Haplogroup 2316934 223284709 2008-07-03T11:53:51Z The Gnome 509411 etymology of term In the study of [[molecular evolution]], a '''haplogroup''', from "απλο" (Greek ''haplo'': simple or single) + "group", is a group of similar [[haplotypes]] that share a common ancestor with a [[single nucleotide polymorphism]] (SNP) mutation. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup from Haplotypes. A SNP test confirms a haplogroup. Haplogroups are assigned letters of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations, Example: R1b1. Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups have different haplogroup designations. Haplogroups pertain to your deep ancestral origins dating back thousands of years. <ref>The International Society of Genetic Genealogy see Haplogroup definition in DNA-NEWBIE GLOSSARY [http://www.isogg.org]</ref> In [[human genetics]], the haplogroups most commonly studied are [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups|Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups]] and [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups|mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups]], both of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the [[patrilineal]] line, while mtDNA is passed solely on the [[matrilineal]] line. Classifications of human haplogroups of either sort based on [[genetic marker]]s, specifically by means of [[Unique event polymorphism]] (UEPs), have been rapidly evolving over the past several years as new markers are found. ==Haplogroup population genetics== It is usually assumed that there is little [[natural selection]] for or against a particular haplotype [[mutation]] which has survived to the present day, so apart from [[mutation rate]]s (which may vary from one marker to another) the main driver of [[population genetics]] affecting the proportions of haplotypes in a population is [[genetic drift]] - random fluctuation caused by the sampling randomness of which members of the population happen to pass their DNA on to members of the next generation of the appropriate sex. This causes the prevalence of a particular marker in a population to continue to fluctuate, until it either hits 100%, or falls out of the population entirely. In a large population with efficient mixing the rate of genetic drift for common alleles is very low; however, in a very small interbreeding population the proportions can change much more quickly. The marked geographical variations and concentrations of particular haplotypes and groups of haplotypes therefore witness the distinctive effects of repeated [[population bottleneck]]s or [[founder effect|founder events]] followed by population separations and increases. The lineages which can be traced back from the present will not reflect the full genetic variation of the older population: genetic drift means that some of the variants will have died out. The cost of full mtDNA sequence tests has limited the availability of data. Haplotype coalescence times and current geographical prevalences both carry considerable error uncertainties. ===Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups=== {{Main|Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup}} Human [[Y chromosome]] DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are lettered A through R, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. Y chromosome haplogroup designations are established by the Y Chromosome Consortium<ref>[http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/ Y Chromosome Consortium]</ref>. {{Y-DNA}} [[Y-chromosomal Adam]] is the name given by researchers to the male who is the [[Most recent common ancestor|most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor]] of all living humans. Major Y-chromosome haplogroups, and their geographical regions of occurrence (prior to the recent European colonization), include: {| width=100% | valign=top width=50% | ==== Groups without mutation M168 ==== *[[Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup A]] (M91) (Africa, especially the [[Khoisan]], [[Ethiopia]]ns, and Nilotes) *[[Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup B]] (M60) (Africa, especially the Pygmies and [[Hadzabe]]) ==== Groups with mutation M168 ==== (mutation M168 occurred ~50,000 bp) *[[Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup C]] (M130) (Australia and surrounding areas, Siberia, Japan, North America) *[[YAP (genetics)|YAP+]] haplogroups **[[Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup DE]] (M1, M145, M203) ***[[Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup D]] (M174) (Tibet, Japan, the Andaman Islands) ***[[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E]] (M96) ****[[Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E1b1a]] (M2) (Africa); formerly known as E3a ****[[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E1b1b]] (M35) East Africa (Ethiopians and Somalis), North Africa (Berbers and Arabs), the Middle East, the Mediterranean, the Balkans; formerly known as E3b ==== Groups with mutation M89 ==== (mutation M89 occurred ~45,000 bp) *[[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup F]] (P14, M213) (southern India, Sri Lanka, Korea) *[[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup G]] (M201) (present among many ethnic groups in