Hamilton, Ontario 14288 225978724 2008-07-16T08:38:47Z Nhl4hamilton 1534043 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225845566 by [[Special:Contributions/208.96.123.75|208.96.123.75]] ([[User talk:208.96.123.75|talk]]) <!-- Infobox begins !--> {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = City of Hamilton <!--|nickname = Ambitious City,<ref name=HAMBIO2>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol II, 1876-1924)|first=Thomas Melville |last=Bailey|publisher=W.L. Griffin Ltd|year=[[1991]]}}</ref> Steeltown,<ref name=memproj2>{{cite press release| title = "Tigertown Triumphs"| publisher =The Hamilton Spectator - Memory Project (Souvenir Edition) page MP56-MP68| date =[[2006-06-10]]| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> The Hammer<ref>"Don't put The Hammer down; Hamilton's had lots of nicknames, but this one's like the city -- no pretence," Paul Wilson, ''[[Hamilton Spectator]]'', [[December 6]] [[2006]], p. G2.</ref>--> |motto = Together Aspire - Together Achieve |image_skyline = HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |image_map = Map of Ontario HAMILTON.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Location in the province of Ontario, Canada |image_flag = Flag of Hamilton.svg |flag_link = Flag of Hamilton |image_shield = Hamilton Coat of Arms.PNG |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = [[Canada]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Canada|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Ontario]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Fred Eisenberger]] |leader_title1 = [[City Council]] |leader_name1 = [[Hamilton City Council]] |leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MPs]] |leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = List of MPs |frame_style=border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1=[[Dean Allison]] |2=[[Chris Charlton]] |3=[[David Christopherson]] |4=[[Wayne Marston]] |5=[[David Sweet]] }} |leader_title3 = [[Member of Provincial Parliament|MPPs]] |leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |title = List of MPPs |frame_style=border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1=[[Sophia Aggelonitis]] |2=[[Andrea Horwath]] |3=[[Tim Hudak]] |4=[[Ted McMeekin]] |5=[[Paul Miller (Canadian politician)|Paul Miller]] }} |established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date = [[June 9]] [[1846]]<ref name=1846est>Provincial Statutes of Canada 1846 9° vict. pg 981 Chapter LXXIII. An Act to amend the Act incorporating the Town of Hamilton, and to erect the same into a City.</ref> |area_magnitude = |area_footnotes =<ref name="C2001CAHAM">{{cite web |url= http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All| title=Community Highlights for Hamilton (City)|publisher = Statistics Canada |accessdate=2008-01-04 |work=2001 Canadian Census }}</ref> |area_total_sq_mi = 439.4 |area_total_km2 = 1138.11 <!-- Added land to water figure --> |area_land_sq_mi = 431.3 |area_land_km2 = 1117.11 |area_water_sq_mi = 8.1 |area_water_km2 = 21 <!-- City of Hamilton GIS: Cootes paradise(2.30), Harbour(20.70)--> |area_urban_sq_mi = 87.9 |area_urban_km2 = 227.70 |area_metro_sq_mi = 529.6 |area_metro_km2 = 1371.76 |population_as_of = 2006 |population_footnotes =<ref name=STATSCAN2007>{{cite web|title = Stats Canada 2006 Canadian Census: Hamilton, Ontario|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |publisher = Statistics Canada |accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 504559<!--<ref name="C2001CAHAM"/> --> |population_density_km2 = 451.6<!--<ref name="C2001CAHAM"/> --> |population_density_sq_mi = <!--Someone needs to convert 451.6/km² into imperial units, I can't do it (I don't have a convertor with me)--> |population_urban = <!--<ref name="C2001CAHAMT"/> --> |population_metro = 692911<!--<ref name="C2001CMAHAM"/> --> |timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -4 |postal_code_type = Postal code span |postal_code = L8E to L8W |area_code = [[Area codes 905 and 289|(905) and (289)]] |latd=43 |latm=15 |lats=19 |latNS=N |longd=79 |longm=52 |longs=23 |longEW=W |elevation_m = 75&ndash;324 <!-- min is lake ontario, max in flamborough near mountsberg resevoir as per City of Hamilton GIS --> |elevation_ft = 246&ndash;1063 |website = http://www.myhamilton.ca/ |footnotes = }} <!-- Infobox ends, Revision: 1.3 !--> '''Hamilton''' ({{pronEng|ˈhæməltən}}) ([[Canada 2006 Census|2006 population]] 504,559; [[Urban area|UA]] population 647,634; [[Census Metropolitan Area|CMA]] population 692,911) is a port city in the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Ontario]]. Conceived by [[George Hamilton (politician)|George Hamilton]] when he purchased the [[James Durand|Durand]] farm shortly after the [[War of 1812]],<ref name="WEAVER1985">{{cite book |last=Weaver |first=John C. |title=Hamilton: an illustrated history |year=1985 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company, Publishers |pages=15–16|id= ISBN 0-88862-593-6 cloth}}</ref> Hamilton has become the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of [[Lake Ontario]] known as the [[Golden Horseshoe]]. On [[January 1]] [[2001]] the new City of Hamilton was formed through amalgamation of the former City with the constituent towns of the [[Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth, Ontario|Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality]].<ref name=amalgprovles>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14c_e.htm#BK6|title=City of Hamilton Act, 1999|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> Residents of the city are known as ''Hamiltonians''.<ref name=HAM100>{{cite book|title=The Hamiltonians, 100 Fascinating Lives |first=Margaret |last=Houghton |publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers Toronto|pg=6|year=[[2003]]|id= ISBN 1-55028-804-0}}</ref> Since 1981, the metropolitan area has been listed as the [[List of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada|ninth largest in Canada]] and the third largest in Ontario.<!---Derived from decennial census data.--> Traditionally, the local economy has been led by the [[steel]] and [[heavy industry|heavy manufacturing]] industries. Within the last decade, there has been a shift towards the service sector, particularly health sciences. The [[Hamilton Health Sciences]] corporation employs nearly 10,000 staff and serves approximately 2.2 million people in the region.<ref name=HamSci>{{cite web|author=Murray T. Martin| title = Welcome to Hamilton Health Health Sciences| publisher = Hamilton Health Sciences|url=http://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/|accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Hamilton is home to the [[Royal Botanical Gardens, Ontario|Royal Botanical Gardens]], the [[Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum]], the [[Bruce Trail]], [[McMaster University]] and several colleges. The [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]] can be found downtown right beside [[Hamilton City Hall]] and across town to the east, the [[Canadian Football League]]'s [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]] play at [[Ivor Wynne Stadium]]. Partly because of its diverse locations, numerous [[List of films shot in Hamilton, Ontario|TV and film productions]] have been filmed in Hamilton, regulated by the Hamilton Film and Television Office.