Handley Page Halifax
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223723786
2008-07-05T13:25:23Z
81.245.118.149
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{{infobox Aircraft
|name =Halifax
|type =[[Heavy bomber]]
|manufacturer =[[Handley Page]]
|image =Image:Halifax-mk3.jpg
|caption = Handley Page Halifax B.III
|designer =
|first flight =[[24 September]], [[1939]]
|introduced =November 1940
|retired =1961 ([[Pakistani Air Force]])
|status =
|primary user =[[Royal Air Force]]
|more users =[[Royal Canadian Air Force]]<br/>[[Royal New Zealand Air Force]]<br/>[[Royal Australian Air Force]]<br/>[[Polish Air Force]]
|produced =1940-1946
|number built =6,176
|unit cost =
|variants with their own articles =
}}
The '''Handley Page Halifax''' was one of the [[United Kingdom|British]] front-line, four-engine [[heavy bomber]]s of the [[Royal Air Force]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. A contemporary of the famous [[Avro Lancaster]], the Halifax remained in service until the end of the war, performing a variety of duties in addition to bombing. The Halifax was also operated by squadrons of the [[Royal Australian Air Force]], [[Royal Canadian Air Force]], [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] and [[Polish Air Force]].
==Design and development==
[[Image:Halifax-Bombers,-1942.jpg|thumb|right|Halifax Bombers, 1942 unusual colour photo of the RAF heavy bomber built by Handley Page]]
[[Image:British WW2 bombers comparison.png|thumb|right|Comparison of the Halifax Mk.I with its contemporaries; the [[Short Stirling]] and the [[Avro Lancaster]].]]
[[Handley Page]] produced the '''H.P.56''' design to meet [[Air Ministry]] [[List of Air Ministry specifications|Specification P.13/36]] for a twin-engine medium bomber for "world-wide use". Other candidates for the specification were the [[Avro Manchester]] and a [[Vickers Warwick]] development; all used twin [[Rolls-Royce Vulture]] engines. The introduction of the successful P.13/36 candidates were delayed by the necessity of ordering more Whitley and Wellington bombers first.
Performance with the Vulture was found to be lacking. Modifications resulted in the definitive '''H.P.57''' which upon acceptance gained the name "Halifax" following the practice of naming heavy bombers after major towns; in this case [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax in the West Riding of Yorkshire]]. The H.P.57 was enlarged and powered by four 1,280 hp [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] X engines. Such was the promise of the new model that the RAF had placed their first order for 100 '''Mk I''' Halifaxes "off the drawing board" before the first prototype even flew. The maiden flight of the Halifax took place on [[24 September]] [[1939 in aviation|1939]] from [[Bicester Airfield|RAF Bicester]], 21 days after the UK declared war on Germany.
The Halifax production subsequently began at [[English Electric]]'s site at [[Samlesbury]], [[Lancashire]] with over 2,000 bombers being built at the factory during the war.
The Mk I had a 22 ft long bomb bay as well as six bomb cells in the wings, enabling it to carry 13,000 lb (5,897 kg) of bombs. Defensive armament consisted of two .303-in [[Browning Model 1919 machine gun|Browning machine guns]] in a [[Boulton Paul]] Type C nose turret, and four in BP Type E tail turret and, in some aircraft, two [[Vickers K]] guns in beam positions. The Merlins drove constant speed wooden screw [[Rotol]] propellers. Subtle modifications distinguished the Mk I aircraft. The first batch (of 50) Mk I Halifaxes were designated '''Mk I Series I'''. The Halifax Mk I series had a serious flaw in the design of its tail units that caused it to go into a steep, uncontrollable spin if the aeroplane lost engine power from two engines on the same wing<ref>Barnes 1987</ref> or it was flung about vigorously. This fault undoubtedly caused a number of fatal crashes. {{Fact|date=May 2007}}
These were followed by 25 of the '''Mk I Series II''' with increased gross weight (from 58,000 lb to 60,000 lb) but with maximum landing weight unchanged at 50,000 lbs. The '''Mk I Series III''' had increased fuel capacity (1,882 gallons), and larger oil coolers to accept the Merlin XX. A two-gun BP Type C turret mounted dorsally replaced the beam guns.
