Hajduk 425345 223845079 2008-07-06T03:08:34Z Mboverload 49010 clean up, typos fixed: reffering → referring using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{Refimprove|date=March 2008}} {{this2|the former outlaws and guerrilla fighters of the Balkans|other uses|Hajduk (disambiguation)}} '''Hajduk''' (or '''haiduk''', '''haiduc''', '''hayduck''', '''hayduk''') is a term most commonly referring to [[outlaw]]s, [[highwayman|highwaymen]] or [[freedom fighter]]s in the [[Balkans]]. Forms of the word in various languages include: {| width="450px" | valign="top"| *''hajduku'' ([[Albanian language|Albanian]]) *Հայդուկ ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]) *''hajduk'' ([[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]) *хайдут (''haydut'') ([[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]) *''hajduk'' ([[Croatian language|Croatian]]) *''haïdouk'' ([[French language|French]]) *''aiducco'' ([[Italian language|Italian]]) *''hajdú sing. hajdúk pl.'' ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]) | valign="top"| *ајдук (''ajduk'') ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]) *''hajduk'' ([[Polish language|Polish]]) *''haiduque'' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) *''haiduc'' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]) *хајдук (''hajduk'') ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]) *''haydut'' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]) *гайдамака (''haydamaka'') ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]) *הײַדאַמאַק (''haydamak'') ([[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]) |} In Balkan folkloric tradition, the hajduk (hajduci or haiduci in the plural) is a romanticised hero figure who steals from, and leads his fighters into battle against, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] oppressors. They are comparable to the [[England|English]] legend of [[Robin Hood]] and his merry men, who stole from the rich (which in the case of the hajduci happened to be also foreign [[Military occupation|occupants]]) and gave to the poor, while participating in a small [[guerrilla war]] against an unjust authority. In reality, the hajduci of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries were as much guerrilla fighters against the Ottoman rule as they were bandits and [[Highwayman|highwaymen]] who preyed not only on Ottomans and their local representatives, but also on local merchants and travellers. As such, the term could also refer to any robber and carry a negative connotation.<ref name=gerov>Найден Геров. 1895-1904. Речник на блъгарский язик.Хайдукъ</ref><ref name=talkoven>Л.Андрейчин и др. 2006. Български тълковен речник. Четвърто издание</ref> However, most of the hajduci did follow a moral code which forbade robbing the poor, and motiveless murder. ==Etymology== The etymology of the word "hajduk" is unclear. One theory is that hajduk was derived from the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] word ''haiduk'' or ''hayduk'', which was originally used by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] to refer to [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] infantry soldiers. Another theory suggests that the word comes from the [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ''hajtó'' or "hajdó" (plural ''hajtók''or "hajdók"), meaning a (cattle) drover.<ref>Petrović, Aleksandar. These persons become later soldires at the Hungarian-Turkish border and fight against the Otoman Turkish. [http://www.rastko.org.yu/istorija/xix/apetrovic-banditry_eng.html ''The Role of Banditry in the Creation of National States in the Central Balkans During the 19th Century'']</ref> Indeed, these two theories do not necessarily contradict each other, as the Balkan word is said to be derived from the Turkish word ''haiduk'' or ''hayduk'' (bandit),<ref name=gerov>Найден Геров. 