Hauteville family 5168102 221270271 2008-06-23T20:07:41Z Srnec 494861 /* Genealogy */ link, name The family of the '''Hauteville''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Maison de Hauteville'', [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Casa d'Altavilla'') was a petty baronial [[Normans|Norman]] family from the [[Cotentin]] which rose to prominence in Europe, Asia, and Africa through its conquests in the [[Mediterranean]], especially [[Southern Italy]] and [[Sicily]]. They also participated in the [[Norman Conquest]] of [[England]]. ==Origins== The familial origins had roots from the Norwegian [[Vikings]] ([[Norsemen]])who had settled in Normandy in the 10th century. <!--without a reference the following is babble: They may descend from one [[Hiallt]], a [[Norseman]] who settled in the Cotentin and founded the village of ''Hialtus Villa'' (Hauteville) from which the family takes its name.--> From just which village of Hauteville, which may simply mean "high town", the family drew its name is hard to identify with certainty, though modern scholarship favours [[Hauteville-la-Guichard]]. The first of the family well known to us is [[Tancred of Hauteville]], the founder of the eponymous villa. He remained until his death (c. [[1041]]) a minor baron of Normandy, but he had twelve sons and at least two daughters by two wives, Muriel and Fressenda. His small patrimony was hardly enough to satisfy his sons desire for land and glory and so eight of the twelve went south to the [[Mezzogiorno]] to seek their fortunes there. ==Mezzogiorno== {{seealso|Norman conquest of southern Italy}} The eldest of the twelve sons, [[William Iron Arm|William]] and [[Drogo of Hauteville|Drogo]], were the first to arrive in the south sometime around [[1035]]. They soon distinguished themselves against the [[Byzantine Empire|Greeks]] that William was inaugurated as [[Count of Apulia|count of Apulia and Calabria]] and lord of [[Ascoli]], Drogo as lord of [[Venosa]]. In [[1047]], Drogo was confirmed by the [[Emperor Henry III]] as William's heir and a direct vassal of the imperial crown. Their next brother, [[Humphrey of Hauteville|Humphrey]], succeeded Drogo and defeated [[Pope Leo IX]] at the [[Battle of Civitate]], making the Hauteville power the highest in the region. He was in turn succeeded by a fourth brother, the first by Tancred's second wife, [[Robert Guiscard]]. It was Robert who began the conquest of Sicily which was to yield a kingdom seventy years later and he renewed the war against Byzantium with vigour. In [[1059]], he was created duke by the pope and invested with as yet unconquered Sicily, which he gave, in [[1071]], to the youngest of the brothers, [[Roger I of Sicily|Roger Bosso]], with the title of count. The Guiscard's heirs, [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond]] and [[Roger Borsa]], fought over the inheritance and Roger of Sicily began to outshine the Apulian branch of the family. Roger united the Greek, Lombard, Norman, and Saracen elements of Sicily under one rule and refused to allow religious differences to spoil his conquests. He bequeathed a powerful state to his young sons, [[Simon of Sicily|Simon]] and [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger]]. It was this Roger who, upon inheriting all from Simon in [[1105]], began the quest to unite into one all the Hauteville domains: Apulia and Calabria (then under Borsa's son [[William II of Apulia|William II]]) and [[Principality of Taranto|Taranto]] (which had been given to Bohemond as a consolation for being deprived of Apulia) with his own Sicily. ==Kingdom of Sicily== On William's death in [[1127]], the union of the duchy and the county was effected and Roger's quest for a crown began. Believing kings to have ruled [[Palermo]] in antiquity, Roger threw his support behind the [[Antipope Anacletus II]] and was duly enthroned as ''king of Sicily'' on Christmas Day [[1130]]. Roger spent most of the decade beginning with his coronation and ending with his great [[Assizes of Ariano]] fending off one invader or other and quelling rebellions by his premier vassals: [[Grimoald of Bari]], [[Robert II of