Hammered coinage 216702 224277515 2008-07-08T03:16:18Z Kyle the bot 3115531 robot Adding: [[fr:Frappe au marteau]] {{Numismatics}} '''Hammered coinage''' describes the most common form of coins produced since the invention of [[coin]]s in the first millennium BC until the early modern period of ca. the 15th-17th centuries. ==History== Hammered coins were produced by placing a blank piece of metal (a ''[[planchet]]'' or ''flan'') of the correct weight between two [[Coin die|die]]s, and then striking the upper die with a hammer to produce the required image on both sides. The planchet was usually cast from a mold. The bottom die (sometimes called the ''anvil die'') was usually counter sunk in a log or other sturdy surface and was called a ''pile''. (This may be related to the modern term ''[[pile driver]]''). One of the minters held the die for the other side (called the ''trussel''), in his hand while it was struck either by himself or an assistant. [[Image:Muenzschlaeger 228364963.jpg|thumb|left|Striking coins: wall relief at [[Rostock]]]] In later history, in order to increase the production of coins, hammered coins were sometimes produced from strips of metal of the correct thickness, from which the coins were subsequently cut out. Both methods of producing hammered coins meant that it was difficult to produce coins of a regular diameter. Coins were liable to suffer from "[[coin clipping|clipping]]" where unscrupulous people would remove slivers of precious metal since it was difficult to determine the correct diameter of the coin. Coins were also vulnerable to "sweating," which is when silver coins would be placed in a bag that would be vigorously shaken. This would produce silver dust, which could later be removed from the bag. ===Milled coins=== The albility to fashion coins from machines ([[Milled coinage|Milled coins]]) caused hammered coins to gradually became obsolete during the 17th century. Interestingly they were still made in [[Venice]] until the 1770s. France became the first country to adopt a full machine made coin in 1643. In [[England]] the first non-hammered coins were produced in the reign of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] in the 1560s, but while machine-produced coins were experimentally produced at intervals over the next century, the production of hammered coins did not finally end until 1662. ===Casted coins=== An alternative method of producing early coins, particularly found in [[Asia]], especially in [[China]], was to [[cast coinage|cast coins ]] using molds. This method of coin production continued in China into the nineteenth century. Up to a couple of dozen coins could be produced at one time from a single mold, when a 'tree' of coins (which often contained features such as a square hole in the centre) would be produced and the individual coins (called ''cash'') would then be broken off. == Gallery showing hammered coin production <ref name= "Cochran">Cochran-Patrick, R. W. (1876), ''Records of the Coinage of Scotland.'' Pub. Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh.</ref> == <gallery> Image:A mint furnace.jpg|<Center>A furnace for producing molten metal for coin production. Image:Trussel and minting.jpg|<Center>A trussell for use with a pile in the production of hammered coins as shown by the moneyer at work. </gallery> ==See also== *[[Milled coinage]] ==External links== *[http://www.archaeologystudent.com/coinarch Ancient Minting Process] [[Category:Numismatics]] [[Category:Currency production methods]] [[fr:Frappe au marteau]] [[it:Monetazione al martello]]