Eurasia, usually at low frequency; most common in the Caucasus, the Iranian plateau, and Anatolia; in Europe mainly in Sardinia, northern Italy, northern Spain, the Tyrol, as well as Bohemia, Moravia; Britain and Norway at only 2%) *[[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]] (M52) (India, Sri Lanka) *[[Haplogroup IJ (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup IJ]] (S2, S22) **[[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I]] (M170, P19, M258) (widespread in Europe, virtually absent elsewhere<ref>http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/DNA.RootsiHaplogroupISpread.pdf</ref>) ***[[Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I1]] (M253, M307, P30, P40) (Scandinavia, northern Europe) ***[[Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I2]] (S31) (southeast Europe, Sardinia) **[[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]] (M304) (the Middle East, Turkey, Caucasus, Italy, Greece, the Balkans, North and Northeast Africa) ***[[Haplogroup J* (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J*]] (minimal distribution) ***[[Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J1]] (M267) (associated with Semitic peoples: mainly in the Middle East, Ethiopia, and North Africa; J1 with DYS388=13 is associated with eastern Anatolia) ***[[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J2]] (M172) (mainly in Southern Europe, Turkey, Georgia, Kurds, the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, Somalia) ==== Groups with mutation M9 ==== (mutation M9 occurred ~40,000 bp) *[[Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup K]] (no additional major mutations) (New Guinea, Australia) **[[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup L]] (M20) (South Asia, Central Asia, Southwestern Asia, the Mediterranean) **[[Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup M]] (M4) (New Guinea) **[[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup NO]] (M214) ***[[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup NO*]] (minimal distribution) ***[[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup N]] (LLY22g) (northernmost Eurasia, especially among the Uralic people) ***[[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O]] (M175) (East Asia, the South Pacific, South Asia, Central Asia) ****[[Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O1]] (MSY2.2) ****[[Haplogroup O2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O2]] (P31, M268) ****[[Haplogroup O3 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O3]] (M122) ===== Groups with mutation M45 ===== (M45 occurred ~35,000 bp) *[[Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup P]] (M45) *[[Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup Q]] (MEH2, M242, P36) (Occurred ~15,000-20,000 years ago. Found in Asia and the Americas) **[[Haplogroup Q3 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup Q3]] (M3) (North America, Central America, and South America) *[[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R]] (M207) **[[Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1]] (M173) (Europe, West Asia) ***[[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1a]] (M17) (Central Asia, India, Sri Lanka, central, northern and Eastern Europe) ***[[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1b]] (M343) (Western Europe) **[[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R2]] (M124) (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Caucasus, Central Asia, Turkey and Eastern Europe) ===== Groups with mutation M230 ===== *[[Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup S]] (New Guinea); formerly known as Haplogroup K5 ===== Groups with mutation M70 ===== *[[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup T]] Found in Africa (mainly Afro-Asiatic-speaking peoples), the Middle East, the Mediterranean, South Asia; formerly known as Haplogroup K2 ===Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups=== {{Main|Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup}} Human [[mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] haplogroups are lettered: [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]], [[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B]], [[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]], [[Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA)|CZ]], [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]], [[Haplogroup E (mtDNA)|E]], [[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F]], [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G]], [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]], [[Haplogroup pre-HV (mtDNA)|<small>pre-</small>HV]], [[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|HV]], [[Haplogroup I (mtDNA)|I]], [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup pre-JT (mtDNA)|<small>pre-</small>JT]], [[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|JT]], [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]], [[Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)|L0]], [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1]], [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]], [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3]], [[Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)|L4]], [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5]], [[Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)|L6]], [[Haplogroup