<ref name=hamfilm>{{cite web |url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/NR/rdonlyres/28A1218B-C9A4-4941-A57D-3E69C261C14F/0/FilmGuideLines.pdf |title=Reel Choices: Film production resource guide |publisher=City of Hamilton |accessdate=2008-01-04 |format=pdf}}</ref> A growing arts and culture sector garnered media attention in a 2006 ''[[Globe and Mail]]'' news article, entitled "Go West, Young Artist," which focused on the growing art scene in Hamilton. The article highlighted local art galleries, recording studios and independent film production. ==History== {{Main|History of Hamilton, Ontario}} [[Image:UnitedEmpireLoyalistsHamilton.JPG|left|thumb|center|[[United Empire Loyalists]], statue, Hamilton Courthouse, [[Main Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|Main Street East]]]] In pre-[[New France|colonial]] times, the [[Neutral Nation|Neutral Indians]] used much of the land but were gradually driven out by the [[Iroquois|Five (later Six) Nations]] (Iroquois) who were allied with the [[Canada under British Imperial control (1764-1867)|British]] against the [[Huron]] and their French allies. A member of the Iroquois Confederacy provided the route and name for [[Mohawk Road (Hamilton, Ontario)|Mohawk Road]], which originally included King street in the lower city. In 1784, about 10,000 [[United Empire Loyalists]] settled in [[Upper Canada]] (what is now southern Ontario), chiefly in [[Regional Municipality of Niagara, Ontario|Niagara]], around the [[Bay of Quinte]], and along the [[St. Lawrence River]] between [[Lake Ontario]] and [[Montreal]]. They were soon followed by many more Americans, some of them not so much ardent loyalists but attracted nonetheless by the availability of inexpensive, arable land. At the same time, large numbers of [[Iroquois]] loyal to Britain arrived from the United States and were settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario.<ref name=LOYALISTS>{{cite web |url=http://www.uelac.org/PDF/loyalist.pdf |title=A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists |accessdate=2008-01-04 |last=Mackenzie |first=Ann| format=pdf| publisher=United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada}}</ref> The town of Hamilton was conceived by [[George Hamilton (politician)|George Hamilton]] (a son of a [[Queenston]] entrepreneur and founder, [[Robert Hamilton (1753-1809)|Robert Hamilton]]), when he purchased farm holdings of [[James Durand]], the local Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada|British Legislative Assembly]], shortly after the [[War of 1812]].<ref name="WEAVER1985"/> [[Nathaniel Hughson]], a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamilton's property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site. Durand was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. As he had been instructed, Durand circulated the offers at [[York, Upper Canada|York]] during a session of the Legislative Assembly and a new [[Gore District, Upper Canada|Gore District]] was established of which the Hamilton town site was a member.<ref name="WEAVER1985"/><!-- This citation applies to the paragraph in entirety --> [[Image:GrandLodgeOfCanada.JPG|left|thumb|[[Grand Lodge of Canada]] on [[King Street, Hamilton, Ontario|King Street West]]]] Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District. A permanent jail was not constructed until 1832 when a cut-stone design was completed on one of the two squares created in 1816, Prince's Square.<ref name="WEAVER1985"/> Subsequently, the first police board and the town limits were defined by statute on [[February 13]] [[1833]].<ref>Statutes of Upper Canada, 1833 3° William IV pg. 58-68. Chapter XVII An act to define the Limits of the Town of Hamilton, in the District of Gore, and to establish a Police and Public Market therein.</ref> Official City status was achieved on [[June 9]] [[1846]] by an act of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], 9 Victoria Chapter 73.<ref name=1846est/> <!-- This secondary source is not required as the first source references the actual document.<ref name=HENLEY>{{cite book |last= Henley |first= Brian |title= 1846 Hamilton: From a frontier town to the Ambitious City |publisher= North Shore Publishing |year=[[1995]] |isbn= 0-9698460-7-X cloth}}</ref> --> As the city grew, several prominent buildings were constructed in the late 19th century, including the [[Grand Lodge of Canada]] in [[1855]],<ref name=GRANDLODGE> {{cite web |url=http://www.grandlodge.on.ca/ |title=A Brief History of Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario:1855 ~ 2005 Then and Now|publisher=Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario |accessdate=2008-01-04}}(Requires navigation to article).</ref> a public library in 1890, and the Right House department store in 1893. The first commercial telephone service in Canada, the first telephone exchange in the [[British Empire]], and the second telephone exchange in all of North America all were established in the city between 1877&ndash;78.<ref name=headlake> {{cite web |url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/twps.html |title=Chronology of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth |accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> [[Image:ScottishRiteCastleHamilton.JPG||thumb|Scottish Rite Castle/ Masonic Centre, onetime home of [[George Elias Tuckett]], Hamilton's 27th Mayor, on [[Queen Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|Queen Street South]]]] Though suffering through the Hamilton Street Railway strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding, Hamilton's population doubled between 1900 and 1914. Two steel manufacturing companies, [[Stelco]] and [[Dofasco]], were formed in 1910 and 1912, respectively, and [[Procter & Gamble]] and the [[Beech-Nut|Beech-Nut Packing Company]] opened manufacturing plants in 1914 and 1922, respectively, their first outside the US.<ref name=HISINDI> {{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060206234910/collections.ic.gc.ca/industrial/intro.htm |title=History of Industry in Hamilton, Ontario |accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> Population and economic growth continued until the 1960s, with the 1929 construction of the city's first high-rise building, the Pigott Building, the move of [[McMaster University]] from Toronto to Hamilton, the opening of the second [[Canadian Tire]] store in Canada in 1934, an airport in 1940, a [[Studebaker]] assembly line in 1948,<ref name=memproj45>{{cite press release| title =The Hamilton Memory Project; STUDEBAKER| publisher =The Hamilton Spectator- Souvenir Edition page MP45| date =Saturday June 10, 2006| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> the [[Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway]] in 1958, and the first [[Tim Hortons]] store in 1964. Since then, many of the large industries have moved or shut down operations<ref name=HISINDI/> and the economy has shifted more toward the service sector, such as transportation, education, and health services. On [[January 1]] [[2001]] the new city of Hamilton was formed from the amalgamation of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth and its six municipalities: Hamilton, [[Ancaster, Ontario|Ancaster]], [[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]], [[Flamborough, Ontario|Flamborough]], [[Glanbrook, Ontario|Glanbrook]], and [[Stoney Creek, Ontario|Stoney Creek]].<ref name=amalgprovles/><!-- <ref name=headlake/> --> Before amalgamation, the "old" City of Hamilton had 331,121 Hamiltonians divided into 100 neighbourhoods. The new amalgamated city has 490,268 people in over 200 neighbourhoods.