Introduction of 1,390 hp Merlin XX engines and a twin .303-in dorsal turret instead of waist guns resulted in the '''B Mk II Series I''' Halifax. The '''Mk II Series I (Special)''' achieved improved performance by removing the nose and dorsal turrets. The '''Mk II Series IA''' had a moulded [[Acrylic glass|Perspex]] nose (the standard for future Halifax variants), a four-gun [[Boulton Paul Defiant|Defiant]]-type dorsal turret, Merlin 22 engines and larger vertical tail surfaces which solved control deficiencies (rudder-stall) in the early Marks.
Halifax IIs were built by English Electric and Handley Page; 200 and 100 aircraft respectively.
Due to a shortage in Messier-built landing gear and hydraulics [[Dowty]] landing gear were used. Being incompatible with the Messier equipment these gave Halifaxes with new designations. A Mark II built with Dowty gear was the Mark V. The use of castings rather than forgings in the Dowty undercarriage speeded production but resulted in a reduced landing weight of 40,000 lb. The Mark V were built by Rootes at [[Speke]] and [[Fairey]] at [[Stockport]] and were generally used by Coastal Command and for training. Some 904 were built by the time Mark V production ended at the start of 1944,<ref>Barnes 1987</ref> compared to 1,966 Mk II.
The most numerous Halifax variant was the '''B Mk III''' of which 2,091 were built. First appearing in [[1943 in aviation|1943]], the Mk III featured the Perspex nose and modified tail of the Mk II Series IA but replaced the Merlin with the more powerful 1,650 hp [[Bristol Hercules]] XVI radial engine. Other changes included [[de Havilland]] Hydromatic propellers and rounded wing tips. The '''Mk IV''' was a non-production design using a turbocharged Hercules powerplant.
The definitive version of the Halifax was the '''B Mk VI''', powered by the 1,800 hp Hercules 100. The final bomber version, the '''Mk VII''', reverted to the less powerful Hercules XVI. However, these variants were produced in relatively small quantities.
The remaining variants were the '''C Mk VIII''' unarmed transport (8,000 lb cargo pannier instead of a bomb bay, space for 11 passengers) and the '''Mk A IX''' [[paratroop]] transport (space for 16 paratroopers and gear). A transport/cargo version of the Halifax was also produced, known as the [[Handley Page Halton]].
Total Halifax production was 6,176 with the last aircraft delivered in November [[1946 in aviation|1946]]. In addition to [[Handley Page]], Halifaxes were built by [[English Electric]], [[Fairey Aviation]], [[Rootes Motors]] ([[Rootes Securities Ltd.]]) and the [[London Aircraft Production Group]]. Peak production resulted in one Halifax being completed every hour.
==Operational service==
The Halifax entered service with [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]] at [[RAF Linton-on-Ouse]] in November [[1940 in aviation|1940]] and its first operational raid was against [[Le Havre]] on the night of 11-[[12 March]] [[1941 in aviation|1941]].
In service with [[RAF Bomber Command]], Halifaxes flew 82,773 operations, dropped 224,207 tons of bombs and lost 1,833 aircraft.<ref>''Wings Encyclopedia of Aviation''. London: Orbis Publishing, 1979.</ref> In addition to bombing missions, the Halifax served as a [[glider]] tug, [[electronic warfare]] aircraft for [[No. 100 Group RAF]] and special operations such as [[parachuting]] agents and arms into occupied [[Europe]]. Halifaxes were also operated by [[RAF Coastal Command]] for [[anti submarine warfare]], [[reconnaissance]] and [[meteorological]] roles.