L7 (mtDNA)|L7]], [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]], [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N]], [[Haplogroup O (mtDNA)|O]], [[Haplogroup P (mtDNA)|P]], [[Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)|Q]], [[Haplogroup R (mtDNA)|R]], [[Haplogroup S (mtDNA)|S]], [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]], [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]], [[Haplogroup UK (mtDNA)|UK]], [[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]], [[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|W]], [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]], [[Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)|Y]], and [[Haplogroup Z (mtDNA)|Z]]. {{MtDNA}} [[Mitochondrial Eve]] is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the [[Most recent common ancestor|most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor]] of all living humans. ===Defining populations=== [[Image:Map-of-human-migrations.jpg|340px|right|thumb|Map of human haplotype migration, according to [[mitochondrial DNA]].]] Haplogroups can be used to define [[Genetics|genetic]] populations and are often geographically oriented. For example, the following are common divisions for mtDNA haplogroups: *Sub-Saharan African: [[Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)|L0]], [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1]], [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]], [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3]], [[Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)|L4]], [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5]], [[Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)|L6]], [[Haplogroup L7 (mtDNA)|L7]] *West Eurasian: [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]], [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]], [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]], [[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]], [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]], [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]], [[Haplogroup I (mtDNA)|I]], [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|W]] ''(all listed West Eurasian haplogroups are derived from macro-haplogroup [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N]])''<ref>Loogvali et al, 2004</ref> *East Eurasian: [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]], [[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B]], [[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]], [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]], [[Haplogroup E (mtDNA)|E]], [[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F]], [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G]], [[haplogroup Y (mtDNA)|Y]] (''note: C, D, E, and G belong to macro-haplogroup [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]]'') *Native American: [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]], [[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B]], [[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]], [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]], [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]] *[[Australasia|Australo-Melanesian]]: [[Haplogroup O (mtDNA)|O]], [[Haplogroup P (mtDNA)|P]], [[Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)|Q]], [[Haplogroup S (mtDNA)|S]] The mitochondrial haplogroups are divided into 3 main groups, which are designated by the 3 sequential letters L, M, N. Humanity first split within the L group between L0 and L1. L1 gave rise to other L groups, one of which, L3, split into the M and N group. The M group comprises the first wave of human migration out of Africa, following an eastward route along southern coastal areas. Descendent populations belonging to haplogroup M are found throughout East Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Melanesia, though almost none have been found in Europe. The N group may represent another migration out of Africa, heading northward instead of eastward. Shortly after the migration, the large R group split off from the N. Haplogroup R consists of two subgroups defined on the basis of their geographical distributions, one found in southeastern Asia and Oceania and the other containing almost all of the modern European populations. Haplogroup N(xR), i.e. mtDNA that belongs to the N group but not to its R subgroup, is typical of Australian aboriginal populations, while also being present at low frequencies among many populations of Eurasia and the Americas. '''The L type''' consists of Africans, and especially Sub-Saharan Africans. '''The M type''' consists of: M1- Ethiopian and Somali populations. Likely due to much gene flow between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman), separated only by a narrow strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. CZ- Many Siberians; branch C- Some Amerindian; branch Z- Many Saami, some Korean, some North Chinese, some Central Asian populations. D- Some Amerindians, many Siberians and northern East Asians E- Malay, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwan aborigines, Papua New Guinea G- Many Northeast Siberians, northern