<ref name=FOOTSTEPS>{{cite book|title=Footsteps In Time: Exploring Hamilton's heritage neighbourhoods|first=Bill |last=Manson |publisher=North Shore Publishing Inc|year=[[2003]]|isbn=1-896899-22-6}}</ref> <br> [[Image:LIUNA station, Hamilton, Ontario.jpg|center|620px|thumb|<center>LIUNA Station (former Canadian National Railways Station), as seen from Immigration Square on [[James Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|James Street North]]</center>]] ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Hamilton, Ontario}} {{seealso|Infrastructure of Hamilton, Ontario|List of streets in Hamilton, Ontario}} [[Image:Niagara_Escarpment_map.png|thumb|[[Niagara Escarpment]] & the Great Lakes]] <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Onthamgglmap.PNG|thumb|left|Satellite image of Hamilton|{{deletable image-caption|1=Wednesday, 29 August 2007}}]] --> Hamilton is located on the western end of the [[Niagara Peninsula]] and wraps around the westernmost part of [[Lake Ontario]]; most of the city, including the downtown section, is on the south shore. Hamilton is situated in the geographic centre of the [[Golden Horseshoe]] and is roughly the midway point between [[Toronto]] and [[Buffalo, New York]]. Its major physical features are Hamilton Harbour, marking the northern limit of the city, and the [[Niagara Escarpment]] running through the middle of the city across its entire breadth, bisecting the city into 'upper' and 'lower' parts.<ref name=about>{{cite web| last = Seward| first = Carrie| title = About Hamilton; Physical features| url=http://www.ueyhamilton.ca/| accessdate = 2008-01-04 }}</ref> The first aboriginals to settle in the Hamilton area called this bay ''Macassa'', meaning ''beautiful waters''.<ref name=FOOTSTEPS/> Hamilton is one of 11 cities showcased in the book, "''Green City'': People, Nature & Urban Places" by Quebec author Mary Soderstrom, which examines the city as an example of an industrial powerhouse co-existing with nature.<ref name=GREENCITY>{{cite book| last = Soderstrom| first = Mary| title = Green City: People, Nature & Urban Places| publisher = Independent Pub Group| date = [[2006]]| isbn = 1550652079}}</ref> Soderstrom credits [[Thomas McQueston]] and family in the 1930s who "became champions of parks, greenspace and roads" in Hamilton.<ref name=GREENCITY2>{{cite news |first=B. |last=Lawson |title=Green City |publisher=The Hamilton Spectator |page=Go-7 |date=2007-01-26 |accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> [[Burlington Bay]] is a natural harbour with a large sandbar called the Beachstrip. This sandbar was deposited during a period of higher lake levels during the last ice age, and extends southeast through the central lower city to the escarpment. Hamilton's deep sea port is accessed by ship canal through the beach strip into the harbour and is traversed by two bridges, the QEW's [[Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway]] and the lower Canal Lift Bridge.<ref name=Bay>{{cite web| title = Burlington Bay/ Beach strip, Hamilton harbour, Skyway Bridge| url=http://beachvideo.info/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}} (Requires navigation to relevant articles.)</ref> <!--Infobox begins--><center>{{Infobox Weather |metric_first= Yes |location = Hamilton, Ontario |Jan_Hi_°F = 31 |Feb_Hi_°F = 31 |Mar_Hi_°F = 39 |Apr_Hi_°F = 53 |May_Hi_°F = 65 |Jun_Hi_°F = 76 |Jul_Hi_°F = 82 |Aug_Hi_°F = 80 |Sep_Hi_°F = 71 |Oct_Hi_°F = 59 |Nov_Hi_°F = 45 |Dec_Hi_°F = 32 |Year_Hi_°F = 54 |Jan_Hi_°C = -0.5<!--converted from °F--> |Feb_Hi_°C = -0.5<!--converted from °F--> |Mar_Hi_°C = 3 |Apr_Hi_°C = 11 |May_Hi_°C = 18 |Jun_Hi_°C = 24 |Jul_Hi_°C = 27 |Aug_Hi_°C = 26 |Sep_Hi_°C = 21 |Oct_Hi_°C = 15 |Nov_Hi_°C = 7 |Dec_Hi_°C = 1 |Year_Hi_°C = 13 |Jan_Lo_°F = 15 |Feb_Lo_°F = 14 |Mar_Lo_°F = 22 |Apr_Lo_°F = 34 |May_Lo_°F = 44 |Jun_Lo_°F = 54 |Jul_Lo_°F = 60 |Aug_Lo_°F = 57 |Sep_Lo_°F = 51 |Oct_Lo_°F = 40 |Nov_Lo_°F = 30 |Dec_Lo_°F = 20 |Year_Lo_°F = 37 |Jan_Lo_°C = -9 |Feb_Lo_°C = -10 |Mar_Lo_°C = -5 |Apr_Lo_°C = 1 |May_Lo_°C = 6 |Jun_Lo_°C = 12 |Jul_Lo_°C = 15 |Aug_Lo_°C = 13 |Sep_Lo_°C = 10 |Oct_Lo_°C = 4 |Nov_Lo_°C = -1 |Dec_Lo_°C = -6 |Year_Lo_°C = 2 |Jan_Precip_inch = 2.7 |Feb_Precip_inch = 2.4 |Mar_Precip_inch = 2.7 |Apr_Precip_inch = 2.3 |May_Precip_inch = 2.6 |Jun_Precip_inch = 3.1 |Jul_Precip_inch = 2.3 |Aug_Precip_inch = 2.9 |Sep_Precip_inch = 2.6 |Oct_Precip_inch = 2.6 |Nov_Precip_inch = 2.6 |Dec_Precip_inch = 2.5 |Year_Precip_inch = 30.9 |Jan_Precip_mm = 65.8 |Feb_Precip_mm = 55.3 |Mar_Precip_mm = 74.8 |Apr_Precip_mm = 78.0 |May_Precip_mm = 75.6 |Jun_Precip_mm = 83.9 |Jul_Precip_mm = 86.5 |Aug_Precip_mm = 80.6 |Sep_Precip_mm = 82.1 |Oct_Precip_mm = 72.5 |Nov_Precip_mm = 78.6 |Dec_Precip_mm = 76.6 |Year_Precip_mm = 910.1 |source =Weatherbase and Environment Canada<ref name=climate>{{cite web| url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=114737&refer=&units=metric |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Hamilton, Ontario, Canada | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2006| accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> |accessdate = 2006-12-25 }}</center><!--Infobox ends--> <center>The climate of Hamilton is humid continental (Dfa type) and relatively mild compared with most Canadian cities.</center> [[Image:Gore Park.jpg|thumb|Downtown Hamilton at Gore Park, originally known as Barton township]] Between 1788 and 1793, the townships at the Head-of-the-Lake were surveyed and named. The area was first known as The Head-of-the-Lake for its location at the western end of Lake Ontario.<ref name=headlake/> John Ryckman, born in Barton township (where present day downtown Hamilton is), described the area in 1803 as he remembered it: "The city in 1803 was all forest. The shores of the bay were difficult to reach or see because they were hidden by a thick, almost impenetrable mass of trees and undergrowth...Bears ate pigs, so settlers warred on bears. Wolves gobbled sheep and geese, so they hunted and trapped wolves. They also held organized raids on rattlesnakes on the mountainside. There was plenty of game. Many a time have I seen a deer jump the fence into my back yard, and there were millions of pigeons which we clubbed as they flew low."<ref name=barton2>{{cite web| title =A History of the city of Hamilton| url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/cultural_landmarks/hamhist.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> [[Image:BayfrontParkHamilton.JPG|thumb|left|Bayfront Park]] [[Image:Waterdawn Webster Falls5.jpg|thumb|Webster's Falls]] [[George Hamilton (politician)|George Hamilton]], a settler and local politician, established a town site in the northern portion of Barton Township in 1815. He kept several east&ndash;west roads which were originally Indian trails, but the north&ndash;south streets were on a regular grid pattern. Streets were designated "East" or "West" if they crossed [[James Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|James Street]] or Highway 6. Streets were designated "North" or "South" if they crossed [[King Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|King Street]] or Highway 8.<ref name=HAMBIO1>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791-1875)|first=Thomas Melville |last=Bailey|publisher=W.L. Griffin Ltd|year=[[1981]]}}</ref> The overall design of the townsite, likely conceived in 1816, was commonplace. George Hamilton employed a grid street pattern used in most towns in [[Upper Canada]] and throughout the American frontier. The eighty original lots had frontages of fifty feet; each lot faced a broad street and backed onto a twelve foot lane. It took at least a decade for all of the original lots to be sold, but the construction of the Burlington Canal in 1823, and a new court-house in 1827 encouraged Hamilton to add more blocks around 1828&ndash;9. At this time, he included a market square in an effort to draw commercial activity onto his lands, but the natural growth of the town was to the north of Hamilton's plot.