[Hemizonia frutescens]]'' - endemic * [[Hemizonia greeneana|''Hemizonia greeneana'' ssp. ''greeneana'']] - endemic * ''[[Hemizonia palmeri]]'' - endemic * [[Heteromeles arbutifolia|''Heteromeles arbutifolia'' var. ''macrocarpa'']] - probably endemic * ''[[Lavatera lindsayi]]'' - endemic * ''[[Lupinus niveus]]'' - endemic * ''[[Marah guadalupensis]]'' - near-endemic or endemic<ref>Depending whether this population belongs to ''Marah macrocarpus'' var. ''major'' or not</ref> * ''[[Perityle incana]]'' - endemic * ''[[Phacelia phyllomanica]]'' - endemic * ''Pinus radiata'' var. ''binata'' ([[Monterey Pine|Guadalupe Island Monterey Pine]]) - near-endemic or endemic<ref>Depending on taxonomic status of [[Cedros Island]] population: CMICD (2007)</ref> * ''[[Satureja palmeri]]'' - endemic; rediscovered in 2001-2003 surveys<ref name = junaketal2003 /> * ''[[Senecio palmeri]]'' - endemic * ''[[Sphaeralcea palmeri]]'' - endemic * ''[[Sphaeralcea sulphurea]]'' - endemic * ''[[Stephanomeria guadalupensis]]'' - endemic * ''[[Triteleia guadalupensis]]'' - endemic ===Extinctions=== Numerous [[taxa]] have gone [[extinct]] due to the habitat destruction by the goats, which in turn rendered the endemic fauna vulnerable to predation by introduced cats and to adverse weather by depriving them of shelter. There have been 5-6 extinctions of birds: * Guadalupe [[Bewick's Wren]] (''Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda''), late [[1890s]]<ref>Anthony (1901), Kaeding (1905)</ref>? A date of 1903 is often given, but this seems to be in error. * Guadalupe [[Spotted Towhee]] (''Pipilo maculatus consobrinus''), late [[1890s]] * The [[Guadalupe Caracara]] (''Polyborus lutosus'') was intentionally made extinct by humans around [[1901]], ironically because it occasionally preyed on young goats. * Guadalupe [[Flicker (bird)|Flicker]] (''Colaptes cafer rufipileus''), c.[[1910]] - the island was later recolonized by individuals of the nominate subspecies * [[Guadalupe Storm Petrel]] (''Oceanodroma macrodactyla''), [[1910s]] * The Guadalupe [[Ruby-crowned Kinglet]] (''Regulus calendula obscurus'') is close to extinction, if it indeed still exists. It was not observed in [[2000]] despite thorough searches. Globally extinct plant taxa from Guadalupe Island are:<ref>Junak ''et al.'' (2003), León de la Luz ''et al.'' (2003), CMICD (2007)</ref> * ''[[Castilleja guadalupensis]]'' * ''[[Hesperelaea palmeri]]'' * ''[[Pogogyne tenuiflora]]'' and one species of plant ''[[incertae sedis]]'' ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{aut|Anthony, A.W.}} (1901): The Guadalupe Wren. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''3'''(3): 73. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v003n03/p0073-p0073.pdf PDF fulltext] * {{aut|California/Mexico Island Conservation Database (CMICD)}} (2007): [http://altamura.ucsc.edu/pls/new/ISLA2.PUBLIC_MENU.show Plant accounts: Guadalupe Island]. Retrieved 2007-OCT-10. * {{aut|Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)}} (2007): ''[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Principales resultados por localidad 2005 (ITER)]'' ["Principal results of the 2005 census by locality"] [in Spanish]. Retrieved 2007-OCT-10. * {{aut|Jimenez, Maria Luisa & Aguilar, Ricardo}} (1994): Notas sobre las arañas de las islas Guadalupe y Cedros, Baja California, Mexico (Arachnida, Araneae) ["Notes on the spiders of Guadalupe and Cedros islands, Baja California, Mexico"]. ''Journal of Arachnology'' '''22'''(2): 173-175. [in Spanish] [http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v22_n2/JoA_v22_p173.pdf PDF fulltext] * {{aut|Junak, S.; Keitt, B.; Tershy, B.; Croll, D. & Sánchez, J.A.}} (2003): ''Recent conservation efforts and current status of the flora of Guadalupe Island, Baja California, Mexico''. Presentation at ''Taller sobre la Restauración y Conservación de Isla Guadalupe'' ["Workshop on restauration and conservation of Guadalupe Island"]. Instituto Nacional de Ecología, November 13-14, 2003. [http://www.ine.gob.mx/ueajei/publicaciones/libros/477/abstracts.html HTML abstract]. * {{aut|Kaeding, Henry B.}} (1905): Birds from the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands (Part II). ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''7'''(4): 134-138. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v007n05/p0134-p0138.pdf PDF fulltext] * {{aut|León de la Luz, José Luis; Rebman, Jon P. & Oberbauer, Thomas}} (2003): On the urgency of conservation on Guadalupe Island, Mexico: is it a lost paradise? ''Biodiversity and Conservation'' '''12'''(5): 1073–1082. <small>{{doi|10.1023/A:1022854211166}}</small> (HTML abstract) * {{aut|[[John Thayer (ornithologist)|Thayer, John E.]]& [[Outram Bangs|Bangs, Outram]]}} (1908): The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''10'''(3): 101-106. <small>{{doi|10.2307/1360977}}</small> [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v010n03/p0101-p0106.pdf PDF fulltext] ==External links== * [http://www.sharkdiver.com/shark_research.html Great White shark research program update] * [http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub153/153sec01.pdf Sailing directions, with geographical information] * [http://www.gygis.com/guadalupe_island_images.html Photographs of Isla Guadalupe] * [http://www.sdnhm.org/research/guadalupe/index.html Expedition 2000 to Isla Guadalupe&mdash;A Binational Multidisciplinary Expedition] * [http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/english/naturaleza/bellezas_naturales/detalle.cfm?idsec=6&idsub=0&idpag=1834 Guadalupe Island, another paradise that is lost] - pre-removal profile of island * [http://www.seacology.org/projects/individualprojects/MEXICO_guadalupe2002.htm Seacology Guadalupe Island Project] - updates on ecosystem * [http://www.islandconservation.org/guadalupe.html Guadalupe Island Restoration Project] - Island Conservation * [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=isla+guadalupe,+mexico&sll=29.05,-118.31&sspn=0.579848,1.145325&ie=UTF8&ll=29.036961,-118.304901&spn=0.579922,1.145325&t=k&z=10&iwloc=addr&om=1 Google Maps Image] {{Geolinks-US-cityscale|29.0|-118.3}} [[Category:Islands of Mexico]] [[Category:Islands of the Pacific Ocean]] [[Category:Ecoregions]] [[Category:Ensenada]] [[de:Guadalupe (Insel)]] [[el:Γουαδαλούπη Νήσος]] [[es:Isla Guadalupe]] [[fr:Île Guadalupe]] [[nl:Isla Guadalupe]] [[pt:Ilha de Guadalupe]] [[sk:Isla Guadalupe]]