Guinea-Bissau
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{{Infobox Country
|native_name = {{lang|pt|''República da Guiné-Bissau''}}
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Guinea-Bissau
|common_name = Guinea-Bissau
|demonym = Guinean
|image_flag = Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg
|image_coat = Coat of Guinea-Bissau.png
|symbol_type = Emblem
|image_map = LocationGuineaBissau.svg
|national_motto = ''"Unidade, Luta, Progresso"''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])<br/>"Unity, Struggle, Progress"</small>
|national_anthem = ''[[Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]]''{{spaces|2}}<small>(Portuguese)</small>
|official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Guinea-Bissau Creole|Crioulo]]
|capital = [[Bissau]]
|latd= 11|latm=52 |latNS=N |longd=15 |longm=36 |longEW=W
|largest_city = capital
|government_type = [[Republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Guinea-Bissau|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[João Bernardo Vieira]]
|leader_title2 = [[Heads of Government of Guinea-Bissau|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name2 = [[Martinho Ndafa Kabi]]
|area_rank = 136th
|area_magnitude = 1 E9
|area_km2 = 36544
|area_sq_mi = 13,948 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|percent_water = 22.4
|population_estimate = 1,586,000
|population_estimate_rank = 148th
|population_estimate_year = July 2005
|population_census = 1,345,479
|population_census_year = 2002
|population_density_km2 = 44
|population_density_sq_mi = 114 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 154th
|GDP_PPP = $1.167 billion
|GDP_PPP_rank = 165th <!--IMF-->
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $736
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 177th
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from [[Portugal]]
|established_event1 = Declared
|established_date1 = [[September 24]] [[1973]]
|established_event2 = Recognised
|established_date2 = [[September 10]] [[1974]]
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.374
|HDI_rank = 175th
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI_category = <font color="#e0584e">low</font>
|Gini = 47
|Gini_year = 1993
|Gini_category = <font color="red">high</font>
|currency = [[West African CFA franc]]
|currency_code = XOF
|country_code =
|time_zone = [[GMT]]
|utc_offset = +0
|time_zone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|cctld = [[.gw]]
|calling_code = 245}}
The '''Republic of Guinea-Bissau''' ({{pronEng|ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ}}; {{lang-pt|República da Guiné-Bissau}}, {{IPA2|ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau}}) is a country in [[western Africa]], and one of the smallest nations in continental Africa. It is bordered by [[Senegal]] to the north, and [[Guinea]] to the south and east, with the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to its west. Formerly the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[colony]] of [[Portuguese Guinea]], upon independence, the name of its capital, [[Bissau]], was added to the country's name in order to prevent confusion between itself and the [[Guinea|Republic of Guinea]].
==History==
{{main|History of Guinea-Bissau}}
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of [[Gabu]] ([[Kaabu]]), part of the [[Mali Empire]]; parts of this kingdom persisted until the [[18th century|eighteenth century]]. [[Portuguese Guinea]] was known also, from its main economic activity, as the Slave Coast. Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, since the [[16th century]], the interior was not explored until the [[19th century|nineteenth century]]. The local African rulers in Guinea, who prospered greatly from the [[slave trade]], had no interest in allowing the Europeans any further inland than the fortified coastal settlements where the trading takes place. The Portuguese presence in Guinea was therefore largely limited to the port of [[Bissau]] and [[Cacheu]]. For a brief period in the 1790s the British attempt to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at [[Bolama]]. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up North in part of the present South Senegal.
An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the [[Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde|African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde]] (PAIGC) under the leadership of [[Amílcar Cabral]] gradually consolidated its hold on the country. Unlike guerilla movements in other [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonies]], the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the country, aided by the jungle-like terrain, its easily-reached borderlines with neighbouring countries and large quantities of arms from [[Cuba]], [[China]], the [[Soviet Union]], and other African countries. Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors and technicians.<ref name="Cuba! Africa! Revolution!">{{cite video
| people = Jihan El Tahri
| year = 2007
| title = Cuba! Africa! Revolution!
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/storyville/
| accessdate = 2007-05-02
| publisher = BBC Television
| time= 50:00-60:00}}
</ref> The PAIGC even managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of most of the country. Independence was unilaterally declared on [[September 24]], [[1973]], and was recognized by a 93-7 UN General Assembly vote in November 1973. [http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/281/33/IMG/NR028133.pdf?OpenElement] Recognition became universal following the 1974 socialist-inspired [[Carnation Revolution|military coup]] in [[Portugal]].