Capua|Robert of Capua]], [[Ranulf of Alife]], [[Sergius VII of Naples|Sergius of Naples]], etc. In [[1139]], by the [[Treaty of Mignano]], Roger received the recognition of his kingship from the legitimate pope. It was through his admiral [[George of Antioch]] that Roger then proceeded to conquer the [[Mahdia]] in Africa, taking the unofficial title "king of Africa." Roger's son and successor was [[William I of Sicily|William the Bad]], though his nickname derives primarily from his lack of popularity with the chroniclers, who supported the baronial revolts William crushed. His reign ended in peace ([[1166]]), but his son, [[William II of Sicily|William the Good]], was a minor. During the boy regency until [[1172]], the kingdom saw turmoil which almost brought the ruling family down, but eventually the realm settled down and the reign of the second William is remembered as two decades of almost continual peace and prosperity. For this more than anything, he is nicknamed "the Good." His death without heirs in [[1189]] threw the realm into chaos, however. [[Tancred of Lecce]] seized the throne but had to contend with the revolt of his distant cousin [[Roger of Andria]] and the invasion of [[Henry VI of Germany]] on behalf of his wife, [[Constance of Sicily|Constance]], the daughter of Roger II. Constance and Henry eventually prevailed and the kingdom fell in [[1194]] to the [[Hohenstaufen]]. Through Constance, however, the Hauteville blood was passed to the great [[Frederick I of Sicily|Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]. ==Crusades== The aforementioned Bohemond received in [[1088]], as a consolation, the principality of Taranto distinct from the duchy of Apulia which fell as per their father's will to his brother Roger Borsa. Bohemond did not long remain to enjoy his new principality, for while besieging [[Amalfi]] with his uncle and brother, he joined a passing band of Crusaders on their way to [[Palestine]]. Among his army was a nephew of his, a young man named [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]]. Bohemond was the natural leader of the crusading host but, through a trick, he took [[Antioch]] and did not continue on to [[Jerusalem]] with the rest of the army, instead remaining in the newly-conquered city to carve out a principality for himself there. Tancred also left the main Crusade at [[Heraclea Cybistra]] to fight for territory in [[Cilicia]]. A great state like the one his cousins were forging in Europe, however, was impossible for Bohemond. He was defeated badly at the [[Battle of Harran]] and forced later to sign the [[Treaty of Devol]] with Byzantium. Nevertheless, his son [[Bohemond II]] inherited the Crusader state. He in turn gave it to his only daughter, [[Constance of Antioch|Constance]], who ruled it until [[1163]]. Tancred had great luck in carving out a [[Principality of Galilee|principality around Galilee]] with the grants of [[Godfrey of Bouillon]], but he relinquished this in [[1101]]. ==Genealogy== Tancred and his first wife Muriel (or Muriella) had the following issue: *[[William Iron Arm]], [[count of Apulia]] (1042-1046) *[[Drogo of Hauteville|Drogo]], [[count of Apulia]] (1046-1051) **[[Richard of Salerno]], regent of the [[County of Edessa]] (1104-1108, d.1114) ***[[Roger of Salerno]], regent of the [[Principality of Antioch]] (1112-1119) *[[Humphrey of Hauteville|Humphrey]], [[count of Apulia]] (1051-1057) **[[Abelard of Hauteville|Abelard]] (d.1081) **[[Herman of Hauteville|Herman]], count of [[Cannae]] (1081-1097) *[[Geoffrey of Hauteville|Geoffrey]], count of the [[Capitanate]] (d.1071) **[[Robert I of Loritello|Robert I]], count of [[Loritello]] (1061-1107) ***[[Robert II of Loritello|Robert II]], count of [[Loritello]] (1107-1137) ****[[William of Loritello|William]], count of [[Loritello]] (1137, d.?) *[[Serlo of Hauteville|Serlo I]], heir to estates in Normandy **[[Serlo II of Hauteville|Serlo II]] (d.1072) married Aldruda de'Moulins ***[[Serlo III of Hauteville|Serlo III]], count of [[Ventimiglia]], and his wife countess Isabella de [[Candia Canavese]], also known as Isabelle de Candie et Craon-Nevers, initiated the Hauteville