Hawaii
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Reconfirmer|Reconfirmer]] ([[User talk:Reconfirmer|talk]]) to last version by Rjwilmsi
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{coor title dms|21|18|41|N|157|47|47|W|type:country|region:US}}
{{otheruses4|the U.S. State|other uses of the term, such as the [[Hawaii (island)|Island of Hawaii]]}}
{{US state |
Name = Hawaii|
Fullname = State of Hawaii<br />Moku{{okina}}āina o Hawai{{okina}}i |
Flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg |
Flaglink = [[Flag of Hawaii]] |
Seal = Hawaii state seal.png |
Seallink = [[Seal of Hawaii]] |
Former = Territory of Hawaii|
Former_flag of the state = Flag of Hawaii.svg |
Map = Map of USA HI.svg |
Nickname = The [[Aloha]] State |
Motto = [[Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono|Ua Mau ke Ea o ka {{okina}}Āina i ka Pono]]<br>(English translation: The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness) |
Capital = [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] |
LargestCity = [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] |
OfficialLang = [[English language|English]], [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] |
Demonym = Hawaiian |
Governor = [[Linda Lingle]] (R)|
Lieutenant Governor = [[James Aiona]] (R) |
Senators = [[Daniel Inouye]] (D)<br />[[Daniel Akaka]] (D) |
Congressional Delegations = [[United States congressional delegations from Hawaii|List]]
PostalAbbreviation = HI |
AreaRank = 43<sup>rd</sup> |
TotalAreaUS =10,931 |
TotalArea = 29,311 |
LandAreaUS = 6,423|
LandArea = 16,638. |
WaterAreaUS = 4,507 |
WaterArea = 11,672 |
PCWater = 41.2 |
PopRank = 42<sup>nd</sup> |
2000Pop = 1,211,537 |
DensityRank = 13<sup>th</sup> |
2000Density = 72.83 |
2000DensityUS = 188.6 |
MedianHouseholdIncome = $53,123 |
IncomeRank = 8<sup>th</sup> |
AdmittanceOrder = 50<sup>th</sup> |
AdmittanceDate = [[August 21]], [[1959]] |
TimeZone = [[Hawaii-Aleutian time zone|Hawaii]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-10<br /> (no [[daylight saving time]]) |
Longitude = 154° 48′ W to 178° 22′ W |
Latitude = 18° 55′ N to 28° 27′ N |
WidthUS = n/a |
Width = n/a |
LengthUS =1,522 |
Length = 2,450 |
HighestPoint = [[Mauna Kea]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| date =[[29 April]] [[2005]] | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessmonthday = November 3 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> |
HighestElevUS = 13,796 |
HighestElev = 4,205 |
MeanElevUS =3,035 |
MeanElev = 925 |
LowestPoint = [[Pacific Ocean]]<ref name=usgs/> |
LowestElevUS = 0 |
LowestElev = 0 |
ISOCode = US-HI |
Website = www.hawaii.gov
}}
{{Infobox U.S. state symbols
|Name = Hawaii
|Bird = [[Hawaiian Goose]]
|Fish = [[Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa]]
|Flower = [[Hawaiian hibiscus]]
|Mammal = [[Humpback whale]]
|Reptile = [[Gold dust day gecko]]
|Tree = [[Candlenut|Kukui nut tree]]
|Food = [[Muffin|Coconut muffin]]
|Gemstone = [[Black coral]]
|Slogan = ''The Islands of [[Aloha]]''
|Soil = [[Hilo (soil)|Hilo]]
|Song = ''[[Hawai'i pono'i]]''
|Sport = [[Surfing]], [[Outrigger canoeing]]
|Tartan = [[:Image:Hawaii State Tartan.jpg|Hawaii State Tartan]]
|Route Marker = HI-66.svg
|Quarter = 2008 HI Proof.png
|QuarterReleaseDate = 2008
}}
The '''State of Hawaii''' ({{pronEng|həˈwaɪiː}} or {{IPA|/həˈwaɪʔiː/}}; [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]: '''Moku{{okina}}āina o Hawai{{okina}}i''') is a state in the [[United States]], located on an [[archipelago]] in the central [[Pacific Ocean]] southwest of the continental United States, southeast of [[Japan]], and northeast of [[Australia]]. The state was admitted to the Union on [[August 21]], [[1959]], making it the 50th state. Its capital is [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] on the island of Oahu. The most recent census puts the state's population at 1,211,537.
This state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian Island chain]], which is made up of hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the [[archipelago]], the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) [[Niihau|''Ni{{okina}}ihau'']], [[Kauai|''Kaua{{okina}}i'']], [[Oahu|''O{{okina}}ahu'']], [[Molokai|''Moloka{{okina}}i'']], [[Lanai|''Lāna{{okina}}i'']], [[Kahoolawe|''Kaho{{okina}}olawe'']], [[Maui]], and [[Hawaii (island)|''Hawai{{okina}}i'']]. The last is by far the largest, and is often called the "Big Island" or "Big Isle" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. This archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the [[Polynesia]]n subregion of [[Oceania]].
In standard American English, ''Hawaii'' is generally {{pronEng|həˈwaɪiː}}. In the [[Hawaiian language]], it is generally {{pronounced|həˈwəiʔi}} or [həˈvəiʔi]. Most residents of Hawaii use the Hawaiian pronunciation (with the [[glottal stop]]) in their English.