[[Image:Bissau4.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bissau]]]]
Following independence local soldiers that fought along with the [[Portuguese Army]] against the [[PAIGC]] guerrillas were slaughtered by the thousands. A small number escaped to Portugal or to other African nations. The most famous massacre occurred in [[Bissorã]]. In 1980 PAIGC admitted in its newspaper "Nó Pintcha" (dated 29/11/1980) that many were executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá, Portogole and Mansabá.
The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party elections were held in 1994, but an army uprising in 1998 led to the president's ousting and the [[Guinea-Bissau Civil War]]. Elections were held again in 2000 and [[Kumba Ialá]] was elected president.
In September 2003, a coup took place in which the military arrested Ialá on the charge of being "unable to solve the problems." After being delayed several times, [[Guinea-Bissau legislative election, 2004|legislative elections]] were held in March 2004 . A [[mutiny]] of [[military]] factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces, and caused widespread unrest.
In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá. Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the country, but the election was won by former president [[João Bernardo Vieira]], deposed in the 1998 coup. Vieira was a candidate for one of the factions of the PAIGC. Vieira beat [[Malam Bacai Sanhá]] in a runoff-election, but Sanhá refused initially to concede, claiming that the elections have been [[electoral fraud|fraudulent]] in two [[constituencies]], including the capital, Bissau.
Despite reports that there had been an influx of arms in the weeks leading up to the election and reports of some "disturbances during campaigning" - including attacks on the presidential palace and the Interior Ministry by as-yet-unidentified gunmen - [[Election monitoring|European monitors]] labelled the election as "calm and organized". <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4723627.stm BBC report on Guinea-Bissau elections]</ref>
==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Guinea-Bissau}}
[[Image:Bissau1.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Ministry of Justice, Bissau]]
Guinea-Bissau is a republic. In the past, the government has been highly centralized and multiparty governance has been in effect since mid-1991. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. At the legislative level, there is a unicameral "Assembleia Nacional Popular" (National People's Assembly) made up of 100 members. They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term. At the judicial level, there is a "Supremo Tribunal da Justiça" (Supreme Court) which consists of nine justices appointed by the president. They serve at the pleasure of the president.
[[Image:João Bernardo Vieira.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[João Bernardo Vieira]]]]
[[João Bernardo Vieira|João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira]] became President of Guinea-Bissau in 2005. Vieira returned to power in 2005 after winning the presidential election only six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for 19 years after taking power in 1980 in a bloodless coup. In that action, he toppled the government of Luís Cabral.
==Regions and sectors==
{{main|Regions of Guinea-Bissau|Sectors of Guinea-Bissau}}
Guinea-Bissau is divided into 8 [[Regions of Guinea-Bissau|regions]] ({{lang|pt|''regiões''}}) and one [[Autonomous entity|autonomous]] [[Sectors of Guinea-Bissau|sector]] ({{lang|pt|''sector autónomo''}}). These in turn are subdivided into thirty-seven [[Sectors of Guinea-Bissau|sector]]s. The [[region]]s are:
{{columns
|col1 =
*[[Bafata Region|Bafata]]
*[[Biombo Region|Biombo]]
*[[Bissau Region|Bissau]]*
*[[Bolama Region|Bolama]]
*[[Cacheu Region|Cacheu]]
*[[Gabu Region|Gabu]]
*[[Oio Region|Oio]]
*[[Quinara Region|Quinara]]
*[[Tombali Region|Tombali]]
<small>* autonomous sector</small>
|col2 =
[[Image:GW-region.svg|right|305px|Map of the regions of Guinea-Bissau]]}}
==Geography==
[[Image:Paesaggio Guinea-Bissau0001.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Typical scenery in Guinea-Bissau]]
{{MapLibrary|Guinea-Bissau_sat.png|Guinea-Bissau}}
:{{main|Geography of Guinea-Bissau}}
At 13,945 [[Square mile|sq mi.]] (36,120 [[Square kilometre|km²]]), Guinea-Bissau is nearly identical in size to [[Taiwan]], and somewhat larger than the US state of [[Maryland]]. This small, tropical country lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 984 [[Foot (unit of length)|feet]] (300 [[metre|m]]). The interior is [[savanna]], and the coastline is swampy plain. Its [[monsoon]]-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot, dry [[harmattan]] winds blowing from the [[Sahara]]. The [[Bijagos Archipelago]] extends out to sea.