<ref name=Hamilton2>{{cite web| last = Weaver| first = John C.| title = Dictionary of Canadian Biography: George Hamilton| url=http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=37546| publisher=University of Toronto| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> The [[Hamilton Conservation Authority]] owns, leases or manages about {{convert|4500|ha|acre|-2|lk=on}} of land with the City operating {{convert|1077|ha|acre|0|}} of parkland at 310 locations.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Hamilton Conservation Authority]] |title =HCH History: A Long History...| url=http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/corporate/aboutus/history.asp| accessdate = 2007-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=City of Hamilton|publisher=myhamilton.ca |title =Hamilton Conservation Authority: City Parks| url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/ArtsSportsAndRecreation/outdoor/city_parks.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Many of the parks are located along the Niagara Escarpment, which runs from [[Tobermory, Ontario|Tobermory]] at the tip of the [[Bruce Peninsula]] in the north, to [[Queenston]] at the [[Niagara River]] in the south, and provides views of the cities and towns at the western end of Lake Ontario. The hiking path [[Bruce Trail]] runs the length of the escarpment.<ref name=BRUCETRAIL>{{cite web| title =Bruce Trail Association| url=http://www.brucetrail.org/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Hamilton is home to more than 100 [[waterfall]]s and [[cascade]]s, most of which are on or near the Bruce Trail as it winds through the Niagara Escarpment.<ref>[http://www.conservationhamilton.ca/parks/visit/waterfalls.asp Hamilton Conservation Authority]</ref> {{wide image|Panoramic view of Hamilton Ontario.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of lower Hamilton from Sam Lawrence Park on [[Concession Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|Concession Street]]}} ==Demographics== [[Image:Population-coh-1816-2006.png|thumb|City population (1816-2006)<ref name=memproj>{{cite press release| title =The Hamilton Memory Project;| publisher =The Hamilton Spectator- Souvenir Edition page MP38| date =Saturday June 10, 2006| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref><ref name=HAMBIO1>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791-1875)|first=Thomas Melville |last=Bailey|publisher=W.L. Griffin Ltd|pg=143|year=[[1981]]}}</ref><ref name=bartont>{{cite web| author=Township of Barton|title =Barton township population: 1816| url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/LibraryServices/Localhistory/Barton+Census+1816.htm| publisher=Hamilton Public Library|accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref>]] According to the [[Canada 2006 Census|2006 Canadian Census]], more than one-fifth of the local population was [[Immigration to Canada|not born in Canada]]. This is the third highest such proportion in Canada after [[Toronto]] at 49%, and [[Vancouver]] at 24.4%. Between 2001 and 2006, the foreign-born population increased by 7.7%, while the total population of the Hamilton census metropolitan area (CMA) grew by 4.3%. The share of Canada's recent immigrants who settle in Hamilton has remained unchanged since 2001 at 1.9%. Hamilton was home to 20,800 immigrants who arrived in Canada between 2001 and 2006. One-half of them were born in [[Canadians of Asian ancestry|Asia]] and the [[Middle East]], while nearly one-quarter (23%) were from [[Europe]]. Hamilton also had a high proportion of people with [[English Canadian|English]], [[Scottish Canadian|Scottish]] and [[Irish Canadian|Irish]] ancestry. Nearly three in ten residents reported English as their sole ethnic origin, or as one of their ancestral origins. As well, nearly one in five reported Scottish ancestry either alone or in combination with another ethnic origin.<ref name=StatsCan07>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/immcit/hamilton.cfm |title=Hamilton: Third highest proportion of foreign-born in Canada at 24.4%|publisher=Statistics Canada|work=2006 Canadian Census|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref><!-- This citation applies to the paragraph in entirety --> The top countries of birth for the newcomers living in Hamilton in the 1990s were: [[SFRY|former Yugoslavia]], [[Polish Canadian|Poland]], [[Indo-Canadians|India]], [[Chinese Canadian|China]], the [[Filipino Canadian|Philippines]], and [[Iraqi Canadian|Iraq]].<ref name=StatsCan02>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/etoimm/subprovs.cfm#hamilton |title=Hamilton: The top countries of birth for the newcomers arriving in Hamilton in the 1990s|publisher=Statistics Canada|work=2001 Canadian Census|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> The city proper of Hamilton was home to 67,845 visible minorities in 2006, representing 13.6% of its population, up from 10.9% in 2001. <ref>StatCan 2006</ref> [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=3525005] [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=3525005]Visible minorities comprised 22.8% of Ontario's population, primarily due to high proportions in Toronto[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=35&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Ontario&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=35]. The population is 84.8% [[White]], 3.0% [[South Asian]]/[[East Indian]], 2.8% [[Black Canadian|Black]], 1.9% [[Chinese]], 1.5% [[Aboriginal]], 1.2% [[Southeast Asian]], 1.1% [[Latin American]], 1.1% [[Arab]], 0.8% [[Filipino people|Filipino]], and 1.8% Other. <ref>Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles</ref> [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=3525005] Children 14 and under accounted for 17.8% of the population while those 65 years of age and older constituted 14.9%, resulting in an average age of 39.6 years. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3525005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=3525005] The most described [[Religion in Canada|religion]] in Hamilton is [[Christianity]] though other religions brought by immigrants are also growing. The 2001 census indicates that 77.56% of the population adheres to a Christian denomination, [[Protestantism|Protestants]] constituting 37.08% of the population, while [[Roman Catholicism in Canada|Roman Catholics]] number 35.48% (significantly lower than the national average), while [[Christ the King Cathedral (Hamilton)|Christ the King Cathedral]] is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton, Ontario|Diocese of Hamilton]]. The remaining 5.0% consists of [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] and independent Christian churches. The largest non-Christian religion is [[Islam in Canada|Islam]] with 12,880 adherents or 1.96% of the total population. Other religions, including [[History of the Jews in Canada|Judaism]], [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]], constitute less than one percent each. Those with no religious affiliation account for 115,510 (17.63%) in 2001.