Hassan II of Morocco
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{{Infobox Monarch | name =Hassan II of Morocco
|title =King of Morocco
|image =[[Image:DF-SC-83-08526.jpg|200px]]
|caption =His Majesty King Hassan II of Morocco
|reign = [[March 3]], [[1961]] – [[July 23]], [[1999]]</br>({{age|1961|3|3|1999|7|23}} years)
|coronation =
|predecessor =[[Mohammed V of Morocco]]
|successor =[[Mohammed VI of Morocco]]
|suc-type =Heir-Apparent
|royal house =[[Alaouite dynasty]]
|date of birth ={{birth date|1929|07|9}}
|place of birth =[[Rabat]], [[Morocco]]
|date of death ={{death date and age|1999|7|23|1929|07|9}}
|place of death =[[Rabat]]
|buried =[[Rabat]]
}}
'''King Hassan II''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: صاحب الجلالة الملك)الحسن الثاني), class. pron. [sâhibu l-jalâlati l-mâliku] (a)l-hasan uth-thânî, dial. (Mar.) [sâhibu l-jalâla el-mâlik] el-hasan ett(s)âni); [[July 9]], [[1929]]–[[July 23]], [[1999]]) was [[Monarch|King]] of [[Morocco]] from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the eldest son of [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco]] and his wife [[Lalla Abla bint Tahar]].
==Biography==
===Youth and education===
King Hassan was educated at the Imperial College at [[Rabat]] and earned a [[law]] degree from the [[University of Bordeaux]].
He was exiled to [[Corsica]] by [[France|French]] authorities on [[20 August]] [[1953]], along with his father Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]]. They were transferred to [[Madagascar]] in January 1954. Prince Moulay Hassan acted as his father's political advisor during the exile. Mohammed V and his family returned from exile on [[16 November]] [[1955]].
Prince Moulay Hassan participated in the February 1956 negotiations for Morocco's independence with his father, who later appointed him Chief of Staff of the newly founded [[Forces Armées Royales|Royal Armed Forces]] in April 1956. In the unrest of the same year, he led army contingents battling rebels in the mountains of the [[Rif]]. Mohammed V changed the title of the Moroccan sovereign from [[Sultan]] to [[Monarch|King]] in 1957. Hassan was proclaimed [[Crown Prince]] on [[19 July]] [[1957]], and became King on [[3 March]] [[1961]], after his father's death.
===Rule===
Hassan's [[Conservatism|conservative]] rule, one characterized by a poor human rights record <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7304361.stm BBC NEWS | Africa | Morocco 'Facebook prince' pardon<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, strengthened the [[Alaouite dynasty]]. In Morocco's first constitution of 1963, Hassan II reaffirmed Morocco's choice of a multi-party political system, the only one in the [[Maghreb]]. The constitution gave the King large powers he eventually used to strengthen his rule, which provoked strong political protest from the [[UNFP]] and the [[Istiqlal]] parties that formed the backbone of the opposition. In 1965, Hassan dissolved parliament and ruled directly, although he did not abolish the mechanisms of [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]]. When elections were eventually held, they were mostly rigged in favor of loyal parties. This caused severe discontent among the opposition, and protest demonstrations and riots challenged the King's rule.
In the early 1970s, King Hassan survived two [[Assassination|assassination attempt]]s. The first, in 1971, was organized by General Madbouh and Colonel Ababou and carried out by cadets, during a function at [[Skhirat]], an ocean resort. On [[August 16]], 1972, during a second attempt at a [[coup d'état]], jets from the [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] fired upon the King's [[Boeing 727]] while he was traveling back to [[Rabat]], but failed to bring it down. General [[Mohamed Oufkir]], Morocco's defense minister, was the man behind the coup and was officially declared to have committed suicide after the attack. His body, however, was found with several bullet wounds.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/stories/s340307.htm| title=Interview with Malika Oufkir |publisher= Foreign Correspondent| date=November 7,2001}}</ref>
In the Cold War era, Hassan II allied Morocco with the West generally, and with the United States in particular. There were close and continuing ties between Hassan II's government and the CIA, who helped to reorganize Morocco's security forces in 1960.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,515405,00.html] Hassan served as a back channel between the Arab world and [[Israel]], facilitating early negotiations between them. This was made possible due to the presence in Israel of a large [[Moroccan Jewish]] community. During his reign, Morocco recuperated the former Spanish Sahara, including Tarfaya (1958), Ifni (1969), and two thirds of [[Western Sahara]] after the "[[Green March]]" in 1975, an issue which continues to dominate Moroccan foreign policy to this day. Relations with [[Algeria]] deteriorated sharply due to this and due to the 1963 [[Sand War]].
Economically, Hassan II adopted a market-based economy, where agriculture, tourism, and phosphates mining industries played a major role.
The period from the 1960s to the late '80s was labelled by the Moroccan opposition as the "[[Years of Lead (Morocco)|years of lead]]" <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6256131.stm BBC NEWS | Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | Laughter, freedom and religion in Morocco<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9403363/Morocco Morocco - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and saw many dissidents jailed, killed, [[exile]]d or [[Forced disappearance|forcibly disappeared]].
King Hassan II had extended many parliamentary functions by the early '90s and released hundreds of political prisoners in 1991, and allowed the [[Alternance]], where the opposition assumed power, for the first time in the Arab World. He set up a Royal Council for Human Rights to look into allegations of abuse by the state.
==Family==
King Hassan II had five children with his wife [[Lalla Latifa Hammou]], a member of the [[Zaiane]] tribe, whom he married in 1961 :
* HRH [[Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco|Princess Lalla Meryem]] (b.1962)
* HM [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|King Mohammed VI]] (b.1963)
* HRH [[Princess Lalla Asma of Morocco|Princess Lalla Asma]] (b.1965)
* HRH [[Princess Lalla Hasna of Morocco|Princess Lalla Hasna]] (b.1967)
* HRH [[Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco|Prince Moulay Rachid]] (b.1970)
The king also had one other wife, Lalla Fatima bint Qaid Amhourok. Married also in 1961, they had no children.
==Death==
He died in 1999. <ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70. A Monarch Oriented to the West. |quote=King Hassan II, who ruled Morocco for 38 years, acted as a go-between in Egyptian-Israeli efforts to make peace and prolonged the life of his 300-year-old dynasty in an era when monarchies in Libya, Egypt, Iraq and Iran fell to socialist revolutions or the force of militant Islam, died yesterday in Rabat. He was 70. |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E3DA133EF937A15754C0A96F958260 |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=[[July 24]], [[1999]] |accessdate=2007-04-01 }}</ref>
==See also==
*[[King of Morocco|List of Kings of Morocco]]
*[[History of Morocco]]
==References and links==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.usa-morocco.org/alaoui.htm Morocco Alaoui dynasty]
*[http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/history/history.html History of Morocco]
*[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/727family/breakthrough.html Boeing 727 Program Breakthroughs]
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{{s-hou|[[Alaouite dynasty]]|9 July|1929|23 July|1999}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Morocco|King of Morocco]]|years=1961-1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]]}}
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{{African Union chairpersons}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Alaouite dynasty]]
[[Category:Cold War leaders]]
[[Category:Kings of Morocco]]
[[Category:Moroccan anti-communists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain]]
[[ar:الحسن الثاني بن محمد]]
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[[he:חסן השני]]
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