===Major cities===
[[Image:Guinea bissau sm03.png|right|300px|Map Of Guinea Bissau]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="6" | Cities in Guinea-Bissau
|-----
!rowspan="2" | Rank !! rowspan="2" | City !! colspan="2" | Population !! rowspan="2" | Region
|-----
!1979 Census !! 2005 estimate
|-----
|align=right | 1 || [[Bissau]] || align=right | 109,214 || align=right | 388,028 || [[Bissau Region|Bissau]]
|-----
|align=right | 2 || [[Bafatá]] || align=right | 13,429 || align=right | 22,521 || [[Bafatá Region|Bafatá]]
|-----
|align=right | 3 || [[Gabú]] || align=right | 7,803 || align=right | 14,430 || [[Gabú Region|Gabú]]
|-----
|align=right | 4 || [[Bissorã]] || align=right | ''N/A'' || align=right | 12,688 || [[Oio]]
|-----
|align=right | 5 || [[Bolama]] || align=right | 9,100 || align=right | 10,769 || [[Bolama Region|Bolama]]
|-----
|align=right | 6 || [[Cacheu]] || align=right | 7,600 || align=right | 10,490 || [[Cacheu Region|Cacheu]]
|-----
|align=right | 7 || [[Bubaque]] || align=right | 8,400 || align=right | 9,941 || [[Bolama Region|Bolama]]
|-----
|align=right | 8 || [[Catió]] || align=right | 5,170 || align=right | 9,898 || [[Tombali Region|Tombali]]
|-----
|align=right | 9 || [[Mansôa]] || align=right | 5,390 || align=right | 7,821 || [[Oio Region|Oio]]
|-----
|align=right | 10 || [[Buba]] || align=right | ''N/A'' || align=right | 7,779 || [[Quinara Region|Quinara]]
|-----
|align=right | 11 || [[Quebo]] || align=right | ''N/A'' || align=right | 7,072 || [[Quinara Region|Quinara]]
|-----
|align=right | 12 || [[Canchungo]] || align=right | 4,965 || align=right | 6,853 || [[Cacheu Region|Cacheu]]
|-----
|align=right | 13 || [[Farim]] || align=right | 4,468 || align=right | 6,792 || [[Oio Region|Oio]]
|-----
|align=right | 14 || [[Quinhámel]] || align=right | ''N/A'' || align=right | 3,128 || [[Biombo Region|Biombo]]
|-----
|align=right | 15 || [[Fulacunda]] || align=right | ''N/A'' || align=right | 1,327 || [[Quinara Region|Quinara]]
|}
==Climate==
[[Image:Klimadiagramm-deutsch-Bissau-Guinea-Bissau.png|right|500px]]
Guinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation averaging 26.3 degrees Celsius. The average rainfall for Bissau is 2024 mm although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October. During the months of December, January, February, March and April, the country experiences [[drought]].
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Guinea-Bissau}}
[[Image:Villaggio Guinea-Bissau.JPG|thumb|left|The village of Bula]]
Guinea-Bissau achieved its independence from Portugal in 1974 after a protracted [[Portuguese Colonial War|independence war]] that brought tremendous damages to the country’s economic infrastructure. In 1997, Guinea Bissau's entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability. The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999 and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread poverty. Following the parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential elections in July 2005, the country is trying to recover from the long period of instability despite a still-fragile political situation.
Guinea-Bissau is one of the world's poorest countries, with more than two-thirds of its population living below the poverty line. The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fishing, cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports. A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deteriorating social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalances. The key challenges for the country in the period ahead will be to restore fiscal discipline, rebuild public administration, improve the econimical climate for private investment, and promote economic diversification.