==Geography==
{{main|Hawaiian Islands}}
===Location, topography, and geology===
[[Image:Hawaii Islands2.png|thumb|right|Location of Hawaii]]
An archipelago situated some {{unit length|km|3200}} southwest of the North American mainland,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://interactive2.er.usgs.gov/faq/list_faq_by_category/get_answer.asp?id=795
|title = What constitutes the United States, what are the official definitions?
|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]
|accessdate = 2007-07-03
}}</ref> Hawaii is the southernmost state of the United States and the second westernmost state after Alaska. Only Hawaii and Alaska are outside the contiguous United States and do not share a border with any other U.S. state.
Hawaii is the only state of the United States that
*is not geographically located in North America
<!-- redundant with "complete surrounded by water?
*is separated from the mainland by water
-->
*is completely surrounded by water
*has a royal palace
*does not have a straight line in its state boundary
*continuously grows in area (due to currently active [[extrusive|lava flows]], most notably from [[Kīlauea|Kilauea]] (''Kīlauea'').)
[[Image:Map of Hawaii NA.png|thumb|right|Map of Hawaii]]
[[Image:Kauai04.jpg|thumb|right|Na Pali coast, Kauai]]
Hawaii's tallest mountain, [[Mauna Kea]] stands at {{unit height|ft|13796}}<ref>[http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/maunakea/ Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawai`i<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and is taller than [[Mount Everest]] if followed to the base of the mountain—on the floor of the Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/BeataUnke.shtml|last=Unke|first=Beata|year=2001|work=The Physics Factbook|title= Height of the Tallest Mountain on Earth}}</ref>
All of the Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanos erupting from the sea floor from a [[igneous rock|magma source]] described in geological theory as a [[hotspot (geology)|hotspot]]. The theory maintains that as the [[Plate tectonics|tectonic plate]] beneath much of the Pacific Ocean moves in a northwesterly direction, the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. This explains why only volcanoes on the southern half of the Big Island, and the [[Loihi Seamount]] (''Lō{{okina}}ihi'') deep below the waters off its southern coast, are presently active, with Loihi being the newest volcano to form.
The last volcanic eruption outside the Big Island occurred at [[Haleakalā|Haleakala]] on Maui in the late 18th century, though recent research suggests that Haleakala's most recent eruptive activity could be hundreds of years earlier.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1999/99_09_09.html
|title = Youngest lava flows on East Maui probably older than A.D. 1790
|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]
|date = [[September 9]] [[1999]]
|accessdate = 1999-10-04
}}</ref>
The volcanic activity and subsequent erosion created impressive geological features. The Big Island is notable as the world’s [[List of islands by highest point|fifth highest island]].
Because of the islands' volcanic formation, native life before human activity is said to have arrived by the "3 W's": wind (carried through the air), waves (brought by ocean currents), and wings (birds, insects, and whatever they brought with them). The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the [[Pacific Ocean]], and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the [[tropics|tropic]], has resulted in a vast array of [[Endemism|endemic]] [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. Hawaii has more endangered species per square mile and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than anywhere else on Earth.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
[[Image:NASA Hawaiian Islands full quality.png|thumb|right|A NASA satellite composition of the Hawaiian Islands.]]
Areas under the control and protection of the [[National Park Service]] include:<ref>{{cite web | title = Hawaii | publisher = National Park Service | accessdate = 2008-07-15 | url = http://www.nps.gov/state/HI}}</ref>
*[[Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail]] on the Big Island
*[[Haleakala National Park]] in Kula
*[[Hawaii Volcanoes National Park]] on the Big Island
*[[Kalaupapa National Historical Park]] in Kalaupapa
*[[Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park]] in [[Kailua-Kona, Hawaii|Kailua-Kona]]
*[[Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park]] (''Pu{{okina}}uhonua o Hōnaunau'') in Honaunau
*[[Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site|Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site]] (''Pu{{okina}}ukoholā'') in Kawaihae
*[[USS Arizona Memorial]] at Honolulu
===Major islands===
<gallery>
Image:Niihau sep 2007.jpg|[[Niihau]]
Image:Kauai from space oriented.jpg|[[Kauai]]
Image:Island of Oahu - Landsat mosaic.jpg|[[O'ahu]]
Image:Maui Landsat Photo.jpg|[[Maui]]
Image:Molokaifromsatellite.jpg|[[Moloka'i]]
Image:LanaiLandsat.jpg|[[Lanai]]
Image:KahoolaweLandsat.jpg|[[Kaho'olawe]]
Image:Island of Hawai'i - Landsat mosaic.jpg|[[Hawaii (island)|Hawai'i]]
</gallery>
===Climate===
[[Image:Hawaii Sunset.jpg|thumb|A sunset in Hawaii]]
The climate of Hawaii is typical for a tropical area, although temperatures and humidity tend to be a bit less extreme than other tropical locales due to the constant trade winds blowing from the east. Summer highs are usually in the upper 80s°F, (around 31°C) during the day and mid 70s, (around 24 °C) at night. Winter temperatures during the day are usually in the low to mid 80s, (around 28 °C) and (at low elevation) seldom dipping below the mid 60s (18 °C) at night. Snow, although not usually associated with tropics, falls at the higher elevations of Mauna Kea (13,796 feet/ 4,205 meters) and Mauna Loa on the Big Island in some winter months. Snow only rarely falls on Maui's Haleakala. [[Mount Waiʻaleʻale]] (''Wai{{okina}}ale{{okina}}ale''), on the island of Kauai, is notable for rainfall, as it has the second highest average annual rainfall on Earth, about 460 inches (38 ft. 4 in., or 11.7 m). Most of Hawaii has only two seasons: Summer from May to October, and Winter from October to April.<ref>[http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/climate_summary.php Climate of Hawai`i<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Local climates vary considerably on each island, grossly divisible into windward (''Ko{{okina}}olau'') and leeward (''[[kona low|Kona]]'') areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face the Northeast Trades and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier and sunnier, with less rain and less cloud cover. This fact is utilized by the tourist industry, which concentrates resorts on sunny leeward coasts.
