Halobacterium 2683080 223173086 2008-07-02T21:59:50Z EncycloPetey 474828 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/EncycloPetey|EncycloPetey]] ([[User talk:EncycloPetey|talk]]) to last version by DOI bot {{Taxobox | color = darkgray | name = ''Halobacterium'' | image = Halobacteria.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = ''[[Halobacterium]]'' sp. strain NRC-1, each cell about 5 μm in length. | domain = [[Archaea]] | phylum = [[Euryarchaeota]] | classis = [[Halobacteria]] | ordo = [[Halobacteriales]] | familia = [[Halobacteriaceae]] | genus = '''''Halobacterium''''' | genus_authority = Elazari-Volcani, 1957 | subdivision_ranks = [[Species (biology)|Species]] | subdivision = * ''[[Halobacterium jilantaiense|H. jilantaiense]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium noricense|H. noricense]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium salinarum|H. salinarum]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp.|H. sp.]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 1TK1|H. sp. 1TK1]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 1TK2|H. sp. 1TK2]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 1TK3|H. sp. 1TK3]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 2-24-2|H. sp. 2-24-2]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 2-24-3|H. sp. 2-24-3]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 2-24-4|H. sp. 2-24-4]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 2-24-5|H. sp. 2-24-5]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 2-24-6|H. sp. 2-24-6]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 2-24-7|H. sp. 2-24-7]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 2Ma3|H. sp. 2Ma3]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 3KYS1|H. sp. 3KYS1]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 5Mm6|H. sp. 5Mm6]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 7Sb5|H. sp. 7Sb5]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. 9R|H. sp. 9R]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. arg-4|H. sp. arg-4]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. AS133|H. sp. AS133]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. AS28|H. sp. AS28]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. AS7092|H. sp. AS7092]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. AUS-1|H. sp. AUS-1]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. AUS-2|H. sp. AUS-2]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. GRB|H. sp. GRB]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. HM01|H. sp. HM01]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. HM02|H. sp. HM02]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. HM11|H. sp. HM11]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. HM13|H. sp. HM13]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. HM3|H. sp. HM3]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. HPC1-2|H. sp. HPC1-2]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. HSC3|H. sp. HSC3]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. JCM 9447|H. sp. JCM 9447]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. JP-6|H. sp. JP-6]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. LCKS000-Isolate10|H. sp. LCKS000-Isolate10]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. LCKS000-Isolate39|H. sp. LCKS000-Isolate39]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. LCKS200-Isolate33|H. sp. LCKS200-Isolate33]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. NCIMB 714|H. sp. NCIMB 714]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. NCIMB 718|H. sp. NCIMB 718]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. NCIMB 720|H. sp. NCIMB 720]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. NCIMB 733|H. sp. NCIMB 733]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. NCIMB 734|H. sp. NCIMB 734]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. NCIMB 741|H. sp. NCIMB 741]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. NCIMB 765|H. sp. NCIMB 765]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. SG1|H. sp. SG1]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. SP3(2)|H. sp. SP3(2)]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. TG1|H. sp. TG1]]'' <br /> * ''[[Halobacterium sp. XH3|H. sp. XH3]]'' <br /> * ''[[uncultured Halobacterium sp.]]'' <br /> | synonyms = * ''Flavobacterium (subgen. Halobacterium) Elazari-Volcani 1940'' <br /> * ''Halobacter Anderson 1954'' <br /> * ''Halobacter'' <br /> * ''Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani 1957'' <br /> * ''not "Halobacterium" Schoop 1935 (nomen nudum)'' <br /> }} : '' '''Note:''' The word "halobacterium" is also the singular form of the word "halobacteria".'' In [[alpha taxonomy|taxonomy]], '''''Halobacterium''''' is a [[genus]] of the [[Halobacteriaceae]].