de Candia House of Ventimiglia Tancred and his second wife Fressenda (or Fedesenda) had the following issue: *[[Robert Guiscard]], count (1057-1059) and [[duke of Apulia]] (1059-1085) **[[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond I]], [[prince of Taranto]] (1088-1111) and [[Prince of Antioch|Antioch]] (1098-1111) ***[[Bohemond II of Antioch|Bohemond II]], [[prince of Taranto]] (1111-1128) and [[Prince of Antioch|Antioch]] (1111-1131) ****[[Constance of Antioch|Constance]], [[Princess of Antioch]] (1131-1163) **[[Roger Borsa]], [[duke of Apulia]] (1085-1111) ***[[William II, Duke of Apulia|William II]], [[duke of Apulia]] (1111-1127) **[[Guy of Hauteville|Guy]], [[duke of Amalfi]] and [[Sorrento]] (d.1107) **[[Robert Scalio]] (d.1110) **[[Emma of Apulia]] ***[[Tancred, Prince of Galilee]] (1072-1112) ***William *[[Mauger of Hauteville|Mauger]], count of the [[Capitanate]] (1056-1059) *[[William of the Principate|William]], count of the [[Principate]] (1056-1080) *Aubrey (also Alberic, Alberad, Alvered, Alvred, or Alfred), stayed in Normandy *Hubert (also Humbert), stayed in Normandy *Tancred, stayed in Normandy *[[Roger I of Sicily|Roger Bosso]], [[count of Sicily]] (1071-1101) **[[Jordan of Hauteville|Jordan]], count of [[Syracuse, Italy|Syracuse]] (1091-1092) **[[Geoffrey, Count of Ragusa|Geoffrey]], count of [[Ragusa, Sicily|Ragusa]] **[[Mauger, Count of Troina|Mauger]], count of [[Troina]] **[[Simon of Sicily|Simon]], [[count of Sicily]] (1101-1105) **[[Roger II]], count (1105-1130) and [[king of Sicily]] (1130-1154) ***[[Roger III, Duke of Apulia|Roger]], [[duke of Apulia]] (1134-1148) ****[[Tancred of Sicily|Tancred]], count of [[Lecce]] and [[king of Sicily]] (1189-1194) *****[[Roger III of Sicily|Roger III]], [[king of Sicily]] (1193-1194) *****[[William III of Sicily|William III]], [[king of Sicily]] (1194) ***[[Tancred, Prince of Bari|Tancred]], prince of [[Bari]] (1132-1138) ***[[Alfonso of Hauteville|Alfonso]], [[prince of Capua]] (1135-1144) ***[[William I of Sicily|William I the Bad]], [[king of Sicily]] (1154-1166) ****[[Roger IV, Duke of Apulia|Roger]], [[duke of Apulia]] (1154-1161) ****Robert ****[[William II of Sicily|William II the Good]], [[king of Sicily]] (1166-1189) *****[[Bohemond, Duke of Apulia|Bohemond]], [[duke of Apulia]] (1181) ****[[Henry, Prince of Capua|Henry]], [[prince of Capua]] (1166-1172) ***Henry ***[[Simon of Taranto|Simon]], [[prince of Taranto]] (1128-1154) ***[[Constance of Sicily|Constance]], [[queen of Sicily]] (1194-1198) Relatives of unknown relationship include: *[[Tancred, Count of Syracuse|Tancred]], count of [[Syracuse]] (fl. 1104) *[[Simon, Count of Syracuse|Simon]], count of [[Syracuse]] (fl. 1162), possibly a son of Roger II or nephew of Roger I ==Sources== *[[European Commission]] presentation of [http://www.mondes-normands.caen.fr/angleterre/index.htm The Normans] Norman Heritage, 10th-12th century. *[[John Julius Norwich|Norwich, John Julius]]. ''The Normans in the South 1016-1130''. Longmans: [[London]], [[1967]]. *[[John Julius Norwich|Norwich, John Julius]]. ''The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194''. Longman: [[London]], [[1970]]. *Pierre Aubé, ''Roger II de Sicilie''. [[2001]]. *Matthew, Donald. ''The Norman Kingdom of Sicily''. [[Cambridge University Press]]: [[1992]]. *Houben, Hubert. ''Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and West''. Trans. G. A. Loud and Diane Milbourne. [[Cambridge University Press]]: [[2002]]. *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/AnnaComnena-Alexiad.html Medieval Sourcebook: Alexiad&mdash;complete text, translated Elizabeth A. Dawes] *[[Ralph of Caen]]. ''Gesta Tancredi''. trans. Bernard S. and David S. Bachrach. Ashgate Publishing, [[2005]]. [[Category:History of Italy]] [[Category:History of Sicily]] [[Category:Middle Ages]] [[Category:Crusades]] [[Category:Families]] [[Category:European royal families]] [[ca:Casa d'Hauteville]] [[de:Hauteville (Familie)]] [[es:Casa de Altavilla]] [[fr:Maison de Hauteville]] [[it:Altavilla]] [[pl:Hauteville (ród)]] [[pt:Altavilla]] [[ru:Готвиль]] [[scn:Autavilla (famigghia)]] [[fi:Hauteville-suku]] [[zh:歐特維爾家族]]