<ref name=statcan3>{{cite web| url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=537__&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Hamilton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&Custom= |title=Community Highlights for Hamilton (Census Metropolitan Area)|publisher = Statistics Canada |accessdate=2008-01-04 |work=2001 Canadian Census}}</ref> Environics Analytics, a geodemographic marketing firm that created 66 different "clusters" of people complete with profiles of how they live, what they think and what they consume, sees a future Hamilton with younger upscale Hamiltonians&mdash;who are tech savvy and university educated&mdash;choosing to live in the downtown and surrounding areas rather than just visit intermittently. More two- and three-storey townhouses and flats will be built on downtown lots; small condos will be built on vacant spaces in areas such as [[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]] and [[Westdale, Ontario|Westdale]] to accommodate newly retired seniors; and more retail and commercial zones will be created. The city is also expected to grow by more than 28,000 people and 18,000 households by the year 2012.<ref name=FUTURE>{{cite news | last = Choi| first = Paul| title = How does your city grow?| pages = Go-16| publisher = The Hamilton Spectator| date = [[2007-01-19]]| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref><!--This citation applies to the paragraph in entirety--> <center> {| class="wikitable" | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | valign="top" | {| |- style="background:#efefef;" ! Ethnic origin ! Population <ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CSD&Code=3525005&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 StatCan06]</ref> |- | [[English people|English]] || align="right" | 138,125 |- | [[Canadian people|Canadian]] || align="right" | 107,780 |- | [[Scottish people|Scottish]] || align="right" | 98,375 |- | [[Irish people|Irish]] || align="right" | 80,740 |- | [[Italian people|Italian]] || align="right" | 58,800 |- | [[German people|German]] || align="right" | 47,960 |- |} | valign="top" | {| |- style="background:#efefef;" ! Ethnic origin</br> ! Population</br> |- | [[French people|French]] || align="right" | 42,070 |- | [[Polish people|Polish]] || align="right" | 27,775 |- | [[Dutch people|Dutch]] || align="right" | 25,720 |- | [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian]] || align="right" | 18,730 |- | [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] || align="right" | 14,115 |- | [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|North American Indian]] || align="right" | 11,970 |- |} |} |} </center> ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of Hamilton, Ontario}} {{seealso|List of films shot in Hamilton, Ontario|List of head offices in Hamilton, Ontario}} [[Image:JacksonSquareHamilton.JPG|right|thumb|[[Lloyd D. Jackson Square]] (Mall), Commerce Place Complex]] The most important economic activity in Ontario is [[manufacturing]], and the Toronto&ndash;Hamilton region is the most highly industrialized section of the country. The area from [[Oshawa, Ontario]] around the west end of Lake Ontario to Niagara Falls, with Hamilton at its centre, is known as the "Golden Horseshoe" and had a population of 6,704,598 in the 2001 census.<ref name="2001census"> {{cite web|url=http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Maps/ThematicMaps/horseshoe_e.cfm|title=Population and Dwelling Counts, Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) Included in the Extended Golden Horseshoe, 2001 and 1996 Censuses|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2003|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> "Golden Horseshoe" The phrase was first used by [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]] President, Herbert H. Rogge, in a speech to the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce, on [[January 12]] [[1954]]. "Hamilton in 50 years will be the forward cleat in a 'golden horseshoe' of industrial development from Oshawa to the Niagara River...150 miles long and 50 miles wide...It will run from Niagara Falls on the south to about Oshawa on the north and take in numerous cities and towns already there, including Hamilton and Toronto." <ref name=Bank>{{cite web| title = Fast Facts from Hamilton's Past (www.myhamilton.ca)| url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/LibraryServices/Localhistory/Fast+Facts.htm| publisher=Hamilton Public Library|accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> With sixty percent of Canada's steel being produced in Hamilton by [[Stelco]] and [[Dofasco]] the city has become known as the Steel Capital of Canada.<ref name=steelcap>{{cite web| last = Schneider| first = Joe| title = "Hamlton Steel capital of Canada"| publisher= International Herald Tribune| url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/23/business/bxsteel.php| date=2006-01-24|accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> After nearly declaring bankruptcy, Stelco returned to profitability in 2004<ref name=steelprofit>{{cite web| last = Wines| first = Leslie| title = "Stelco has returned to profitability"| publisher= CBS Market Watch| url=http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid={F484DECA-6A84-4D0C-9D6F-255CF1F2AE27}&dist=ArchiveSplash&param=archive&siteid=mktw&garden=&minisite=| date=2004-12-24|accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> and on August 26, 2007 [[United States Steel Corporation]] acquired Stelco for $38.50 (Canadian) in cash per share, owning more than 76 percent of Stelco's outstanding shares.<ref name=USSTEEL>{{cite web| title = "U. S. Steel Agrees to Acquire Stelco."| url=http://www.stelco.com/investorCentre_article.aspx?releaseId=1044891| publisher=Stelco.com|accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Dofasco, in 1999, was the most profitable steel producer in North America and in 2000 the most profitable in Canada. It currently has approximately 7,300 employees at its Hamilton plant and produces over four million [[ton]]s of steel annually, representing about 30% of Canada's flat rolled sheet steel shipments. Dofasco is one of North America's most profitable steel companies, and Dofasco was named to the [[Dow Jones]] Sustainability World Index in 2006 for the seventh year in a row. Dofasco’s produces steel products for the automotive, construction, energy, manufacturing, pipe and tube, appliance, packaging and steel distribution industries.<ref name=dofasco>{{cite web| last = Forstner| first = Gordon| title = "Dofasco one of North America's most profitable steel companies"| url=http://www.dofasco.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=2347-2349-93261| publisher=Dofasco |date=2005-10-31|accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Originally, in the 1940s the [[John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport]] was used as a wartime air force training station. Today TradePort International Corporation manages and operates the John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport. Under TradePort management, passenger traffic at the Hamilton terminal has increased from 90,000 in 1996 to approx. 900,000 in 2002. The airport's mid-term target for growth in its passenger service is five million air-travelers annually. The air cargo sector of the airport has 24-7 operational capability and strategic geographic location, allowing its capacity to increase by 50% since 1996; 91,000&nbsp;[[metric tonnes]] (100,000&nbsp;[[Short ton|tons]]) of cargo passed through the airport in 2002. Courier companies with operations at the airport include [[United Parcel Service]] and Cargojet Canada.<ref name=airport2>{{cite web| title = "About the Airport"| publisher= John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport| url=http://www.flyhi.ca/index.shtml| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> In [[2003]], the city began developing a 30-year growth management strategy which called, in part, for a massive [[aerotropolis]] industrial park centred around Hamilton Airport. The aerotropolis proposal, now known as the ''Airport Employment Growth District'', is touted as a solution to the city's shortage of employment lands.