1895-1904. Речник на блъгарский язик.Хайдукъ</ref><ref name= talkoven>Л.Андрейчин и др. 2006. Български тълковен речник. Четвърто издание</ref><ref>Младенов, Стефан. 1941. Етимологически и правописен речник на българския книжовен език</ref> while the Turkish is in turn believed to have been borrowed from [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and to have originally referred to Hungarian mercenaries who guarded the Hungarian-Turkish border.<ref>[[Max Vasmer]]'s [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&text_word=%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA&method_word=substring&text_general=&method_general=substring&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word Etymological Dictionary of Russian] {{ru icon}}</ref> Families of Croatian descent with the same oral traditions of "mountain banditry" use the surname Hidek, a derived form of "hajduk". Present days some Hungarian families have "Hajdú" as family name referring to the origine of the family. ==Hungary== In [[1604]]-[[1606]], [[István Bocskay]], Lord of [[Bihar (county)|Bihar]], led an insurrection against the [[Habsburg]] [[Emperor]], whose army had recently occupied [[Transylvania]] and begun a reign of terror. The bulk of Bocskay's army was composed of [[serf]]s who had either fled from the war and the Habsburg drive toward [[Catholic]] conversion, or been discharged from the Imperial Army. These [[peasant]]s were known as the ''hajduk'', a term associated in the [[Hungarian language]] with the cattle drovers of the Great Plains. As a reward for their service, Bocskay emancipated the hajduk from the jurisdiction of their lords, granted them land, and guaranteed them rights to own property and to personal freedom. The emancipated hajduk constituted a new "warrior estate" within Hungarian [[feudal]] society. Many of the settlements created at this time still bear the prefix ''Hajdú'' such as Hajdúbagos, Hajdúböszörmény, Hajdúdorog, Hajdúhadház, Hajdúnánás, Hajdúsámson, Hajdúszoboszló, Hajdúszovát, Hajdúvid etc., and the whole area is called ''Hajdúság'' (Land of the Hajduk) (see [[Hajdú (county)|Hajdú County]]). ==Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth== The word ''hajduk'' entered the [[Polish language]] from Hungarian in the late 16th century. It was initially a colloquial term for a style of footsoldier, Hungarian or Turco-[[Balkan]] in inspiration, that formed the backbone of the Polish infantry arm from the 1570s until about the 1630s. Unusually for this period, Polish-Lithuanian hajduks wore [[uniform]]s, typically of grey-blue woollen cloth, with red collar and cuffs. Their principle weapon was a small calibre [[matchlock]] firearm, known as an [[arquebus]]. For close combat they also carried a heavy variety of [[sabre]], capable of hacking off the heads of enemy [[Pike (weapon)|pike]]s and [[polearm]]s. Contrary to popular opinion, the small axe they often wore tucked in their belt (not to be confused with the huge half-moon shaped [[berdysz]] axe, which was seldom carried by hajduks) was not a combat weapon, but rather was intended for cutting wood. In the mid 17th century hajduk-style infantry largely fell out of fashion in Poland-Lithuania, and were replaced by [[musket]]-armed infantry of Western style. However, commanders or [[hetman]]s of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] continued to maintain their own liveried bodyguards of hajduks, well into the 18th century as something of a throwback to the past, even though they were now rarely used as field troops. In imitation of these bodyguards, in the 18th century wealthy members of the [[szlachta]] hired liveried domestic servants who they called hajduks, thereby creating the meaning of the term 'hajduk' as it is generally understood in modern Polish.