East Asians, and Central Asians Q- Melanesian, Polynesian, New Guinean populations '''The N type''' consists of: A- Found in some Amerindians, Japanese, and Koreans I- 10% frequency in Northern, Eastern Europe S- Some Australian aborigines W- Some Eastern Europeans, South Asians, and southern East Asians X- Some Amerindians, Southern Siberians, Southwest Asians, and Southern Europeans Y- Ainus and Nivkhs; 1% in Southern Siberia '''R'''- Large group found within the N type.Populations contained therein can be divided geographically into West Eurasia and East Eurasia. Almost all European populations and a large number of Middle-Eastern population today are contained within this branch. A smaller percentage is contained in other N type groups (See above). Below are '''subclades of R''': B- Some Chinese, Tibetans, Mongolians, Central Asians, Koreans, Amerindians, South Siberians, Japanese, Austronesians F- Mainly found in southeastern Asia, especially [[Vietnam]]; 8.3% in Hvar Island in Croatia (Tolk et al 2001) Pre-HV- Found in Arabia and among Ethiopians and Somalis; branch HV(branch H; branch V)- Western Europe, Middle-East; Pre-JT- Arose in the Levant (modern Lebanon area), found in 25% frequency in Bedouin poupulations; branch JT(branch J; branch T)- North, Eastern Europe, Indus, Mediterranean UK- High frequency in Scandinavia, Baltic countries, Mediterranean ==Overlap between y-haplogroups and mt-haplogroups== The ranges of specific y-haplogroups and specific mt-haplogroups overlap, indicating populations that have a specific combination of a y-haplogroup and an mt-haplogroup. Y mutations and mt mutations do not necessarily occur at a similar time, and differential rates of sexual selection between the two genders combined with [[founder effect]] and [[genetic drift]] can alter the haplogroup composition of a population, so the overlaps are only rough. The very rough overlaps between Y-DNA haplogroups and mtDNA haplogroups are as follows: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Y-DNA haplogroup(s) ! mtDNA haplogroup(s) ! Geographical area and/or peoples |- | A | L0 | South Africa, Khoisan |- | B | L1, L2 | Pygmies and related people |- | E1, E2, E3a | L3 | Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the Bantus |- | C3, N, O | CZ/C/Z, D, G (M types); A (N type); B, F (R types) | East Asia, Siberia |- | K, M (M9-positive, M45-negative) | R, P (R types); Q (M type) as well as various Oceanian-specific M subclades | Oceania |- | R, I, E3b, J | HV/H/V, JT/J/T, U/K (R types) | Europe, West Asia |- | Q, C3 | A, X, Y (N types); C, D (M types) | Easternmost Siberia, the&nbsp;Americas |} ==References== {{reflist}} 3. http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Tolk2001.pdf ==See also== *[[International HapMap Project]] *[[Molecular evolution]] *[[Molecular systematics]] *[[Molecular phylogeny]] *[[Haplotype]] *[[Genetic genealogy]] *[[Genealogical DNA test]] *[[Genetics]] *[[List of genetic genealogy topics]] *[[* (haplogroup)]] ==External links== ===General=== *[http://www.worldfamilies.net/y-haplogroups.htm World Families Network] ===News=== *[http://www.springerlink.com/media/53f7mgywmp4qtqrgtav0/contributions/f/1/4/2/f142j25785572821_html/fulltext.html Indian maternal gene pool], Journal of Human Genetics'' *[http://dienekes.blogspot.com/ Dienekes' Anthropology Blog] frequent highlights of new results. ===all DNA haplogroups=== *http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf ===Y chromosome DNA haplogroups=== *[http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/ Y Chromosome Consortium] *[http://www.isogg.org/tree/index.html ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2006] *[http://www.dnaheritage.com/ysnptree.asp DNA Heritage's Y-haplogroup map] *[https://home.comcast.net/~whitathey/predictorinstr.htm Haplogroup Predictor] *The Y Chromosome Consortium (2002), [http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/12/2/339 A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups], Genome Research, Vol. '''12'''(2), 339-348, February 2002. (Detailed hierarchical [http://www.genome.org/cgi/content-nw/full/12/2/339/F1 chart] has conversions from previous naming schemes) *[http://dnaconsultants.com/images/links/49-conversion.pdf DNA Consulting's Conversion Chart for Male Haplogroups] (PDF) *Semino et al (2000), [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans], Science, Vol '''290''' (paper which introduced the "Eu" haplogroups). ===Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups=== *[http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/images/skeleton07-08-02.jpg graphical mtDNA haplogroup skeleton] *[http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)60403-0 The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape] *[http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)61263-4 Do the Four Clades of the mtDNA Haplogroup L2 Evolve at Different Rates?] [[Category:DNA]] [[Category:Human evolution]] [[Category:Phylogenetics]] [[Category:Population genetics]] [[Category:Classical genetics]] [[Category:Recent single origin hypothesis]] [[cs:Haploskupina]] [[de:Haplogruppe]] [[es:Haplogrupo]] [[fr:Haplogroupe]] [[ko:하플로그룹]] [[it:Aplogruppo]] [[nl:Haplogroep]] [[oc:Aplogrop]] [[pl:Haplogrupa]] [[pt:Haplogrupo]] [[ru:Гаплогруппы]] [[fi:Haploryhmä]]