Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)
4148564
224681617
2008-07-09T23:10:12Z
Ebizur
2215661
/* Subgroups */ Updated haplogroup O3 subclades to conform with ISOGG 2008
{{Infobox haplogroup
| name =K
| map =
| origin-date =40,000 years BP
| origin-place =[[Iran]] or southern [[Central Asia]]
| ancestor =[[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|F]]
| descendants = [[haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]] (M20), [[haplogroup M (Y-DNA)|M]] (P256), [[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|NO]] (M214) ([[haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N]] and [[haplogroup O (Y-DNA)|O]]), [[haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|P]] (M45) ([[haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|Q]] and [[haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|R]]), [[haplogroup S (Y-DNA)|S]] (M230) and [[haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] (M70)
| mutations =M9
}}
In [[human genetics]], '''Haplogroup K''' (M9) is a [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]]. This haplogroup is a descendant of [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup F]] (M89). Its major descendant haplogroups are [[haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]] (M20), [[haplogroup M (Y-DNA)|M]] (P256), [[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|NO]] (M214) (plus NO's descendants [[haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N]] and [[haplogroup O (Y-DNA)|O]]), [[haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|P]] (M45) (plus P's descendants [[haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|Q]] and [[haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|R]]), [[haplogroup S (Y-DNA)|S]] (M230), and [[haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] (M70). Haplogroups K1, K2, K3 and K4 are found only at low frequency in the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Malay Archipelago]], [[Oceania]], and [[Australia]].
==Origins==
It first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in [[Iran]] or southern [[Central Asia]]. Today, haplogroup K and its descendant haplogroups are the patrilineal ancestors of most of the people living in the Northern Hemisphere, including most [[Europe]]ans, [[Asia]]ns, and [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. Other lineages derived from Haplogroup K are found among [[Melanesia|Melanesian populations]], indicating an ancient link between most [[Eurasia]]ns and some populations of [[Oceania]].
== Subgroups ==
The [[subclade]]s of Haplogroup K with their defining mutation, according to Karafet et al (2008) [http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1] (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of five steps away from the root of Haplogroup K):
''Note'' The 2008 paper made a number of changes compared to the previous [http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpK.html 2006 ISOGG tree]. The former subgroups K2 and K5 were renamed Haplogroups [[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] and [[Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)|S]]; the old subgroups K1 and K7 were re-assigned as new subgroups M2 and M3 of a redefined [[Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup M]]; and the former subgroups K3, K4 and K6 were renamed to new K1, K2 and K3.
*K (M9) ''Typical of populations of northern Eurasia, eastern Eurasia, [[Melanesia]], and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout [[Southwest Asia]], northern Africa, and [[Oceania]]''
**K*
**K1 (M147) ''Found at low frequencies in South Asia''
**K2 (P60)
**K3 (P79) ''Found in [[Melanesia]]''
**K4 (P261, P263)
**[[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]] (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) ''Typical of populations of [[Pakistan]]''
***L*
***L1 (M27, M76) ''Typical of [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] castes of [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]], with a moderate distribution among [[Indo-Iranian]] populations of [[South Asia]]''
***L2 (M317) ''Found at low frequency in [[Central Asia]], [[Southwest Asia]], and [[Southern Europe]]''
****L2*
****L2a (M274)
****L2b (M349)
***L3 (M357) ''Found frequently among [[Burusho]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]], with a moderate distribution among the general [[demographics of Pakistan|Pakistani]] population''
****L3*
****L3a (PK3) ''Found among [[Kalash]]''
**[[Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)|M]] (P256)
***M1 (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35) ''Typical of [[Papuan languages|Papuan]] peoples''
****M1*
****M1a (P34)
*****M1a*
*****M1a1 (P51)
****M1b (P87)
*****M1b*
*****M1b1 (M104 (P22)) ''Typical of populations of the [[Bismarck Archipelago]] and [[Bougainville Island]]''<ref>Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' 2006 23(8):1628-1641</ref>
******M1b1*
******M1b1a (M16)
******M1b1b (M83)
***M2 (M353, M387) ''Found at a low frequency in the [[Solomon Islands]] and [[Fiji]]''
****M2*
****M2a (SRY9138 (M177))
***M3 (P117) ''Found in [[Melanesia]]''
**[[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|NO]] (M214)
***NO*
***[[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N]] (LLY22g, M231)
****N*
****N1 (M128) ''Found at a low frequency among [[Manchu]], [[Sibe]], [[Manchuria]]n [[Evenks]], [[Koreans]], northern [[Han Chinese]], [[Buyei]], and some [[Turkic peoples]] of [[Central Asia]]''
****N2 (P43) ''Typical of [[Samoyedic peoples|Northern Samoyedic peoples]]; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other [[Uralic peoples]], [[Turkic peoples]], [[Mongols|Mongolic peoples]], [[Tungusic peoples]], and [[Eskimo]]s''
*****N2*
*****N2a (P63)
****N3 (Tat (M46)) ''Typical of the [[Yakuts|Sakha]] and [[Uralic peoples]], with a moderate distribution throughout [[North Eurasia]]''
*****N3*
*****N3a (M178)
******N3a*
******N3a1 (P21)
***[[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)|O]] (M175)
****O*
****[[Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)|O1]] (MSY2.2) ''Typical of [[Austronesian people|Austronesians]], southern [[Han Chinese]], and [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]] peoples''
*****O1*
*****O1a (M119)
******O1a*
******O1a1 (M101)
******O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)
****[[Haplogroup O2 (Y-DNA)|O2]] (P31, M268)
*****O2*
*****[[Haplogroup O2a (Y-DNA)|O2a]] (M95) ''Typical of [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] peoples, [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]] peoples, [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], [[Indonesia#demographics|Indonesians]], and [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]], with a moderate distribution throughout [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[East Asia]], and [[Central Asia]]''
******O2a*
******O2a1 (M88, M111)
******O2a2 (M297)
*****[[Haplogroup O2b (Y-DNA)|O2b]] (M176/SRY465, P49, 022454)
******O2b* ''Typical of [[Korean people|Koreans]], with a moderate distribution among populations of [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Manchuria]], [[Micronesia]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]]''
******O2b1 (47z) ''Typical of [[Japanese people|Japanese]] and [[Ryukyuans]], with a moderate distribution among [[Indonesia|Indonesians]], [[Thailand|Thais]], [[Koreans]], and [[Vietnam|Vietnamese]]''
****[[Haplogroup O3 (Y-DNA)|O3]] (M122) ''Typical of populations of [[East Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], and culturally [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] regions of [[Oceania]], with a moderate distribution in [[Central Asia]]''
*****O3*
*****O3a (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
******O3a*
******O3a1 (DYS257/P27.2, M121)
******O3a2 (M164)
******O3a3 (P201/021354)
*******O3a3*
*******O3a3a (M159)
*******O3a3b (M7) ''Typical of [[Hmong-Mien languages|Hmong-Mien]] peoples, with a moderate distribution among [[Han Chinese]], [[Buyei]], [[Qiang]], and [[Oroqen]]''<ref name = "Xue2006">Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," ''Genetics'' 2006 April; 172(4): 2431–2439.</ref>
*******O3a3c (M134) ''Typical of [[Sino-Tibetan peoples]], with a moderate distribution throughout [[East Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]''
******O3a4 (002611)
*******O3a4*
*******O3a4a (P103)
******O3a5 (M300)
******O3a6 (M333)
**[[Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|P]] (92R7, M45, M74, (N12), P27)
***P*
***[[Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|Q]] (M242, MEH2, P36)
****Q*
****Q1 (M120, N14 (M265)) ''Found at low frequency among [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Koreans]], [[Dungan]]s, and [[Hazara people|Hazara]]''<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7006/extref/nature02878-s2.doc Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations], from the online supplementary material for [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7006/abs/nature02878.html the article] by Bo Wen et al., "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture," ''Nature'' 431, 302-305 (16 September 2004)</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=56946&rendertype=table&id=T1 Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region], from [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=56946 the article] by R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001)</ref>
*****Q1*
*****Q1a (M378) ''Found at low frequency among samples of [[Hazara people|Hazara]] and [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]]''
****Q2 (M25, M143) ''Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of [[Southwest Asia]], [[Central Asia]], and [[Siberia]]''
****[[Haplogroup Q3 (Y-DNA)|Q3]] (M3) ''Typical of [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]]''
*****Q3*
*****Q3a (M19) ''Found among some indigenous peoples of [[South America]], such as the [[Ticuna]] and the [[Wayuu]]''<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Bortolini-AJHG-03-YAmer.pdf "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas,"] Maria-Catira Bortolini et al., ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 73:524-539, 2003</ref>
*****Q3b (M194)
*****Q3c (M199)
****Q4 (P48)
****Q5 (M323) ''Found in a significant minority of [[Yemenite Jews|Yemeni Jews]]''
****Q6 (M346) ''Found at low frequency in [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]''
***[[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|R]] (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)
****R*
****R1 (M173)
*****R1*
*****[[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]] (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))
******R1a*
******[[Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA)|R1a1]] (M17, M198) ''Typical of populations of [[Eastern Europe]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]], with a moderate distribution throughout [[Western Europe]], [[Southwest Asia]], and southern [[Siberia]]''
*****[[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] (M343) ''Typical of populations of [[Western Europe]], with a moderate distribution throughout [[Eurasia]] and in parts of northern [[Africa]]''
******R1b*
******R1b1 (P25)
****[[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|R2]] (M124) ''Typical of populations of [[South Asia]], with a moderate distribution in [[Central Asia]] and the [[Caucasus]]''
**[[haplogroup S (Y-DNA)|S]] (M230) ''Typical of populations of the highlands of [[New Guinea]]; also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of [[Indonesia]] and [[Melanesia]]''
***S*
***S1 (M254)
****S1*
****S1a (M226)
**[[haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] (M70, M184, M193, M272) ''Found in a significant minority of [[Arab|Arabs]], [[Demographics of Somalia|Somalis]], [[Demographics of Ethiopia|Ethiopians]], [[Fula people|Fulbe]]; also found at low frequency throughout [[Southwest Asia]], [[North Africa]], [[Southern Europe]], and parts of [[India]]''
***T*
***T1 (M320)
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my038 Spread of Haplogroup K], from ''[[National Geographic]]''
{{Y-DNA}}
[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|K]]
[[ca:Haplogrup K del cromosoma Y humà]]
[[cs:Haploskupina K (Y-DNA)]]
[[fr:Haplogroupe K (Y-ADN)]]