{{main|List of Hawaii hurricanes}}
Although hurricanes are a rare occurrence in Hawaii, all main islands have been affected by named hurricanes. The worst hurricane to hit Hawaii was [[Hurricane Iniki]] (''{{okina}}Iniki'') in 1992, which showed that Hawaii was indeed vulnerable to a direct hit.
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures (°F) for Various Hawaiian Cities<ref>[http://www.ustravelweather.com/weather-hawaii/ Hawaii Weather|Hawaii Weather Forecast|Hawaii Climate<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="17" | City
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jan
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Feb
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Mar
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Apr
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | May
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jun
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jul
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Aug
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Sep
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Oct
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Nov
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Dec
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | [[Hilo]]
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 79/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 79/64
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 79/65
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 79/66
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/67
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 82/68
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 82/69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83/69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83/69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 83/68
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/67
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80/65
|-
! style="background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" height="16;" | [[Honolulu]]
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 80/66
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 81/65
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 82/67
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 83/68
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 85/70
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 87/72
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 88/74
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 89/75
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 89/74
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 87/73
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 84/71
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 82/68
|-
! style="background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | [[Kahului]]
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 80/63
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81/63
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 82/65
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 82/66
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 84/67
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 86/69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 87/71
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 88/71
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 88/70
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 87/69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 84/68
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 82/65
|-
! style="background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" height="16;" | [[Lihue]]
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 78/65
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 78/66
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 78/67
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 79/69
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 81/70
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 83/73
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 84/74
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 85/74
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 85/74
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 84/73
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 81/71
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 79/68
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;"|
|}
===Important towns===
[[Image:Downtown Honolulu.jpg|thumb|'''[[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]]''' is the largest city and capital of Hawaii.]]
The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the island of Hawaii to Maui, and subsequently to Oahu, explains why certain population centers exist where they do today. The largest city, [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], was the one chosen by [[Kamehameha III]] as the capital of his kingdom because of the natural harbor there, the present-day [[Honolulu Harbor]].
Now the state capital, Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of Oahu. The previous capital was [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lahaina]], Maui. Some major towns are [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], [[Kāne'ohe, Hawai'i|Kāne'ohe]] (''Kāne{{okina}}ohe''), [[Kailua, Hawaii|Kailua]], [[Pearl City, Hawaii|Pearl City]], [[Waipahu, Hawaii|Waipahu]], [[Kahului, Hawaii|Kahului]], [[Kailua-Kona, Hawaii|Kailua-Kona]], [[Kihei, Hawaii|Kihei]] (''Kīhei''), and [[Lihue, Hawaii|Lihue]] (''Līhu{{okina}}e'').
===Notable features===
The [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]] was proclaimed by President [[George W. Bush]] on June 15, 2006, under the 1906 Antiquities Act. The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles (360,000 km²) of reefs, atolls and shallow and deep sea (out to {{convert|50|mi|km|-1}} offshore) in the Pacific Ocean, larger than all of America’s National Parks combined.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/ideas/ideas_item.cfm?content_item_id=3417&content_type_id=15&page=15&issue=16&issue_name=Protecting%20ocean%20life&name=Op-eds%20(Pew)| title=Treasure Islands| author=Joshua Reichert and [[Theodore Roosevelt IV]]| accessmonthday=June 15 | accessyear=2006| }}</ref>
==History==
{{HI history}}
{{main|History of Hawaii}}
The earliest habitation supported by archaeological evidence dates to the [[4th century]], probably by [[Polynesia]]n settlers from the [[Marquesas Islands|Marquesas]], followed by a second wave of [[Human migration|migration]] from [[Raiatea]] and [[Bora Bora]] in the 11th century. Although the first recorded European contact with the islands was in 1778 by British explorer [[James Cook]], there is substantial evidence (Stokes 1932) of earlier Spanish, and possibly Irish, visits to Hawaii. Hawaii is one of four U.S. States that were independent prior to becoming part of the U.S.: the [[Vermont Republic]], 1791; the [[Republic of Texas]], 1845; the [[California Republic]], 1846; and Hawai`i. Of these, Hawai`i and Texas were the only ones with formal international diplomatic recognition.<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode20/usc_sec_20_00007512----000-.html US CODE: Title 20,7512. Findings<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] existed from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by native born Hawaiians of American ancestry. It was an independent republic from 1894 until 1898, when it was annexed by the United States, becoming a territory in 1900, and a state in 1959.<ref>[http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/hi_intro.htm Introduction to Hawaii - The United States of America<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===Hawaiian antiquity===
{{main|Ancient Hawaii|Hawaiian mythology|Polynesian mythology}}
Anthropologists believe that Polynesians from the Marquesas and possibly the Society Islands first populated the Hawaiian Islands at some time between 300 and 500 AD.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} There is a great deal of dispute regarding these dates.