Postwar, Halifaxes remained in service with the [[RAF Coastal Command]] and [[RAF Transport Command]] and the [[Armée de l'Air]] until early [[1952 in aviation|1952]]. The [[Pakistan Air Force]] which inherited the planes from the RAF continued to use the type until [[1961]].
==Variants==
[[Image:Handley Page Halifax.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Halifax B.II Series I (Special) ''W1057, ZA-X'', [[No. 10 Squadron RAF]], with a faired-over nose. During April-May 1942, this aircraft took part in a number of raids on the [[German battleship Tirpitz|German battleship ''Tirpitz'']] in [[Fættenfjord]] near [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]].]]
[[Image:Halifax-Trenton.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Halifax Mk VII ''NA337'']]
===Pre-Halifax designs===
;H.P.55
:Proposed twin-engine bomber aircraft, never built.
;H.P.56
:Proposed twin-engine bomber aircraft, fitted with two Rolls-Royce Vulture engines, never built.
===H.P.57===
;H.P.57
:The first Halifax prototype
;Halifax Mk. I
:The second prototype.
;;Halifax B.I Series I
::Four-engined long-range heavy-bomber aircraft; the first production version.
;;Halifax B.I Series II
::Stressed for operating at a higher gross weight.
;;Halifax B.I Series III
::Re-engined with [[Rolls-Royce Merlin|Merlin XX]] engines, introduced new upper turret in place of beam guns, with revised undercarriage and additional centre-section fuel tanks.
===H.P.58===
;Halifax Mk II
:Projected variant with revised armament including 20-mm cannons and no tail turret. Due to problems with the new armament the project was cancelled and the Mk II designation given to '''H.P.59'''.
===H.P.59===
;Halifax Mk II
:New variant with increased takeoff weight, fuel and weapons carriage.
;Halifax B.II Series I
:First series of the bomber variant; from March 1942 onwards, these were fitted with [[GEE (navigation)|TR1335]] navigation aids.
;Hailfax B.II Series I (Special), SOE
:Special version for [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) used to drop supplies over Europe. Nose armament and dorsal turret removed, the nose being faired over, as well as changes to the fuel went pipes and exhaust shrouds.
;Hailfax B.II Series I (Special)
:Generally similar to the aircraft used by the SOE, these were employed in the bombing role. These aircraft were more varied in appearance, especially concerning the fitting of dorsal armament with some aircraft retaining the standard [[Boulton Paul]] "Type C" turret in different mounts with others mounting a "Type A" -turret. There were also examples with no dorsal turret, similar to the SOE-aircraft.
;Halifax B.II Series IA
:Modified with new glazed nose section, new radiators and new "D" fin and rudder. The dorsal turret was changed to a four-gun Boulton Paul Type A Mk VIII, and there were improvements to the bomb bay door sealing. Some aircraft were fitted with the [[H2S radar]].
;Halifax B.II Series I, Freighter
:A few Mk IIs were employed in the transport role in Great Britain (unmodified SOE-aircraft) and in the [[Middle East]] (simple modifications to allow carriage of engines or [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] fuselages).
;Halifax B.II Series II
:Single aircraft ('''HR756''') modified with three-blade [[Rotol]] propellers and Merlin 22 engines. Rejected in favour of '''Mk III'''.
;Halifax A.II
:According to some sources, a handful of the airborne forces Halifaxes were converted into B.IIs. If this is true they might have been designated A.II or may have retained their bomber designations.<ref name="Lake 1997, p. 131.">Lake 1997, p. 131.</ref>
;Halifax GR.II
:[[Coastal Command]] variant of the Halifax B.II.
;;Halifax GR.II Series I
::A handful of aircraft converted from Series I or Special to GR.II standard, having differences in dorsal armament. The main difference was the fitting of a '''ASV.Mk 3''' radar in an H2S type fairing. Sometimes, a .50 calibre machine gun was fitted in the faired nose.