<ref name=AirportB>{{cite news | last = McNulty| first = Gord| title = Energy City| publisher = The Hamilton Spectator| date = [[2007-12-18]]| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Hamilton turned over operation of the airport to TradePort International Corp. in 1996. In 2007, YVR Airport Services (YVRAS), which runs the [[Vancouver International Airport]], took over 100 per cent ownership of TradePort in a $13-million deal. The airport is also home to the [[Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum]].<ref name=WARPLANE>{{cite web| title = Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum| publisher= John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport| url=http://secure.warplane.com/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> A report by Hemson Consulting identified an opportunity to develop {{convert|1000|ha|acre|-2|}} of greenfields (the size of the Royal Botanical Gardens) that could generate an estimated 59,000 jobs by 2031. A proposed [[aerotropolis]] industrial park at Highway 6 and 403, has been debated at City Hall for years. Opponents feel the city needs to do more investigation about the cost to taxpayers before embarking on the project.<ref name=Airport2>{{cite news | last = McacIntyre| first = Nicole| title = Airport land 'key to future'| publisher = The Hamilton Spectator| date = [[2007-04-16]]| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref><!-- This citation applies to the paragraph in entirety --> ==Government== {{main|Politics of Hamilton, Ontario}} {{seealso|Hamilton City Council|Category:Mayors of Hamilton, Ontario}} [[Image:BayStreetFederalBuilding.JPG|left|thumb|[[Bay Street (Hamilton)|Bay Street]] Federal Building]] Citizens of Hamilton are represented by three tiers of Government. The federal representation consists of five members of parliament serving in the Parliament of Canada. At the provincial tier, there are five elected members who serve in the Legislature of Ontario. The municipal tier consists of one mayor, elected city wide, and 15 city councillors, elected individually by each of the 15 ward divisions, to serve on the Hamilton City Council. Additionally, at the municipal tier, each ward elects a school board trustee for each of the school boards serving in their respective area. [[Image:Hamilton city hall.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hamilton City Hall]].]] The Hamilton City Council is granted authority to govern by the province through the Municipal Act of Ontario.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Statutes/English/01m25_e.htm |title=Municipal Act, 2001 (Requires navigation to article)|publisher=Ontario|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> The Province of Ontario has supervisory privilege over the municipality and the power to redefine, restrict or expand the powers of all municipalities in Ontario. Further, the province provides oversight of Hamilton City Council through the [[Ontario Municipal Board]]. The Criminal Code of Canada is the chief piece of legislation defining criminal conduct and penalty. The [[Hamilton Police Service (Ontario)|Hamilton Police Service]] is chiefly responsible for the enforcement of federal and provincial law. Although the Hamilton Police Service has authority to enforce, bylaws passed by the Hamilton City Council are mainly enforced by Provincial Offences Officers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Statutes/English/90p33_e.htm#1.(3) |title=Provincial Offences Act (Requires navigation to article)|publisher=Ontario|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> employed by the City of Hamilton. ==Education== Hamilton is home to several post-secondary institutions that have created numerous direct and indirect jobs in education and research. [[McMaster University]] moved to the city in 1930 and today has over 27,000 enrolled students, of whom almost two-thirds come from outside the immediate Hamilton region.<ref name=Mac>{{cite web| title = McMaster's Economic Impact on the Hamilton Community| publisher= McMaster University| url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/pres/chambercomm.html| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> [[Brock University]] of [[St. Catharines, Ontario]] has a satellite campus used primarily for teacher education located in Hamilton.<ref name=BROCK>{{cite web| title = Brock University: Official web site| url=http://www.brocku.ca| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Colleges in Hamilton include: *[[McMaster Divinity College]], a Christian [[seminary]] affiliated with the [[Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec]] since 1957 *[[Mohawk College]], a college of applied arts and technology since 1967 with 9,500 enrolled students.<ref name=MOHAWK>{{cite web| title = Mohawk College of Applied Arts & Technology| url=http://www.mohawkcollege.ca/homepage.html| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> *[[Columbia International College]], a private boarding university-preparatory school founded in 1979 and has about 1,200 students enrolled.<ref name=Columbia>{{cite web| title = Columbia International College: At a glance| url=http://www.cic-totalcare.com/2/english/about.html| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> *[[Redeemer University College]], a private Christian liberal arts and science university with about 800 students, and opened in 1982.<ref name=Redeemer>{{cite web| title = About Redeemer| url=http://www.redeemer.ca/about/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> [[Image:McMasterUMedical.JPG|thumb|left|McMaster University Medical Centre]] Public education for students from kindergarten through high school is administered by three school boards. The [[Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board]] manages approximately 120 public schools, while the [[Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board]] operates 60 schools in the greater Hamilton area.<ref name=schools>{{cite book| title = Hamilton 2007 Gold Book; "The Ultimate Local Directory"| publisher = Metroland Printing, Publishing and Distribution Ltd.| date = 2006| pages = 40–43}}</ref> The [[Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest]] operates one elementary and one secondary school ([[École secondaire Georges-P.-Vanier]]), and the [[Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud]] operates two elementary schools and one secondary school. [[Hillfield Strathallan College]] as well as Calvin Christian School/Hamilton District Christian High School are private K-12 schools in the area. The Dundas Valley School of Art is an independent art school which has serviced the Hamilton region since 1964. Students range from 4-year olds to senior citizens and enrollment at the school as of February 2007 is close to the 4,000-mark. In 1998, a new fulltime diploma programme was launched as a joint venture with McMaster University. The faculty and staff are highly regarded regional artists.<ref name=dvalley>{{cite web| title = Dundas Valley School of Art| url=http://www.dvsa.ca/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref><!-- This citation applies to the paragraph in entirety --> The Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts is home to many of the areas talented young actors, dancers, musicians, singers and visual artists. The school is equipped with a Keyboard Studio, spacious dance studios, art and sculpting studios, gallery space and a 300-seat recital hall. HCA offers over 90 programs for ages 3–93, creating a “united nations” of arts under one roof.