Some archaeologists and historians believe that there had been an early settlement from the Marquesas and a later wave of immigrants from Tahiti, circa 1000, who were said to have introduced a new line of high chiefs, the Kapu system, the practice of [[human sacrifice]] and the building of heiaus. This later immigration is detailed in folk tales about Paao (Pāʻao). Other authors have argued that there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers, and that Paao must be regarded as a myth. Since there are still many supporters of the Paao narrative, this topic is still hotly disputed.
Regardless of the question of Paao and the history of the Royal Hawaiian lineage, historians agree that the history of the islands was marked by a slow but steady growth in population and the size of chiefdoms, which grew to encompass whole islands. Local chiefs, called aliis (aliʻi), ruled their settlements and fought to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. This was conducted in a system of aliis of various ranks somewhat similar to Feudalism.
=== European contact ===
The 1778 arrival of British explorer [[James Cook]] is usually taken to be Hawaii’s first contact with [[European ethnic groups|European]] [[List of explorers|explorers]]. Cook named the islands the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]]. He published the geographical coordinates of the islands and reported the [[Hawaiian language#Name|native name]] as [[Owyhee]].
Cook visited the Hawaiian islands twice. During his second visit—in 1779—he attempted to abduct a Hawaiian chief and hold him as ransom for return of a ship’s boat that was stolen by a different minor chief;<ref>Kuykendall, "The Hawaiian Kingdom Volume I: Foundation and Transformation", p18 "Cook's plan was to get the king on board the Resolution and keep him there until the stolen boat was returned—a plan that had been effective under similar circumstances in the south Pacific"</ref> the chief’s supporters fought back, and Cook was killed.
After Cook’s visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the Hawaiian islands received many European visitors: explorers, traders, and eventually whalers who found the islands a convenient harbor and source of fresh food. Early British influence can still be seen from the design of the local Flag of Hawaii which has the British Union Flag in the corner. Visitors introduced diseases to the formerly isolated islands, and the Hawaiian population plunged precipitously. American missionaries arrived in 1820 and eventually converted the chiefs and the remaining population to [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christianity]].
[[Image:Battle at Nu'uanu Pali.jpeg|thumb|[[Kamehameha I]] defeats the [[Oahu]]ans at the [[Battle of Nu'uanu]], solidifying his control of the major islands of the archipelago.]]
===Hawaiian kingdom===
{{main|Kingdom of Hawaii}}
During the 1780s and 1790s the chiefs were constantly fighting for power.<ref>[http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Kamehameha_I_of_Hawaii.html Kamehameha I of Hawaii Biography]</ref> After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and forced cession of the island of Kauai in 1810, all of the inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler who would become known as [[Kamehameha I|King Kamehameha the Great]]. He established the [[House of Kamehameha]], a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872.
The death of the bachelor [[Kamehameha V|King Kamehameha V]]—who did not name an heir—resulted in the popular election of [[Lunalilo]] over Kalakaua (''Kalākaua''). After Lunalilo’s death, in a hotly contested and allegedly fraudulent election by the legislature in 1874 between Kalakaua and Emma (which led to riots and the landing of U.S. and British troops to keep the peace), governance was passed on to the [[House of Kalākaua]].
In 1887, under the influence of [[Walter M. Gibson]], a group of primarily American and European businessmen, including kingdom subjects and members of the Hawaiian government forced [[Kalākaua]] to sign the derisively nicknamed "[[1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|Bayonet Constitution]]" which stripped the king of administrative authority, eliminated voting rights for Asians and set minimum income and property requirements for American, European and native Hawaiian voters, essentially limiting the electorate to wealthy elite Americans, Europeans and native Hawaiians. King Kalakaua reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, [[Liliuokalani]] (''Lili{{okina}}uokalani''), succeeded him to the throne and ruled until her overthrow in 1893.
<center><gallery>
Image:Kamehamehaportrait.jpg|[[Kamehameha I]]
Image:Kamehamehaii.jpg|[[Kamehameha II]]
Image:Kamehamehaiii.jpg|[[Kamehameha III]]
Image:Kamehameha IV.jpg|[[Kamehameha IV]]
Image:Kamehamehav.jpg|[[Kamehameha V]]
Image:Williamcharleslunalilo.jpg|[[Lunalilo]]
Image:Kalakauapainting.jpg|[[Kalākaua]]
Image:Liliuokalani.jpg|[[Liliʻuokalani]]
</gallery></center>
=== Overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy ===
[[Image:ustroopshawaiirevolution.jpg|thumb|Ship's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893. Lieutenant Lucien Young, USN, commanded the detachment, and is presumably the officer at right.<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h56000/h56555c.htm U.S. Navy History site]</ref>]]
{{main|Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom}}
In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani announced plans to establish a new constitution that would have replaced the so-called [[1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|"Bayonet Constitution"]] that was established during the reign of [[King Kalakaua]] by American and European residents under threat of violence. The new constitution would have restored much power to the monarchy, but this was opposed by (mainly foreign) business elites. On January 14, 1893, a group of American and Europeans formed a [[Committee of Safety]] in opposition to the Queen, and seized control of government. United States Government Minister [[John L. Stevens]], responding to a request from the Committee of Safety expressing concern about possible violence directed against American citizens, summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines to come ashore to enforce neutrality. As one historian noted, the presence of these troops effectively made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself.<ref>{{cite book | last = Russ | first = William Adam | authorlink = William Adam Russ | title = The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94) | publisher = Associated University Presses | date = 1992 | pages = 350 | isbn = 0945636431 }} </ref>
The overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani was successful and the monarchy ended in January 1893. It was replaced by a Provisional Government composed of members of the Committee of Safety. There was much controversy in the following years as the queen tried to regain her throne. The administration of President [[Grover Cleveland]] commissioned the [[Blount Report]], which concluded that the overthrow of Lili{{okina}}uokalani was illegal. The U.S. Government first demanded that Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused. Congress responded to Cleveland's referral with another investigation, and submitted the [[Morgan Report]] by the U.S. Senate on February 26, 1894, which found all parties (including Minister Stevens) with the exception of the queen "not guilty" from any responsibility for the overthrow.<ref>Kuykendall, R.S. (1967) The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1874-1893. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 648.</ref> The accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports has been questioned by partisans on both sides of the historical debate over the events of 1893.<ref>{{cite book | last = Russ | first = William Adam | authorlink = William Adam Russ | title = The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94) | publisher = Associated University Presses | date = 1992 | isbn = 0945636431 }} </ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Kinzer | first = Stephen | coauthors = | title = Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq | publisher = Times Books | date = 2006 | pages = | month = | isbn = 0805078614 }}</ref><ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200508220002] Media Matters: "Limbaugh repeated false claim that U.S. was "strictly neutral" in overthrow of Hawaiian queen"</ref><ref name = "ikdfuf">[http://www.hawaiireporter.com/file.aspx?Guid=aefef5f6-a533-486a-9459-691138355dd1 Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand] by Bruce Fein</ref>
In 1993, a joint [[Apology Resolution]] regarding the overthrow was passed by Congress and signed by President Clinton, apologizing for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.<ref name = "ikdfuf"/>
===Republic of Hawaii===
{{main|Republic of Hawaii}}
[[Image:Iolani Palace (1328).JPG|thumb|[[ʻIolani Palace]] in [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch, was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii.]]
The Republic of Hawaii was the formal name of Hawaii from 1894 to 1898 when it was run as a republic. The republic period occurred between the administration of the [[Provisional Government of Hawaii]] which ended on July 4, 1894 and the adoption of the [[Newlands Resolution]] in [[United States Congress|Congress]] in which the Republic was annexed to the United States and became the [[Territory of Hawaii]] on July 7, 1898.
===U.S. Territory===
{{main|Territory of Hawaii}}
When [[William McKinley]] won the presidential election in November 1896, the question of Hawaii’s annexation to the U.S. was again opened. The previous president, [[Grover Cleveland]], was a friend of Queen Liliuokalani. He had remained opposed to annexation until the end of his term, but McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawaii. He agreed to meet with a committee of annexationists from Hawaii, [[Lorrin A. Thurston|Lorrin Thurston]], Francis Hatch and William Kinney. After negotiations, in June 1897, McKinley agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.<ref>[http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=1897_Annexation_Treaty 1897 Hawaii Annexation Treaty]</ref> The president then submitted the treaty to the U.S. Senate for approval.
Despite some opposition in the islands, the Newlands Resolution was passed by the House June 15, 1898, by a vote of 209 to 91, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21, annexing Hawaii as a U.S. territory. Its legality continues to be questioned because it was a United States Government resolution, not a treaty of cession or conquest as is required by international law. Both houses of the American Congress carried the measure with two-thirds majorities.
In 1900, Hawaii was granted self-governance and retained [[ʻIolani Palace]] as the territorial capitol building. Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawaii remained a territory for sixty years. Plantation owners, such as the [[Big Five (Hawaii)|Big Five]], found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various states of the U.S.
The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by activist descendants of original immigrant laborers. Because they were born in a U.S. territory, they were legal U.S. citizens. Expecting to gain full voting rights, they actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands.
===State of Hawaii===
{{main|Hawaii Admission Act}}
[[Image:Hawaiivotesinset.JPG|thumb|right|All representative districts voted at least 93% in favor of Admission acts. Ballot (inset) and referendum results for the Admission Act of 1959.]]
In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signed it into law. (The act excluded [[Palmyra Atoll]], part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii, from the new state.) On June 27 of that year, a referendum was held asking residents of Hawaii to vote on accepting the statehood bill. Hawaii voted at a ratio of 17 to 1 to accept. There has been criticism, however, of the Statehood plebiscite, because the only choices were to accept the Act or to remain a territory, without addressing the issues of legality surrounding the overthrow.<ref>[http://www.moolelo.com/human-rights.html Human Rights differs from Equal Rights<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://hawaii-nation.org/pleb.html Support For The Hawaiian Sovereignty Elections Council<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?e1cfcf02-afc2-4aa8-b0cb-3514c3b81da4 Hawaii Reporter: Hawaii Reporter<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Despite the criticism, the [[United Nations]] [[decolonization]] committee later removed Hawaii from the [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories]].
After statehood, Hawaii quickly became a modern state with a construction boom and rapidly growing economy. The [[Hawaii Republican Party]], which was strongly supported by the plantation owners, was voted out of office. In its place, the [[Democratic Party of Hawaii]] dominated state politics for forty years.
In recent decades, the state government has implemented programs to promote Hawaiian culture. The [[1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention|Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978]] incorporated as state constitutional law specific programs such as the creation of the [[Office of Hawaiian Affairs]] to promote the indigenous Hawaiian language and culture.