<ref>See the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2239 webpage on Halobacterium]. Data extracted from the {{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] | accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref> The [[genus]] '''''Halobacterium''''' ("Salt" or "Ocean Bacterium") consists of several species of [[archaea]] with an [[aerobic]] [[metabolism]] which require an environment with a high concentration of [[Edible salt|salt]]; many of their [[proteins]] will not function in low-salt environments. They grow on [[amino]] [[acids]] in their [[aerobic]] conditions. Their [[cell walls]] are also quite different from those of [[bacteria]], as ordinary [[lipoprotein]] [[biological membrane|membranes]] fail in high salt concentrations. In shape, they may be either rods or [[cocci]], and in color, either red or purple. They reproduce using [[binary fission]] (by constriction), and are [[motile]]. ''Halobacterium'' grows best in a 42 degree Celsius environment. The genome of an unspecified ''Halobacterium'' species has been sequenced and comprises 2,571,010 bp (base pairs) of DNA compiled into three circular strands: one large chromosome with 2,014,239 bp, and two smaller ones with 191,346 and 365,425 bp. This species, called ''Halobacterium'' sp. NRC-1, has been extensively used for post-genomic analysis. ''Halobacterium'' species can be found in the Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea, Lake Magadi, and any other waters with high salt concentration. Purple ''Halobacterium'' species owe their color to [[bacteriorhodopsin]], a light-sensitive protein which provides chemical energy for the cell by using sunlight to pump protons out of the cell. The resulting proton gradient across the cell membrane is used to drive the synthesis of the energy carrier [[Adenosine_triphosphate|ATP]]. Thus, when these protons flow back in, they are used in the synthesis of ATP (this proton flow can be emulated with an increase in pH outside of the cell, causing a flow of H<sup>+</sup> ions). The bacteriorhodopsin protein is chemically very similar to the light-detecting pigment rhodopsin, found in the vertebrate retina. ==Genera of ''Halobacterium''== * ''[[Halobacterium cutirubrum]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium denitrificans]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium distributum]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium halobium]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium lacusprofundi]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium mediterranei]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium noricense]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium pharaonis]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium saccharovorum]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium salinarum]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium sodomense]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium trapanicum]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium vallismortis]]'' * ''[[Halobacterium volcanii]]'' ==References== {{reflist|1}} ==Further reading== ===Scientific journals=== * DasSarma, S., B.R. Berquist, J.A. Coker, P. DasSarma, J.A. Müller. 2006. Post-genomics of the model haloarchaeon Halobacterium sp. NRC-1. [http://www.salinesystems.org/content/2/1/3/ Saline Systems 2:3.] * {{ cite journal | last = Judicial | first = Commision of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes: | date = 2005 | title = The nomenclatural types of the orders Acholeplasmatales, Halanaerobiales, Halobacteriales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Planctomycetales, Prochlorales, Sulfolobales, Thermococcales, Thermoproteales and Verrucomicrobiales are the genera Acholeplasma, Halanaerobium, Halobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium, Planctomyces, Prochloron, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Thermoproteus and Verrucomicrobium, respectively. Opinion 79 | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 55 | pages = 517–518 | pmid = 15653928}} * {{ cite journal | author = Oren A, Ventosa A | date = 2000 | title = International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae. Minutes of the meetings, 16 August 1999, Sydney, Australia | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | pages = 1405–1407 | pmid = 10843089}} ===Scientific books=== * DasSarma, S. 2004. Genome sequence of an extremely halophilic archaeon, in Microbial Genomes, pp. 383-399, C.M. Fraser, T. Read, and K.E. Nelson (eds.), Humana Press, Inc, Totowa, NJ. * Lynn Margulis, Karlene V.Schwartz, ''Five Kingdoms. An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth'' (W.H.Freeman, San Francisco, 1982) pp. 36-37 * {{ cite book | last = Gibbons | first = NE | date = 1974 | chapter = Family V. Halobacteriaceae fam. nov. | title = Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology | edition = 8th ed. | editor = RE Buchanan and NE Gibbons, eds. | pages = | publisher = The Williams & Wilkins Co. | location = Baltimore}} * {{ cite book | last = Elazari-Volcani | first = B | date = 1957 | chapter = Genus XII. Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani, 1940 | title = Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology | edition = 7th ed. | editor = RS Breed, EGD Murray, and NR Smith, eds. | pages = 207&ndash;212 | publisher = The Williams & Wilkins Co. | location = Baltimore}} * {{ cite paper | last = Elazari-Volcani | first = B | date = 1940 | title = Studies on the microflora of the Dead Sea | publisher = Doctoral dissertation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem | pages = pp. 1-116 and i-xiii }} ===Scientific databases=== {{Taxonomic references|taxon=Halobacterium}} ==External links== {{Taxonomic links|microbe=yes|NCBI_taxID=2239|taxoname=Halobacterium|LSPN_letter=h|LSPN_taxoname=halobacterium}} * [http://halo.umbi.umd.edu/~haloweb/ The ''Halobacterium'' Genome] {{archaea-stub}} [[Category:Archaea genera]] [[Category:Extremophiles]] [[Category:Phototrophic bacteria]] [[ca:Halobacterium]] [[de:Halobacterium]] [[es:Halobacterium]] [[it:Alobatterio]]