;;Halifax GR.II Series IA
::Definitive Coastal Command variant of the GR.II with glazed nose mounting .50 calibre machine gun, Merlin XX or 22 engines, B-P A-type dorsal turret and extra long-range fuel tanks in fuselage. A ventral turret holding a single .50 machine gun was mounted on most aircraft although some employed the ASV.Mk 3 radar in its place.
;Halifax Met. II
:Some sources suggest that there were a meteorological variant of the B.II, designated Met. II, but this is unlikely.<ref name="Lake 1997, p. 132.">Lake 1997, p. 132.</ref>
===H.P.61===
;Halifax B.III
:Main production variant, fitted with [[Bristol Hercules]] engines.
;Halifax A.III
:Halifax B.III bombers converted into glider tug and paratroop transport aircraft.
;Halifax C.III
:Halifax B.III bombers converted into military transport aircraft.
===H.P.63===
;Halifax B.V Series I (Special)
;Halifax A.V
:Halifax B.V bombers converted into glider tugs and paratroop transport aircraft.
;Halifax GR.V
:Coastal Command variant. Halifax B.V bombers converted into maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
;Halifax B.VI
;Halifax C.VI
:Halifax B.VI bombers converted into military transport aircraft.
;Halifax GR.VI
:Coastal Command variant. Halifax B.VI bombers converted into maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
;Halifax B.VII
:Four-engined long-range heavy-bomber, powered by four 1,615-hp (1204-kW) Bristol Hercules XVI radial engines.
;Halifax A.VII
:Halifax B.VIIs converted into paratroop transport and glider tug aircraft.
;Hailfax C.VII
:Halifax B.VIIs bombers converted into military transport aircraft.
===H.P.70===
;Halifax C.VIII
:Cargo and passenger transport aircraft.
===H.P.71===
;Halifax A.IX
:Paratroop transport, glider tug aircraft.
===H.P.70 Halton===
;Halton I
:Interim civil transport version; postwar, a number of Hailfax bombers were converted into civilian transport aircraft.
;Halton II
:VIP transport aircraft for the Maharajah Gaekwar of [[Baroda]].
==Operators==
===Halifax Operators===
[[Image:462 Sqn (AWM P01523033).jpg|thumb|right|An Australian Halifax at RAF Foulsham in 1945]]
;{{AUS}}
*[[Royal Australian Air Force]]
**[[No. 460 Squadron RAAF]]
**[[No. 462 Squadron RAAF]]
**[[No. 466 Squadron RAAF]]
;{{flag|Canada|1921}}
*[[Royal Canadian Air Force]]
**[[No. 405 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 408 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 415 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 419 squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 420 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 424 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 425 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 426 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 427 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 428 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 429 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 431 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 432 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 433 Squadron RCAF]]
**[[No. 434 Squadron RCAF]]
;{{flag|Egypt|1922}}
*[[Egyptian Air Force|Royal Egyptian Air Force]]
;{{FRA}}
*[[Armee de l'Air]]
**No. 346 Squadron RAF
**No. 347 Squadron RAF
;{{NZL}}
*[[Royal New Zealand Air Force]]
;{{PAK}}
*[[Pakistan Air Force]]
;{{POL}}
*[[Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain|Polish Air Forces on exile in Great Britain]]
**[[No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron|No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron "Ziemi Pomorskiej"]]
**[[No. 138 Squadron RAF|Flight "C" of No. 138 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron|No. 301 Polish Special Duty Flight]]
**[[No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron|No. 1586 Polish Special Duty Flight]]
**[[No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron]]
;{{UK}}
*[[Royal Air Force]]
**[[No. 10 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 47 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 51 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 58 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 77 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 78 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 96 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 103 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 108 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 113 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 138 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 148 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 158 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 161 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 171 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 178 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 187 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 190 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 192 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 199 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 202 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 224 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 246 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 295 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 296 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 297 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 298 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 502 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 517 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 518 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 519 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 520 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 521 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 546 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 547 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 578 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 614 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 620 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 624 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 640 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 644 Squadron RAF]]
===Halton Operators===
;{{flagicon|India|British}} [[British Raj|British India]]
* [[Pratap Singh Gaekwar|Maharajah Gaekwar of Baroda]]
;{{UK}}:
* Air Freight
*[[Alpha Airways]]
*[[BOAC]]
* Bond Air Services
* [[British American Air Services]]
* Chartair
* Eagle Aviation
* Lancashire Aircraft Corporation
* London Aero and Motor Services, (LAMS)
* Payloads
* Skyflight
* Westminster Air services
==Survivors==
[[Image:HalifaxCutAway.JPG|thumb|right|Halifax cutaway model at the [[London Science Museum]]]]
[[Image:Halifax II W1048 TL-S Being Recovered From Lake Hoklingen Norway 1973.jpg|thumb|right|The 35 Sqn Halifax II, ''W1048,'' being recovered from Lake Hoklingen, [[Norway]], in 1973]]
There are only two fully restored Halifax bombers in the world. One is a composite aircraft located at the [[Yorkshire Air Museum]], on the site of the Second World War airfield, [[RAF Elvington]].