==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1900 = 154001
|1910 = 191874
|1920 = 255881
|1930 = 368300
|1940 = 422770
|1950 = 499794
|1960 = 632772
|1970 = 769913
|1980 = 964691
|1990 = 1108229
|2000 = 1211537
|estyear = 2007
|estimate = 1283388
}}
As of 2005, Hawaii has an estimated population of 1,275,194, which is an increase of 13,070, or 1.0%, from the prior year and an increase of 63,657, or 5.3%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 48,111 people (that is 96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people. The center of population of Hawaii is located directly between the two islands of Oahu and Molokai.<ref>http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt</ref>
Hawaii has a ''de facto'' population of over 1.3 million due to military presence and tourists. Oahu, which is nicknamed "The Gathering Place", is the most populous island (and the one with the highest population density), with a resident population of just under one million in {{convert|597|sqmi|km2|0}}, about 1,650 people per square mile (for comparison, New Jersey, which has 8,717,925 people in {{convert|7417|sqmi|km2|0}} is the most-densely populated state with 1,134 people per square mile.)<ref>[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/34000.html New Jersey Quickfacts]</ref> Hawaii's 1,275,194 people, spread over 6,423 square miles (including many unpopulated islands) results in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile,<ref>[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html Hawaii Quickfacts]</ref> which makes Hawaii less densely populated than states like Ohio and Illinois.<ref>[http://www.cesla.med.ucla.edu/html/pdf/charts.pdf#search=%22new%20jersey%20population%20density%22 Top 12 states in population density]</ref>
The average projected lifespan of those born in Hawaii in the year 2000 is 79.8 years (77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female), longer than the residents of any other state.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/projections/MethTab2.xls Average life expectancy at birth by state]</ref>
U.S. military personnel make up approximately 1.3% of the total population in the islands.
===Ethnicities===
{{see|Europeans in Oceania}}
Ethnically, Hawaii is one of only four states in which non-Hispanic whites do not form a majority, and has the largest percentage of [[Asian American]]s. Hawaii was the second [[majority-minority state]] in the United States. Both Hawaii and [[New Mexico]] have been majority-minority regions since the early 20th century, but New Mexico became a state before Hawaii. Hawaii also has the largest percentage of persons of [[multiracial|mixed race]], who constitute some 20% of the total population.<ref name=ethn>{{cite web| date =[[31 August]] [[2007]] | url =http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html| title =Hawaii QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau| publisher =U.S. Census Bureau| accessmonthday = September 15 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>
{{US Demographics}}
===Ancestry groups===
The largest [[Maps of American ancestries|ancestry groups]] in Hawaii are:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Population Of Hawaii'''
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
!Ancestry||Percentage||Main article:
|-
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]ese
!(16.7%) of Total
|''See [[Japanese American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Polynesia]]n
!(16%)
|''See [[Native Hawaiians]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippines|Filipino]]
!(14.1%)
|''See [[Filipino American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany|German]]
!(5.8%)
|''See [[German American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[China|Chinese]]
!(4.7%)
|''See [[Chinese American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Ireland|Irish]]
!(4.4%)
|''See [[Irish American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|England}} [[United Kingdom|British]] ([[England]])
!(4.3%)
|''See [[English American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal|Portuguese]]
!(4.0%)
|''See [[Portuguese American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Ricans]]
!(2.5%)
|''See [[Puerto Rican American|Puerto Rican]]''
|-
|[[Image:Unification flag of Korea.svg|22px]] [[Korea]]n
!(1.9%)
|''See [[Korean American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|African Union}} [[Africa]]n
!(1.8%)
|''See [[African American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy|Italian]]
!(1.8%)
|''See [[Italian American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico|Mexican]]
!(1.6%)
|''See [[Mexican American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France|French]]
!(1.5%)
|''See [[French American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom|British]] (other or unspecified)
!(1.4%)
|''See [[British American]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland|Scottish]]
!(1.1%)
|''See [[Scottish American]]''
|-
|
|}
<br><small>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US15&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Hawaii Ancestry]</small></br>
[[Image:Hawaii population map.png|thumb|right|Hawaii population density map]]
The third group of foreigners to arrive upon Hawaii’s shores, after the Polynesians and [[white people|Europeans]], were the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]]. Chinese employees serving on Western trading ships disembarked and settled starting in 1789. In 1820 the first American missionaries arrived in Hawaii to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians what the missionaries considered "civilized" ways. A large proportion of Hawaii’s population has become a people of [[Asian American|Asian]] ancestry (especially [[Chinese American|Chinese]], [[Japanese American|Japanese]] and [[Filipino American|Filipino]]) many of whom are descendants from those waves of early foreign immigrants brought to the islands in the nineteenth century, beginning in the 1850s, to work on the sugar plantations. The first 153 [[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not "legally" approved by the Japanese government established after the [[Meiji Restoration]] because the contract was between a broker and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], by then terminated. The first Japanese government-approved immigrants arrived in Hawaii on February 9, 1885 after Kalakaua's petition to [[Emperor Meiji]] when Kalakaua visited Japan in 1881.
Almost 13,000 [[Portuguese American|Portuguese]] had come to Hawaii by 1899. They worked on the sugar plantations, as many had done previously. By October 17, 1901, 5,000 [[Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii|Puerto Ricans]] had made their new homes on the four islands. Currently, there are over 30,000 Puerto Ricans or Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans and almost 50,000 Hawaiian-Portuguese living in Hawaii.
