Haptoglobin 238691 224250805 2008-07-08T00:17:23Z ProteinBoxBot 3991663 Replaced protein Box Template with PBB Template for easy viewing. <!-- {{}} --> {{PBB|geneid=3240}} '''Haptoglobin''' (abbreviated as '''Hp''') is a [[protein]] in the [[blood plasma]] that binds free [[hemoglobin]] released from [[erythrocytes]] with high [[affinity]] and thereby inhibits its [[oxidative]] activity. The haptoglobin-hemoglobin [[protein complex|complex]] will then be removed by the [[reticuloendothelial system]] (mostly the [[spleen]]). In clinical settings, the haptoglobin assay is used to screen for and monitor intravascular [[hemolytic anemia]]. ==Clinical significance== Since the reticuloendothelial system will remove the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex from the body, haptoglobin levels will be decreased in [[hemolytic anaemia]]s. In the process of binding hemoglobin, haptoglobin sequesters the iron within hemoglobin, preventing iron-utilizing bacteria from benefitting from hemolysis. It is theorized that because of this, haptoglobin has evolved into an [[acute phase protein]]. ==Test order protocol== Haptoglobin is ordered whenever a patient exhibits symptoms of [[anemia]], such as [[pallor]], fatigue, shortness of breath along with physical signs of hemolysis, such as [[jaundice]] or dark-colored urine. The test is also commonly ordered as a hemolytic anemia battery which also includes a [[reticulocyte]] count and a [[peripheral blood smear]]. It can also be ordered along with a [[Coombs test|Direct Antiglobulin Test]] when a patient is suspected of having a [[transfusion reaction]]. Finally, it may be ordered in conjunction with a [[bilirubin]]. ==Results interpretation== A decrease in haptoglobin can support a diagnosis of [[hemolytic anemia]], especially when correlated with a decreased [[Red blood cell|RBC]] count, [[Hemoglobin]], and [[Hematocrit]], and also an increased reticulocyte count. If the reticulocyte count is increased, but the haptoglobin level is normal, this may indicate that cellular destruction is occurring in the [[spleen]] and [[liver]], which may indicate a [[drug induced hemolysis]], or a red cell [[dysplasia]]. The spleen and liver recognize an error in the red cells (either Drug coating the red cell membrane, or a dysfunctional red cell membrane), and destroy the cell. This type of destruction does not release hemoglobin into the [[peripheral blood]], so the haptoglobin cannot bind to it. Thus, the haptoglobin will stay normal. If there are symptoms of anemia but both the reticulocyte count and the haptoglobin level are normal, the anemia is most likely not due to hemolysis, but instead some other error in cellular production, such as [[aplastic anemia]] Haptoglobin levels which are decreased but do not accompany signs of anemia may indicate liver damage, as the liver is not producing enough haptoglobin to begin with. As haptoglobin is indeed an [[acute phase protein]], any inflammatory process (infection, extreme stress, burns, major crush injury, allergy, etc) may increase the levels of plasma haptoglobin. ==Structure== Haptoglobin is produced mostly by [[hepatocytes]] but also by other tissues: e.g. [[skin]], [[lung]], and [[kidney]]. According to Trayburn and Woods (2004) several studies have shown that the Haptoglobin gene is expressed in murine and human adipose tissue. Haptoglobin, in its simplest form, consists of two α- and two β-chains, connected by [[disulfide bridges]]. The chains originate from a common precursor protein which is proteolytically cleaved during protein synthesis. Hp exists in two [[allelic forms]] in the human population, so called ''Hp1'' and ''Hp2''; the latter one having arisen due to the partial duplication of ''Hp1'' gene. Three phenotypes of Hp, therefore are found in humans: Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2. Hp of different [[phenotype]]s have been shown to bind hemoglobin with different affinities, with Hp2-2 being the weakest binder. ==Miscellaneous Information== Hp has been found in all [[mammals]] studied so far, some birds e.g. [[cormorant]] and [[ostrich]] but also, in its simpler form, in [[bony fish]] e.g. [[zebrafish]]. Interestingly, Hp is absent in at least some [[amphibians]] (''[[Xenopus]]'') and [[neognathous birds]] (chicken and goose). ==Further reading== {{refbegin | 2}} {{PBB_Further_reading | citations = *{{cite journal | author=Graversen JH, Madsen M, Moestrup SK |title=CD163: a signal receptor scavenging haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes from plasma. |journal=Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. |volume=34 |issue= 4 |pages= 309–14 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11854028| doi=10.1016/S1357-2725(01)00144-3}} *{{cite journal | author=Madsen M, Graversen JH, Moestrup SK |title=Haptoglobin and CD163: captor and receptor gating hemoglobin to macrophage lysosomes. |journal=Redox Rep. |volume=6 |issue= 6 |pages= 386–8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11865982 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Erickson LM, Kim HS, Maeda N |title=Junctions between genes in the haptoglobin gene cluster of primates. |journal=Genomics |volume=14 |issue= 4 |pages= 948–58 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1478675 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Maeda N |title=Nucleotide sequence of the haptoglobin and haptoglobin-related gene pair. The haptoglobin-related gene contains a retrovirus-like element. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=260 |issue= 11 |pages= 6698–709 |year= 1985 |pmid= 2987228 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Simmers RN, Stupans I, Sutherland GR |title=Localization of the human haptoglobin genes distal to the fragile site at 16q22 using in situ hybridization. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=41 |issue= 1 |pages= 38–41 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3455911 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=van der Straten A, Falque JC, Loriau R, ''et al.'' |title=Expression of cloned human haptoglobin and alpha 1-antitrypsin complementary DNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. |journal=DNA |volume=5 |issue= 2 |pages= 129–36 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3519135 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Bensi G, Raugei G, Klefenz H, Cortese R |title=Structure and expression of the human haptoglobin locus. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 119–26 |year= 1985 |pmid= 4018023 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Malchy B, Dixon GH |title=Studies on the interchain disulfides of human haptoglobins. |journal=Can. J. Biochem. |volume=51 |issue= 3 |pages= 249–64 |year= 1973 |pmid= 4573324 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Raugei G, Bensi G, Colantuoni V, ''et al.'' |title=Sequence of human haptoglobin cDNA: evidence that the alpha and beta subunits are coded by the same mRNA. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=11 |issue= 17 |pages= 5811–9 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6310515| doi=10.1093/nar/11.17.5811}} *{{cite journal | author=Yang F, Brune JL, Baldwin WD, ''et al.'' |title=Identification and characterization of human haptoglobin cDNA. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=80 |issue= 19 |pages= 5875–9 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6310599| doi=10.1073/pnas.80.19.5875}} *{{cite journal | author=Maeda N, Yang F, Barnett DR, ''et al.'' |title=Duplication within the haptoglobin Hp2 gene. |journal=Nature |volume=309 |issue= 5964 |pages= 131–5 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6325933| doi=10.1038/309131a0}} *{{cite journal | author=Brune JL, Yang F, Barnett DR, Bowman BH |title=Evolution of haptoglobin: comparison of complementary DNA encoding Hp alpha 1S and Hp alpha 2FS. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=12 |issue= 11 |pages= 4531–8 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6330675 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=van der Straten A, Herzog A, Cabezón T, Bollen A |title=Characterization of human haptoglobin cDNAs coding for alpha 2FS beta and alpha 1S beta variants. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=168 |issue= 1 |pages= 103–7 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6546723 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=vander Straten A, Herzog A, Jacobs P, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning of human haptoglobin cDNA: evidence for a single mRNA coding for alpha 2 and beta chains. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=2 |issue= 6 |pages= 1003–7 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6688992 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Kurosky A, Barnett DR, Lee TH, ''et al.'' |title=Covalent structure of human haptoglobin: a serine protease homolog. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=77 |issue= 6 |pages= 3388–92 |year= 1980 |pmid= 6997877| doi=10.1073/pnas.77.6.3388}} *{{cite journal | author=Eaton JW, Brandt P, Mahoney JR, Lee JT |title=Haptoglobin: a natural bacteriostat. |journal=Science |volume=215 |issue= 4533 |pages= 691–3 |year= 1982 |pmid= 7036344 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Kazim AL, Atassi MZ |title=Haemoglobin binding with haptoglobin. Unequivocal demonstration that the beta-chains of human haemoglobin bind to haptoglobin. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=185 |issue= 1 |pages= 285–7 |year= 1980 |pmid= 7378053 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Hillier LD, Lennon G, Becker M, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 807–28 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889549 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Tabak S, Lev A, Valansi C, ''et al.'' |title=Transcriptionally active haptoglobin-related (Hpr) gene in hepatoma G2 and leukemia molt-4 cells. |journal=DNA Cell Biol. |volume=15 |issue= 11 |pages= 1001–7 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8945641 |doi= }} *{{cite journal | author=Koda Y, Soejima M, Yoshioka N, Kimura H |title=The haptoglobin-gene deletion responsible for anhaptoglobinemia. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=62 |issue= 2 |pages= 245–52 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9463309| doi=10.1086/301701}} }} {{refend}} ==External links== * {{MeshName|Haptoglobins}} {{Alpha globulins}} {{Mucoproteins}} {{Acute phase proteins}} [[Category:Blood proteins]] [[de:Haptoglobin]] [[fr:Haptoglobine]] [[it:Aptoglobina]] [[pl:Haptoglobina]] [[pt:Haptoglobina]] [[sv:Haptoglobin]] <!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. --> {{PBB_Controls | update_page = yes | require_manual_inspection = no | update_protein_box = yes | update_summary = no | update_citations = yes }}