<ref name=hamcon>{{cite web| title = Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts| url=http://www.hcarts.ca/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref><!-- This citation applies to the paragraph in entirety --> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Hamilton, Ontario}} {{seealso|List of media outlets in Hamilton, Ontario|People from Hamilton, Ontario}} [[Image:HMCSHaidaHamiltonA.JPG|right|thumb|[[HMCS Haida]], Pier 9, [[Catharine Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|Catharine Street North]]]] [[Image:DundurnCastleSummer.JPG|thumb|right|[[Dundurn Castle]] at Dundurn Park, [[York Boulevard (Hamilton, Ontario)|York Boulevard]]]] Hamilton has built on its historical and social background with attractions including the [[Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum]], the [[HMCS Haida]] National Historic Site (Canada's most famous warship and the last remaining Tribal Class in the world)<ref name=HMCS>{{cite web| title = Parks Canada HMCS Haida website| url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/on/haida/index_e.asp| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref>), [[Dundurn Castle]] (the residence of a Prime Minister of [[Upper Canada]]),<ref name=dundurn>{{cite web| title = Dundurn Castle|url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/CityandGovernment/CultureandRecreation/Arts_Culture_And_Museums/HamiltonCivicMuseums/Dundurn/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> the [[Royal Botanical Gardens, Ontario|Royal Botanical Gardens]], the [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]], the [[African Lion Safari]] park, and the [[Christ the King Cathedral (Hamilton)|Cathedral of Christ the King]]. Founded in 1914, the Art Gallery of Hamilton is Ontario's third largest public art gallery. The Gallery has 8,500 works in its permanent collection that focus on three areas: 19th-century European, Historical Canadian and Contemporary Canadian.<ref name=ARTGALLERY>{{cite web| title = Art Gallery of Hamilton| url=http://www.artgalleryofhamilton.on.ca| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> The McMaster Museum of Art, founded on campus in 1967, houses McMaster University’s collection of more than 6,000 works of art, including exhibitions on the historical and contemporary work and the Herman Levy collection of Impressionist painting.<ref name=MACART>{{cite web| title = McMaster Museum of Art| url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/museum| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Growth in the arts and culture sector has garnered high level media attention for Hamilton. A ''[[Globe and Mail]]'' article in 2006, entitled "Go West, Young Artist," focused on the growing art scene in Hamilton.<ref>{{cite news|first=Bruce|last=Mowat|title = Go west, young artist|work = Globe and Mail|date = [[January 6]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The Factory: Hamilton Media Arts Centre,<ref name=FACTORY>{{cite web| title = The Factory: Hamilton Media Arts Centre| url=http://www.hamiltonmediaarts.org/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> opened up a new home on James Street North in 2006. Art galleries are springing up on many streets across the City: [[James Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|James Street]], [[Locke Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|Locke Street]] and [[King Street (Hamilton, Ontario)|King Street]], to name a few. This, coupled with growth in the Downtown condo market which is drawing people back to the Core, is having an impact on the cultural fabric of the City. The opening of the Downtown Arts Centre<ref name=DAC>{{cite web| title = Downtown Arts Centre, Hamilton, Ontario| url=http://www.dachamilton.com/index.html| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> on Rebecca Street has spurred further creative activities in the Core. The Community Centre for Media Arts<ref name=CCMA>{{cite web| title = Community Centre for Media Arts| url=http://www.ccma.ws/site/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> (CCMA) continues to operate in Downtown Hamilton. The CCMA works with marginalized populations and combines new media services such as website development, graphic design, video, and information technology, with arts education and skills development programming.<ref name=INVESTH20>Invest in Hamilton, Economic Development Review 2005, Wednesday, 28 June, 2006, "City Remains Committed To Growing Arts & Culture" Page H20</ref><!-- This citation applies to the paragraph in entirety --> ==Sports== {{Main|Sports in Hamilton, Ontario}} {{seealso|Sports venues in Hamilton, Ontario|Category:Sport in Hamilton, Ontario|}} [[Image:IvorWynneStadium Hamilton.jpg|thumb|[[Ivor Wynne Stadium]]]] [[Image:CoppsColiseumYorkBoulevard.JPG|right|thumb|[[Copps Coliseum]], York Boulevard, looking East]] [[Image:Statute touchdown cfhof.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]] museum]] {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Professional teams''' |- ! align="left" | Club ! align="left" | League ! align="left" | Venue ! align="left" | Established ! align="left" | Championships |- | [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]] | [[Canadian Football League]] | [[Ivor Wynne Stadium]] | align="center" | [[1950 in Canadian football|1950]]<ref>The Tiger-Cats trace their origins to the founding of the Hamilton Foot Ball Club in 1869. See {{Cite web|url=http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp|title=Canadian Football Timelines (1860 – present)|accessdate=2008-01-04|publisher=[[Football Canada]]}}</ref> | align="center" | 15 |- | [[Hamilton Bulldogs]] | [[American Hockey League]] | [[Copps Coliseum]] | align="center" | [[1996 in sports|1996]] | align="center" | 1 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Amateur and junior clubs''' |- ! align="left" | Club ! align="left" | League ! align="left" | Venue ! align="left" | Established ! align="left" | Championships |- | [[Hamilton Red Wings Jr. A|Hamilton Red Wings]] | [[Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League|Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey]] | [[Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena & Skating Centre|Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena]] | align="center" | [[1973 in sports|1973]] | align="center" | 1 |- | [[Hamilton Hornets R.F.C.]] | Niagara Rugby Union | [[Mohawk Sports Park]] | align="center" | [[1954 in sports|1954]] | align="center" | ? |- | [[Hamilton Wildcats]] | Australian Rules Football League | [[Mohawk Sports Park]] | align="center" | [[1997 in sports|1997]] | align="center" | 0 |- | [[Hamilton Thunderbirds]] | Inter County Baseball League | [[Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium]] | align="center" | [[2005 in baseball|2005]] | align="center" | 0 |} Hamilton was the host of the first Commonwealth Games, then called British Empire Games in [[1930 British Empire Games|1930]], Canada's first major international athletic event, and bid unsuccessfully for the Commonwealth Games in [[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010]], losing out to [[2010 Commonwealth Games|New Delhi]] in [[India]].<ref name=memproj2>{{cite press release| title = "Tigertown Triumphs"| publisher =The Hamilton Spectator-Memory Project (Souvenir Edition) page MP56| date =[[2006-06-10]]| accessdate = 2008-07-13}}</ref> The [[Around the Bay Road Race]] circumnavigates Hamilton Harbour or [[Burlington Bay]]. Although it is not a proper marathon, it is the longest continuously held long distance foot race in North America.