Guarana 69176 224956890 2008-07-11T04:48:15Z ClockworkSoul 137964 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/AlphaSquad|AlphaSquad]] identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by [[User:Paul144|Paul144]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) {{Taxobox | name = Guarana | image = ‎Koeh-234.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Sapindales]] | familia = [[Sapindaceae]] | genus = ''[[Paullinia]]'' | species = '''''P. cupana''''' | binomial = ''Paullinia cupana'' | binomial_authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]] }} '''Guarana''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] '''guaraná''') ({{IPA2|ɡu̯a.ra.'na}}, {{IPA|[ɡu̯a.ɾa.'na]}} or {{IPA|[ɡu̯a.'ɹa.na]}}), ''Paullinia cupana'' ([[synonymy|syn.]] ''P. crysan, P. sorbilis''), is a [[climbing plant]] in the [[Sapindaceae]] family, native to the [[Amazon basin]] and especially common in [[Brazil]]. While guarana features large leaves and clusters of flowers, it is best known for its fruit, which is about the size of a [[Coffea|coffee]] berry. Each fruit harbors one seed which contains approximately five times as much [[caffeine]] as coffee beans.<ref name="worldofcaffeine-259">Bennett Alan Weinberg, and Bonnie K.Bealer, The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug (New York: Routledge, 2001) 259-60</ref> This plant, as is generally the case with caffeine, evolved such a concentration because caffeine is poisonous to and repels pests that would otherwise eat or damage the berries. The guarana fruit's color ranges from brown to red and contains black [[seed]]s which are partly covered by white [[aril]]s. The color contrast when the fruit has been split open has been likened to eyeballs; this has formed the basis of a myth.<ref name="culthistplants">{{cite book | author=Sir Ghillean Prance, Mark Nesbitt | title=Cultural History of Plants | publisher=Routledge | year=2004 | location=New York | page=179}}</ref> ==History and culture== The word ''guarana'' comes from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''guaraná,'' which has its origins in the [[Sateré-Maué]] word ''warana''.<ref name="etymology">{{cite web | url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/guarana | title=guarana | publisher=Merriam Webster | accessdate=2007-09-18}}</ref> Guarana plays an important role in [[Tupi people|Tupi]] and [[Guaraní]] Brazilian culture. According to a myth dating back to the Sateré-Maué tribe, guarana's domestication originated with a [[deity]] killing a beloved village child. In order to console the villagers, a more benevolent god plucked the left eye from the child and planted it in the forest, resulting in the wild variety of guarana. The god then plucked the right eye from the child and planted it in the village, giving rise to domesticated guarana.<ref name="culthistplants-179">Hans T. Beck, "10 Caffeine, Alcohol, and Sweeteners," Cultural History of Plants, ed. Sir Ghillean Prance and Mark Nesbitt (New York: Routledge, 2004) 179</ref> The Guaranís would make [[tea]] by shelling and washing the seeds, followed by pounding them into a fine powder. The powder is kneaded into a dough and then shaped into cylinders. This product is known as guarana bread or Brazilian cocoa, which would be grated and then immersed into hot water along with sugar.<ref name="worldofcaffeine-259"/> This plant was introduced to [[western civilization]] in the 17th century following its discovery by Father Felip Betendorf. By 1958, guarana was commercialized.<ref name="worldofcaffeine-259"/> ==Composition== Below are some of the chemicals found in guarana.<ref name="duke-db">{{cite web | url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=703 | title=Guarana | publisher=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases | date=2007-09-18 | accessdate=2007-09-18}}</ref><ref name="Duke1992a">Duke, James A. 1992. ''Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants.'' Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Chemical !! Plant part !! Parts per million |- ! [[Adenine]] | seed || |- ! [[Ash (analytical chemistry)|Ash]] | seed || < 14,200 |- ! [[Caffeine]] | seed || 9,100 - 76,000 |- ! [[Catechutannic-acid]] | seed || |- ! [[Choline]] | seed || |- ! [[D-catechin]] | seed || |- ! [[Fat]] | seed || < 30,000 |- ! [[Guanine]] | seed || |- ! [[Hypoxanthine]] | seed || |- ! [[Mucilage]] | seed || |- ! [[Protein]] | seed || < 98,600 |- ! [[Resin]] | seed || < 70,000 |- ! [[Saponin]] | seed || |- ! [[Starch]] | seed || 50,000 - 60,000 |- ! [[Tannin]] | seed || 50,000 - 120,000 |- ! [[Theobromine]] | seed || 200 - 400 |- ! [[Theophylline]] | seed || 0 - 2500 |- ! [[Timbonine]] | seed || |- ! [[Xanthine]] | seed || |- |} <!