(6) ==Cultural influence== The [[Croatia]]n football team [[HNK Hajduk Split]]; Serbian football teams [[FK Hajduk Rodić M&B Kula|Hajduk Kula]] and [[Hajduk Lion]]; the Romanian band [[Taraful Haiducilor]], pop-music project [[Haiducii]], and [[Roma people|Roma]] musical troupe [[Taraful Haiducilor]] are all named after the hajduci. The surnames of the fictional character [[George Washington Hayduke]], invented by [[Edward Abbey]], actress [[Stacy Haiduk]], US National soccer team defender [[Frankie Hejduk]] and [[Milan Hejduk]], an NHL hockey player are likewise derived from this word. The term "haiduci" was used by the [[Romania]]n [[resistance movement]] [[Romanian anti-communist resistance movement|Haiducii Muscelului]], between 1947 and 1959, which opposed the Soviet occupation and the [[Communist Romania|Communist government]]. ===In academics=== In the early 1970s, after the publication of the now classic [[Sociology|sociological]] studies ''Primitive Rebels'' and ''Bandits'' by historian [[Eric Hobsbawm]], hajduks started appearing in western social and [[Anthropology|anthropological]] literature. Hobsbawm invented the term "[[social bandit]]" to describe outlaws who operate on the edges of rural societies by fighting against authorities and sometimes helping the ordinary people. There has always been a degree of fluidity in their status, whereby, as described by [[John Kolipoulos]] in his study of [[Greece|Greek]] [[klephts]], ''Brigands with a Cause'', brigands would sometimes change sides and start acting on behalf of the authorities to preserve peace and suppress banditry, and vice-versa. From the early 1980s, sociological studies started narrating the stories of hajduks, kelphts, bandits, brigands, outlaws, rebels, and pirates in all parts of the planet, from [[Australia]] to republican [[China]], the [[Balkans]], the [[United States|American]] [[Wild West]], [[Cuba]] and [[Mexico]]. ==Notable hajduks== ===Albanian=== ===Armenian=== *[[Andranik Toros Ozanian|Andranik Ozanian]] *[[Arabo]] *[[General Dro|Dro]] *[[Garegin Njdeh]] *[[Monte Melkonian]] *[[Serob Paşa|Serob Aghpur]] ===Bulgarian=== *[[Chavdar Voyvoda]] *[[Indzhe Voyvoda]] *[[Captain Petko Voyvoda]] *[[Angel Voyvoda]] *[[Ilyo Voyvoda]] *[[Kara Kolyo]] *[[Hadzhi Dimitar]] ===Croat=== *[[Mijat Tomić]] *[[Andrijica Šimić]] *[[Ivan Bušić Roša]] ===Romanian=== *[[Toma Alimos|Toma Alimoş]] (legend) *[[Gruia lui Novac]] (legend) *[[Pintea Viteazul]] (1670-1703) *[[Iancu Jianu]] (early 19th century) from Oltenia region, befriended and fought together with freedom fighter Tudor Vladimirescu in the emancipation Revolution of 1821 *[[Andrei Popa]] (or ''Andrii Popa'') *[[Gheorghe Magheru]] *[[Avram Iancu]] *[[Terente Haiducul]] ===Serb=== *[[Stari Vujadin]] *[[Hajduk Veljko Petrović|Hajduk Veljko]] *[[Hajduk Stanko]] *[[Mali Radojica]] *[[Starina Novak]] *[[Jovo Stanisavljević Čaruga]] *[[Stanoje Glavaš]] *[[Bajo Pivljanin]] *[[Komnen Barjaktar]] ==See also== *[[Bandolero]], a similar later figure in Andalusia. *[[Armenian irregular units|Fedayee]] *[[Haidamaka]] *[[Hajduk (soldiers)]] *[[Klepht]] *[[Rapparee]] *[[Uskoks]] *[[Ayyarun]] ==References== (6) [[Richard Brzezinski]], ''Polish Armies 1569-1696'', volume 1, London: Osprey Military Publishing, 1987, p.21, 39-41 (also contains six contemporary illustrations of Polish hajduks, besides several modern reconstructions by [[Angus McBride]]). ==External links== * [http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Stephenson:Neal:Quicksilver:391:Haiduks_(Professorbikeybike) Metaweb entry on "''Haiduks''"] [[Category:History of Bulgaria]] [[Category:History of Serbia]] [[Category:History of Croatia]] [[Category:History of Romania]] [[Category:Robin Hood]] [[bg:Хайдутин]] [[de:Heiducken]] [[hy:Հայդուկ]] [[it:Hajduk]] [[he:חאידוק]] [[hu:Hajdúk]] [[no:Hajduk]] [[pl:Hajducy]] [[pt:Haiduque]] [[ro:Haiduc]] [[ru:Гайдуки (партизаны)]] [[sr:Хајдуци]] [[sv:Hejduk]] [[zh:法外之徒 (巴爾幹)]]