The other Halifax, ''NA337'' of No. 644 Squadron RAF at Tarrant Rushton, was retrieved from the bottom of Lake [[Mjøsa]] in [[Norway]] in 1995 after being shot down in April [[1945]]. It was brought back to [[Canada]] and restoration was completed in [[2005]]. ''NA337'' is a Halifax '''A Mk VII''' Special Duties aircraft built by Rootes Motors, Liverpool and resides at [[RCAF Memorial Museum]] at [[CFB Trenton]] in [[Trenton, Ontario]], near [[Kingston, Ontario]].
A third Halifax, the '''Mk II''' Serial Number ''W 1048'', which was recovered from Lake [[Hoklingen]] in Norway where it crashed after being damaged in an attack on the [[German battleship Tirpitz]], was recovered by a "sub aqua" team from the RAF in 1973. It is displayed in its "as recovered" condition in the Bomber Command display at the [[RAF Museum|Royal Air Force Museum]] at [[Hendon]] in London, apart from the nose turret which had already been restored prior to the decision.
On [[26 November]] 2006, [[archaeologist]]s from the [[Warsaw Uprising Museum]], Poland, unearthed remains of another Halifax (''JP276'' "A") from [[No. 148 RAF Squadron]], which was found in southern Poland, near the city of [[Dąbrowa Tarnowska]]. It was shot down on the night 4-5 August 1944 while returning from the "air-drop-action" during the [[Warsaw Uprising]].
== Specifications (Mk III) ==
[[Image:Handley Page Halifax.png|thumb|330px|3-view projection of Halifax Mark I Series III, with profile details of other significantly different variants.]]
{{Aircraft specification|
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|crew=7
|length main=71 ft 7 in
|length alt=21.82 m
|span main=104 ft 2 in<ref> early MKs had span of less than 100 ft to fit through standard hangar doors</ref>
|span alt=31.75 m
|height main=20 ft 9 in
|height alt=6.32 m
|area main=1,190 ft²
|area alt=110.6 m²
|empty weight main=
|empty weight alt=
|loaded weight main=54,400 lb
|loaded weight alt=24,675 kg
|max takeoff weight main=
|max takeoff weight alt=
|more general=
|engine (prop)=[[Bristol Hercules]] XVI
|type of prop=[[radial engine]]s
|power main=1,615 hp
|power alt=1,205 kW
|max speed main=282 mph
|max speed alt=454 km/h
|max speed more=at 13,500 ft (4,115 m)
|range main=1,860 mi
|range alt=3,000 km
|range more=combat
|ceiling main=24,000 ft
|ceiling alt=7,315 m
|climb rate main=750 ft/min
|climb rate alt=3.8 m/s
|loading main=45.7 lb/ft²
|loading alt=223.1 kg/m²
|power/mass main=0.12 hp/lb
|power/mass alt=195 W/kg
|more performance=
|armament=
*8 x [[.303 in]] (7.7 mm) [[Browning Model 1919 machine gun|Browning machine guns]] (4 in dorsal turret, 4 in tail turret), 1 x .303 in (7.7 mm) [[Vickers K machine gun]] in nose
*13,000 lb (5,897 kg) of bombs
}}
==See also==
{{aircontent|
|related=
|similar aircraft=
*[[Avro Lancaster]]
*[[Short Stirling]]
*[[B-17 Flying Fortress]]
*[[B-24 Liberator]]
|lists=
*[[List of aircraft of the RAF]]
}}
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|2}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* Barnes, C.H. ''Handley Page Aircraft since 1907''. London: Putnam, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-803-8.