--To compare values on this table with those of other plant sources, search ''Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases'' [http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/index.html].--> According to the Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, when ''guaranine'' is defined as only the [[caffeine]] chemical in guarana, it is identical to the caffeine chemical derived from other sources, for example [[coffee]], [[tea]], and [[Yerba Mate|mate]]. Guaranine, theine, and mateine are all synonyms for caffeine when the definitions of those words include none of the properties and chemicals of their host plants except the chemical caffeine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/gen_metab_summary_5.php?molName=caffeine#SYNONYMS |title=Caffeine |publisher=Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, University of Wisconsin-Madison |accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> <!--See talk page before disputing any of the above information.-->Natural sources of caffeine contain widely varying mixtures of [[xanthine]] [[alkaloid]]s other than caffeine, including the [[cardiac]] stimulants [[theophylline]] and [[theobromine]] and other substances such as [[polyphenols]] which can form insoluble complexes with caffeine.<ref>{{cite book | author = Balentine D. A., Harbowy M. E. and Graham H. N. | title = Tea: the Plant and its Manufacture; Chemistry and Consumption of the Beverage | journal = Caffeine | year = 1998 | editor = G Spiller}}</ref> ==Uses== [[Image:Guarana28.PNG|thumb|right|Guarana [[soft drinks]] are very popular in Brazil.]] Guarana is used in sweetened or carbonated [[soft drink]]s and energy shots, an ingredient of [[herbal tea]] or contained in capsules. Generally, while [[South America]] obtains most of its caffeine from guarana,<ref name="worldofcaffeine-230">Bennett Alan Weinberg, and Bonnie K.Bealer, The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug (New York: Routledge, 2001) 230</ref> many other Western countries are beginning to witness use of guarana in various energy and [[superfruit]] products.<ref>[http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=17826&zoneid=201 Gross PM. Superfruits take center stage: defining an emergent category, ''Natural Products Information Center'', February 2007]</ref> ===Beverages=== {{seealso|List of beverages containing guarana}} [[Brazil]], which consumes the third-most amount of soft drinks in the world,<ref name="mostpopulardrug192and3">Bennett Alan Weinberg, and Bonnie K. Bealer, The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug (New York: Routledge, 2001) 192-3</ref> produces several brands of soft drink from guarana extract. Exceeding Brazilian sales of [[cola]] drinks,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.s-t.com/daily/07-99/07-11-99/b03bu068.htm | title=Guarana's potent reputation makes consumers drink it up | author=Matt Moffett and Nikhil Deogun, The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Standard-Times | accessdate=2007-09-18}}</ref> guarana-containing beverages may cause [[wikt:jitter|jitters]] associated with drinking [[coffee]], a perception that could be a [[placebo effect]] or result from another substance.<ref name="worldofcaffeine-230"/> ===Cognitive effects=== Because guaranine is chemically equivalent to caffeine, guaraná is of interest for its potential effects on [[cognition]]. In [[rat]]s, guaraná increased memory retention and physical endurance when compared with a [[placebo]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Espinola EB, et al. | title=Pharmacological activity of Guaraná (Paullinia cupana Mart.) in laboratory animals | journal=J Ethnopharmacol | year=1997 | pages=223–9 | volume=55 | issue=3 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01506-1 | unused_data=|[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=9080343 Abstract.]}}</ref> A 2007 human pilot study<ref>Haskell CF, Kennedy DO, Wesnes KA, Milne AL, Scholey AB. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose evaluation of the acute behavioural effects of guaraná in humans. J Psychopharmacol. 2007 Jan;21(1):65-70. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16533867 Abstract.]</ref> assessed acute behavioral effects to four doses (37.5 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg and 300 mg) of guaraná extract. Memory, alertness and mood were increased by the two lower doses, confirming previous results of cognitive improvement following 75 mg guaraná. These studies have not been evaluated by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] or any similar government agencies, and do not imply medical or regulatory approval for use of guaraná to enhance cognition. ===Other uses and side-effects=== [[Image:Guarana.jpg|thumb|right|Guarana seed powder]] In the United States, guarana holds a GRAS-status, i.e. ''generally recognized as safe''.<ref name="ucdavis">{{cite web | url=http://nutrition.ucdavis.edu/InfoSheets/ANR/EnergyDrinkFact.pdf | title=Energy Drinks | esting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 May;30(5):764-73. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16418760 Abstract.]}}</ref> Guarana extract reduced aggregation of rabbit [[platelets]] by up to 37 percent below control values and decreased platelet [[thromboxane]] formation from [[arachidonic acid]] by 78 percent below control values.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Bydlowski SP, et al. | title=An aqueous extract of guarana (Paullinia cupana) decreases platelet thromboxane synthesis | journal=Braz J Med Biol Res | year=1991 | pages=421–4 | volume=24 | issue=4}}</ref> It is not known if such platelet action clinically reduces the risk of [[heart attack]] or [[ischemic stroke]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Nicolaou, KC et al. | title=Synthesis and biological properties of pinane-thromboxane A2, a selective inhibitor of coronary artery constriction, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane formation | journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | year=1979 | pages=2566–2570 | volume=76 | issue=6 | pmid=288046 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.76.6.2566}}</ref> Other laboratory studies showed [[antioxidant]] and [[antibacterial]] effects, and also [[fat]] cell reduction (when combined with [[conjugated linoleic acid]]) from chronic intake of guarana.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Terpstra, et al. | title=The Decrease in Body Fat in Mice Fed Conjugated Linoleic Acid Is Due to Increases in Energy Expenditure and Energy Loss in the Excreta | journal=J Nutr | year=2002 | pages=940–945 | volume=132 | url=http://www.nemhaupt.de/obesity.htm}}</ref> From anecdotal evidence of excessive consumption of energy drinks, guarana may contribute (alone or in combination with caffeine and [[taurine]]) to onset of [[seizure]]s in some people.<ref>Iyadurai SJ, Chung SS. New-onset seizures in adults: possible association with consumption of popular energy drinks. Epilepsy Behav. 2007 May;10(3):504-8. Epub 2007 Mar 8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=17349826 Abstract.]</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.rain-tree.com/guarana.htm Raintree Tropical Plant Database: Guaraná] *[http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=703 Guarana at Duke's database] *[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Paullinia%20cupana Guarana at USDA database] *[http://content.herbalgram.org/abc/herbalgram/search.asp?p=1&s=guarana&m=all American Botanical Council Web site] Guarana information from the American Botanical Council Web site [[Category:Sapindaceae]] [[Category:Fruit]] [[Category:Infusions]] [[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants]] [[Category:Trees of Venezuela]] [[Category:Trees of Brazil]] [[Category:Native crops of Brazil]] [[Category:Tropical agriculture]] [[bs:Guarana]] [[bg:Гуарана]] [[ca:Guaranà]] [[cs:Guarana]] [[de:Guaraná]] [[es:Paullinia cupana]] [[fr:Guaraná]] [[it:Paullinia cupana]] [[he:גוארנה]] [[ka:გუარანა]] [[lt:Gvaraninė paulinija]] [[hu:Guarana]] [[ms:Guarana]] [[nl:Guarana]] [[ja:ガラナ]] [[pl:Paulinia guarana]] [[pt:Guaraná]] [[ro:Guarana]] [[ru:Гуарана]] [[simple:Guarana]] [[sr:Гварана]] [[fi:Guarana]] [[sv:Guarana]] [[tr:Guarana]] [[zh:瓜拿納]]