<ref name=memproj2>{{cite press release| title = "Tigertown Triumphs"| publisher =The Hamilton Spectator-Memory Project (Souvenir Edition) page MP56| date =[[2006-06-10]]| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> The local newspaper also hosts the amateur [[Spectator Indoor Games]].<ref name=memproj2>{{cite press release| title = "Tigertown Triumphs"| publisher =The Hamilton Spectator-Memory Project (Souvenir Edition) page MP56| date =[[2006-06-10]]| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Hamilton has representation in two professional sports leagues, the [[Canadian Football League]] and the [[American Hockey League]]. The major sports complexes include [[Ivor Wynne Stadium]] and [[Copps Coliseum]] and is also home to the [[Canadian Football Hall of Fame]] museum.<ref name=foothof>{{cite web| title = Canadian Football Hall of Fame & Museum| url=http://www.footballhof.com/| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> The museum hosts an annual induction event in a week-long celebration that includes school visits, a golf tournament, a formal induction dinner and concludes with the Hall of Fame game involving the local [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]] at Ivor Wynne Stadium.<ref name=hallfame>{{cite web| title = Five more walk into Canadian Football's hallowed shrine| url=http://www.hamiltonscores.com/football/news/?article=092922426| publisher= Hamilton Scores!| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref><ref name=IVORW>{{cite web|url=http://football.ballparks.com/CFL/Hamilton/index.htm|title=Ivor Wynne Stadium Information|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> In addition to team sports, Hamilton is also home to two auto race tracks, [[Cayuga International Speedway]],<ref name=Cayuga>{{cite web| title = New owners give Cayuga International Speedway its old name| url=http://www.hamiltonscores.com/autoracing/news/?article=061508168|publisher= Hamilton Scores!| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> [[Flamboro Speedway]]<ref name=flamway>{{cite web| title = Flamboro Speedway Race Track| url=http://flamborospeedway.itgo.com/|publisher= Official web site| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> and Canada's fastest half-mile harness horse racing track, [[Flamboro Downs]].<ref name=flamboro>{{cite web| title = Flamboro Downs| url=http://www.flamborodowns.com/about_us.htm|publisher= Official web site| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> ==Sister cities== Hamilton is [[Town twinning|twinned]] with [[Flint, Michigan]], and its young amateur athletes compete in the Canusa Games, held alternatively in the two cities since 1958.<ref name=memproj2>{{cite press release| title = "Tigertown Triumphs"| publisher =The Hamilton Spectator-Memory Project (Souvenir Edition) page MP56| date =[[2006-06-10]]| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Flint and Hamilton hold the distinction of having the oldest continuous sister-city relationship between a U.S. and Canadian city, since 1957.<ref name=FLINTMICH>{{cite web| title = About Sister Cities of Flint Michigan| url=http://www.visitflint.org/sistercities/About_Sister_Cities_of_Flint.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Cities that are twinned with Hamilton include:<ref name=TWINNED>{{cite web| title = Hamilton Ontario Sister Cities| url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/CommunitiesAndOrganizations/communitiesofhamilton/sistercities| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width = 33%}} *[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Flint, Michigan]] ([[U.S.A.]])<ref name=FLINTMICH>{{cite web| title = About Sister Cities of Flint Michigan| url=http://www.visitflint.org/sistercities/About_Sister_Cities_of_Flint.htm| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> *[[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|25px]] [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]] ([[Japan]]) *[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Ma'anshan]], [[Anhui]] ([[People's Republic of China|China]]) *[[Image:Flag of India.svg|25px]] [[Mangalore]] ([[India]]) *[[Image:Flag of Mexico.svg|25px]] [[Monterrey]] ([[Mexico]]) {{col-break|width = 33%}} *[[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Racalmuto]], [[Sicily]] ([[Italy]]) *[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Sarasota, Florida]] ([[U.S.A.]])<ref name=sarasota>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarasotasistercities.org/Hamilton.html |title=Sarasota Sister Cities|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> *[[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]] [[Shawinigan, Quebec]] *[[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Valle Peligna]], [[Abruzzo]] ([[Italy]]) {{col-break|width = 33%}} {{col-end}} Other City Relationships:<ref name=TWINNED>{{cite web| title = Hamilton Ontario Sister Cities| url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/CommunitiesAndOrganizations/communitiesofhamilton/sistercities| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> *[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] [[Porto Alegre]], ([[Brazil]]) ==See also== {{portal}} {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width = 33%}} * [[Bank of Hamilton]] * [[Economic history of Hamilton, Ontario]] * [[Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario]] * [[Hamilton Street Railway]] * [[Hamilton/John C. Munro International Airport]] * [[Historical timeline of events in Hamilton, Ontario]] {{col-break|width = 33%}} * [[List of attractions in Hamilton, Ontario]] * [[List of Royal visits to Hamilton, Ontario]] * [[List of tallest buildings in Hamilton, Ontario]] * [[List of people from Hamilton, Ontario]] * [[List of waterfalls in Hamilton, Ontario]] {{col-break|width = 33%}} {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{commonscat|Hamilton, Ontario}} {{Canadian City Geographic Location |North=[[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]], [[Mississauga, Ontario|Mississauga]], [[Oakville, Ontario|Oakville]], [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]] |West=[[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]], [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]] |Center=Hamilton |East=[[Grimsby, Ontario|Grimsby]], [[St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines]], [[Niagara Falls, Ontario|Niagara Falls]] |South=[[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]], [[Woodstock, Ontario|Woodstock]]}} {{Roads in Hamilton, Ontario}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} {{Census metropolitan areas by size}} {{Subdivisions of Ontario}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{Featured article}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Hamilton, Ontario| ]] [[Category:Host cities of the Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Underground Railroad locations]] [[Category:Settlements established in the 1810s]] [[Category:Cities on the Great Lakes]] [[Category:Port cities in Canada]] <!--Other languages--> [[af:Hamilton, Ontario]] [[ar:هميلتون (انتاريو)]] [[br:Hamilton, Ontario]] [[bg:Хамилтън (Онтарио)]] [[cs:Hamilton]] [[de:Hamilton (Ontario)]] [[es:Hamilton (Ontario)]] [[eo:Hamiltono (Ontario)]] [[fa:همیلتون (انتاریو)]] [[fr:Hamilton (Ontario)]] [[gl:Hamilton]] [[ko:해밀턴 (캐나다)]] [[id:Hamilton, Ontario]] [[it:Hamilton (Ontario)]] [[lt:Hamiltonas (Kanada)]] [[nl:Hamilton (Ontario)]] [[ja:ハミルトン (オンタリオ州)]] [[pl:Hamilton (Ontario)]] [[pt:Hamilton (Ontário)]] [[ru:Гамильтон (Канада)]] [[simple:Hamilton, Ontario]] [[sr:Хамилтон (Онтарио)]] [[fi:Hamilton (Kanada)]] [[sv:Hamilton, Ontario]] [[tr:Hamilton, Ontario]] [[uk:Гамільтон (Канада)]] [[vo:Hamilton (Kanadän)]] [[zh:哈密尔顿]]