* Bingham, Victor F. ''Halifax, Second to None: The Handley Page Halifax''. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1986. ISBN 0-90639-366-3.
* Clarke, R.M. (ed.). ''Handley Page Halifax Portfolio''. Cobham, Surrey, UK: Brooklands Books, No year cited. ISBN 0-948-207-892.
* Clayton, Donald C. ''Handley Page: An Aircraft Album''. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1970. ISBN 0-7110-0094-8.
* Jones, Geoffrey Patrick. ''Night Flight : Halifax squadrons at War''. London: William Kimber, 1981. ISBN 0-71830-338-5.
* Lake, Jon. ''Halifax Squadrons of World War 2''. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-85532-892-5.
* ________. ''Halifax Variants''. "Wings of Fame, vol. 8". London: Aerospace Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-86184-009-8.
* Merrick, Keith A. ''Halifax, an Illustrated History of a Classic World War II Bomber''. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1980. ISBN 0-7110-0767-5.
* ____________. ''The Handley Page Halifax''. Bourne Ends, Buckinhamshire, UK: Aston Publications Ltd., 1990. ISBN 0-946627-60-8.
* Moyes, Philip J.R. ''Handley Page Halifax: Merlin-Engined Variants (Aerodata International No 7)''. Kidlington. Oxford, UK: Vintage Aviation Publications Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-905469-50-X.
* _____________. ''The Handley Page Halifax B.III, VI, VII''. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
* Rapier, Brian J. ''Halifax at War''. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1987. ISBN 0-7110-1554-6
* Roberts, R.N. ''The Halifax File''. Tonbridge, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-85130-098-7.
* Robertson, Bruce. ''Halifax Special''. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1990. ISBN 0-7110-1920-7.
* Scutts, Jerry. ''Halifax in Action'' (Aircraft in Action series, No. 66. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1984. ISBN 0-89747-158-X.
* Stachiw, Anthony L. and Tattersall, Andrew. ''Handley Page Halifax: In Canadian Service'' St. Catharine's, Ontario, Canada: Vanwell Publishing Limited, 2005. ISBN 1-55125-085-3.
{{refend}}
;Videography
{{refbegin}}
* ''Halifax at War: The Story of a Bomber (76 min. DVD).'' Toronto: Nightfighters Productions Inc., 2005. ISBN 1-55259-571-4.
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{commons|Handley Page Halifax}}
* [http://www.yorkshireairmuseum.co.uk/collections/aircraft/wwII_aircraft_info.asp?id=11 Handley Page Halifax]
* [http://www.britishaircraft.co.uk/aircraftpage.php?ID=130 British Aircraft Directory entry]
* [http://www.bombercrew.com/ Halifax Bomber Crews and Their Experiences]
* [http://www.rcafmuseum.on.ca/reconstructing337.htm The Story of Halifax NA337]
* [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/hphalifax/main.htm The Handley Page Halifax website]
{{Handley Page aircraft}}
{{aviation lists}}
{{RAF WWII Strategic Bombing}}
[[Category:British bomber aircraft 1930-1939]]
[[Category:Aviation in Lancashire]]
[[Category:Handley Page aircraft|Halifax]]
[[Category:Propeller aircraft]]
[[Category:Multiple engine aircraft]]
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