===Religion===
Religion/Adherents (Percent of Population)<br>
Christian/351,000 (28.9%)<br>
Buddhist/110,000 (9%)<br>
Jewish/10,000 (0.8%)<br>
Other*/750,000 (61.1%)
Other includes: agnostic or atheist, unaffiliated, Bahá'í, Confucian, Daoist, Druid, Hawaiian, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Shinto, Scientologist, Unitarian, Wiccan, Zoroastrian, etc.
;Sources:
*[http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2000 State of Hawaii Data Book 2000, Section 1 Population, Table 1.47]
*[http://www.glenmary.org/grc Glenmary Research Center]
*[http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Sep/21/il/il11afaith.html Honolulu Advertiser]
===Languages===
{{main|Hawaiian language}}
The State of Hawaii has two official languages recognized in its [[Constitution of Hawaii|constitution]] adopted at the [[1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention|1978 constitutional convention]]: [[English language|English]] and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]. Article XV, Section 4, specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions ''only as provided by law''" [italic added]. [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaii Creole English]] (locally referred to as 'Pidgin') is the native dialect of many born-and-raised residents and is a second dialect for many other residents. After English, the second-, third- and fourth-most spoken individual languages are [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (most are bilingual in [[Filipino language|Wikang Filipino]]), [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]] respectively. Significant [[European ethnic groups|European]] immigrants and descendants also speak their native languages; the most numerous are [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[German language|German]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[French language|French]].
As of the 2000 Census, 73.44% of Hawaii residents age 5 and older speak only English at home. Tagalog speakers make up 5.37% (which includes non-native speakers of [[Filipino language|Wikang Filipino]], the national co-official Tagalog-based language), followed by Japanese at 4.96%, [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]] at 4.05%, [[Chinese language|Chinese]] at 1.92%, Hawaiian at 1.68%, Spanish at 1.66%, [[Korean language|Korean]] at 1.61%, and [[Samoan language|Samoan]] at 1.01%.<ref>[http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=15&mode=state_tops Language Map Data Center<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
====Origin of Hawaiian====
Hawaiian is a member of the [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family. It began to develop around 1000 A.D., when Marquesans or Tahitians of that era colonized Hawaii. Those [[Hawaiian language#Family and origin|Polynesians]] remained in the islands, thereby becoming the Hawaiian people. Consequently, their language developed into the Hawaiian language.
Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language was never written. The written form of Hawaiian was developed mainly by American Protestant [[missionary|missionaries]] during 1820–1826. They assigned letters from the Latin alphabet that corresponded to the Hawaiian sounds.
====Revival of Hawaiian====
Interest in the Hawaiian language increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the [[Office of Hawaiian Affairs]], created by the 1978 constitutional convention, specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established where students would be taught in all subjects using Hawaiian. Also, the [[University of Hawaii System]] developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered in favor of Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.
====Note on Hawaiian language spellings====
In this article, modern Hawaiian-language spellings are provided in italics, within parentheses, at the initial appearance of the word.
Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowels. In modern written Hawaiian, vowel length can be indicated with a [[macron]] ([[Hawaiian language#Orthography (writing system)|''kahakō'']]).
Also, Hawaiian has the [[glottal stop]] as a consonant. In writing, it can be indicated with the apostrophe, or with the opening single quote ([[Hawaiian language#Orthography (writing system)|''{{okina}}okina'']]).
In Hawaiian-language newspapers published from 1834–1948, the spelling ''Hawaii'' was used. However, in texts written mainly for Hawaiian-language pedagogy, especially since 1950, the modern Hawaiian-language spelling used is ''Hawai{{okina}}i'', with an okina written between the final two vowels. The modern spelling is pushed mainly by teachers of Hawaiian language at the University of Hawaii. However, traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally never use okinas nor kahakos in their own writing. For this reason, some teachers of Hawaiian language, such as NeSmith, are advocating greater appreciation for the traditional native spellings with no okinas nor kahakos.
===="Pidgin"====
Many residents speak [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaii Creole English]] (HCE), often called "[[pidgin]]". The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also has words from Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, [[Ilocano]] and [[Tagalog]] from the [[Philippines]] and Portuguese. During the 19th century, there was a great increase in immigration from foreign countries (mainly China, Japan, Portugal—especially from the Azores archipelago—and Spain), and a pidgin English developed which by the early 20th century became a creole English, as pidgin speakers had children who acquired the pidgin as their own native language.
HCE speakers can use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic. Most place names are retained from Hawaiian, as are some names for plants or animals. For example, [[tuna fish]] are often called "ahi". HCE speakers have modified the meanings of certain English words. For example, the terms "auntie" and "uncle" can be used to refer to any adult who is a friend, or a friend to the family. It is also used as a sign of respect for elders. Throughout the [[surfing]] boom in Hawaii, HCE has influenced surfer slang. Some HCE expressions, such as ''brah'' and ''da kine'', have found their way to other places.
Certain words can be dropped if their meaning is implicit. For example, instead of saying "It is hot today, isn't it?", an HCE speaker is likely to say simply "stay hot, eh?"
====Debates====
A somewhat divisive political issue that has arisen since the constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language is the exact spelling of the state’s name in official documents. As prescribed in the [[Hawaii Admission Act]] that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes ''Hawaii'' to be the official state name.
Official government publications,{{Fact|date=November 2007}} as well as department and office titles,{{Fact|date=November 2007}} use the traditional Hawaiian spelling, that is, with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length. In contrast, some private entities, including a local newspaper, are using such symbols.