In April 2007, UN Office on Drugs and Crime head, [[Antonio Maria Costa]], said he feared Guinea-Bissau could become a "narco-state" following several large cocaine seizures in the country.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6260708.stm BBC news]</ref> Sadly, this seems to be occurring as Colombian cartels have used Guinea-Bissau as a transshipment point to Europe in pursuit of the European market for cocaine.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/24/AR2008052401676.html Washington Post]</ref>
==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Guinea-Bissau}}
[[Image:Bissau5.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
The population of Guinea-Bissau is ethnically diverse and has many distinct languages, customs, and social structures. Guinea-Bissauans can be divided into the following three ethnic groups: [[Fula people|Fula]] and the [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]-speaking people, who comprise the largest portion of the population and are concentrated in the north and northeast; the [[Balanta]] and [[Papel]] people, who live in the southern coastal regions; and the [[Manjaco]] and [[Mancanha]], who occupy the central and northern coastal areas. Most of the remainder are ''[[mestizo|mestiços]]'' of mixed [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and African descent, including a [[Cape Verde]]an minority. Portuguese natives comprise a very small percentage of Guinea-Bissauans. This deficit was directly caused by the exodus of Portuguese settlers that took place after Guinea-Bissau gained independence. The country has also a tiny [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]] population, including those of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry from [[Macau]], a former [[Asia]]n [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colony. Only 14% of the population speaks the official language [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. 44% speak [[Guinea-Bissau Creole|Kriol]], a [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese-based creole language]], and the remainder speaks native African languages. Most Portuguese and Mestiços speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages. [[French language|French]] is also learned in schools, as the country is surrounded by French-speaking countries and a full member of the [[Francophonie]]. Most people are farmers with traditional religious beliefs ([[animism]]); 45% are [[Muslim]], principally the Fula and Mandinka peoples; and fewer than 8% are [[Christianity|Christian]], mostly [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]].
==Culture==
: ''See also: [[List of African writers (by country)#Guinea-Bissau|List of writers from Guinea-Bissau]], [[Music of Guinea-Bissau]]
The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the [[polyrhythm]]ic [[gumbe]] [[musical genre|genre]], the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries.
The [[calabash]] is the primary [[musical instrument]] of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex [[dance music]]. Lyrics are almost always in [[Guinea-Bissau Creole]], a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-based [[creole language]], and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially [[AIDS]].
The word ''gumbe'' is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country, although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's [[folk music]] traditions. [[Music of Guinea-Bissau|Tina and tinga]] are other popular genres, while extent folk traditions include [[ceremonial music]] used in [[funeral]]s, [[initiation]]s and other rituals, as well as [[Balanta]] [[brosca]] and [[kussundé]], [[Mandinka people|Mandinga]] [[djambadon]] and the [[kundere]] sound of the [[Bijagos]] islands.
==Matriarchy==
[[Image:CaravelaIvybeach1p.jpg|thumb|right|Caravela beach]]
In the [[Bolama Region|Bolama archipelago]], a [[matriarchal]] or [[matrilineal]] social system has survived to the present day<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070202/ap_on_re_af/guinea_bissau_ladies__choice Yahoo news story on Bolama's matriarchal system]</ref>, although it is currently being eroded by [[globalization]] and [[Christian missionary]] influence. {{Fact|date=March 2008}}
In this system, women choose husbands who are compelled to marry them, and religious affairs are controlled by a female priesthood.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
==See also==
* [[Communications in Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[List of Guinea-Bissau-related topics]]
* [[Military of Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[Transport in Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[Scouting in Guinea-Bissau]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{factbook}}
==Sources==
* Richard Andrew Lobban, Jr. and Peter Karibe Mendy, ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau'', third edition (Scarecrow Press, 1997) ISBN 0-8108-3226-7 (includes extensive bibliography)
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Guinea-Bissau}}
*[http://www.guineabissau-government.com Official government website]
*[http://allafrica.com/guineabissau/ AllAfrica news headline links]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043287.stm BBC News Country Profile]
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html CIA World Factbook ]
*[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/guin-bis.html Africa South of the Sahara] - [[Stanford University]]
*[http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/Guinea_Bissau/index.html The Index on Africa]
*[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/CIA_Maps/Guinea_Bissau_19846.gif Map of Guinea-Bissau]
*[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5454.htm United States consular information sheet/travel advisory for Guinea-Bissau]
*[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2779416.ece Drugbarons turn Bissau into Africa's first narco-state]
*{{wikitravel}}
{{Template group
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{{Countries of Africa}}
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{{Template group
|title = International membership and history
|list =
{{Member states of the African Union}}
{{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}}
{{South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone}}
{{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}}
{{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}}
{{Latin Union}}
{{Niger-Congo-speaking nations}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
}}
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[[Category:Guinea-Bissau| ]]
[[Category:African Union member states]]
[[Category:Member states of La Francophonie]]
[[Category:Economic Community of West African States]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speaking countries]]
[[Category:Least Developed Countries]]
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