The title of the state constitution is "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii". In Article XV therein, Section 1 uses "The State of Hawaii", Section 2 "the island of Oahu", Section 3 "The Hawaiian flag", and Section 5 specifies the state motto as "Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono". Since these documents predate the modern use of the [[Okina|{{Okina}}okina]] and the [[Macron|kahakō]] in Hawaiian orthography, the disputed spelling conventions were not used in these cases.
The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are often not obvious or well-appreciated among English speakers outside Hawaii. The issue has often been a source of friction in situations where correct naming conventions are mandated, as people frequently disagree over which spelling is correct or incorrect, and where it is correctly or incorrectly applied.
{{see also|Hawaiian language#Orthography (writing system)}}
==Education==
{{main|Hawai'i Department of Education}}
Hawaii is currently the only state in the union with a unified school system statewide. Policy decisions are made by the fourteen-member state Board of Education, with thirteen members elected for four-year terms and one non-voting student member. The Board of Education sets statewide educational policy and hires the state superintendent of schools, who oversees the operations of the state Department of Education. The Department of Education is also divided into seven districts, four on Oahu and one for each of the other counties.
The structure of the state Department of Education has been a subject of discussion and controversy in recent years. The main rationale for the current centralized model is equity in school funding and distribution of resources: leveling out inequalities that would exist between highly populated Oahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands, and between lower-income and more affluent areas of the state. This system of school funding differs from many localities in the United States where schools are funded from local property taxes.
Policy initiatives have been made in recent years toward decentralization. Current Republican Governor Linda Lingle is a proponent of replacing the current statewide board with seven elected district boards. The Democratic-controlled state legislature opposed her proposal, instead favoring expansion of decision-making power to the schools and giving schools more discretion over budgeting. Political debate on structural reform is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
===Schools and academies===
As stated above, the Hawaii State Department of Education operates all of the public schools in the State of Hawaii.
Hawaii has the distinction of educating more students in independent institutions of secondary education than any other state in the United States. It also has four of the largest [[independent school]]s: [[Iolani School]], [[Kamehameha Schools]], [[Mid-Pacific Institute]], and [[Punahou School]], Saint Louis High School, and Maryknoll School. The second Buddhist high school in the United States, and first Buddhist high school in Hawaii, Pacific Buddhist Academy, was founded in 2003. (The first Buddhist high school in the United States was [[Developing Virtue Secondary School]] founded in 1981 in Ukiah, California.)
Both independent and charter schools can select their students, while the regular public schools must take all students in their district. For a comprehensive list of independent schools, see the [[:Category:Private education in Hawaii|list of independent schools in Hawaii]]. For a comprehensive list of public schools, see the [[:Category:Public education in Hawaii|list of public schools in Hawaii]].
The Kamehameha Schools are especially notable for being the only schools in the United States that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry and the wealthiest schools in the United States, if not the world, having the support of over nine billion [[US dollars]] in estate assets.
===Colleges and universities===
Graduates of institutions of secondary learning in Hawaii often either enter directly into the work force or attend colleges and universities. While many choose to attend colleges and universities on the mainland or elsewhere, most choose to attend one of many institutions of higher learning in Hawaii.
The largest of these institutions is the [[University of Hawaii]] System. It consists of: (1) the flagship research university at [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|Manoa]] (''Mānoa''); (2) two comprehensive campuses [[University of Hawaii at Hilo|Hilo]] and [[University of Hawaii-West Oahu|West Oahu]]; and (7) seven Community Colleges. Students choosing private education attend [[Brigham Young University Hawaii]], [[Chaminade University of Honolulu]], [[Hawaii Pacific University]], or [[University of the Nations]].
The [[Saint Stephen Diocesan Seminary, Honolulu|Saint Stephen Diocesan Center]] is a [[seminary]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu]]. For a comprehensive list of colleges and universities, see the [[:Category:Universities and colleges in Hawaii|list of colleges and universities in Hawaii]].
===Problems===
It has been challenging for educators to learn what constitutes effective instruction for the large populations of children of non-native English-speaking immigrants, whose cultures are often different in many ways from that of the mainland U.S., whence most of the course materials come, and where most of the standards for schools are set.
The public elementary, middle, and high school scores in Hawaii tend to be below average on national tests as mandated under the [[No Child Left Behind Act]]. Some of this can be attributed to the Hawaii State Board of Education requiring all eligible students to take these tests and reporting all student test scores unlike, for example, Texas and Michigan. Results reported in August 2005 indicate that two-thirds of Hawaii’s schools failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in math and reading (of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed).<ref>[http://www.thehawaiichannel.com/education/4870699/detail.html Two-Thirds Of Hawaii Schools Do Not Meet Requirements - Education News Story - KITV Honolulu<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
On the other hand, results of the [[ACT (examination)|ACT college placement tests]] show that Hawaii class of 2005 seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9) (Honolulu Advertiser, [[August 17]], [[2005]], p. B1). It should be noted that fewer students take the ACT examination than take the more widely accepted [[SAT]] examination. On the SAT, Hawaii’s college bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except math.
==Economy==
{{see also|Hawaii locations by per capita income}}
The history of Hawaii can be traced through a succession of dominating [[industry|industries]]: [[sandalwood]], [[whaling]], [[sugarcane]], [[pineapple]], [[military]], [[tourism]], and [[education]]. Since statehood was achieved in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry in Hawaii, contributing 24.3% of the Gross State Product (GSP) in 1997. New efforts are underway to diversify the economy. The total gross output for the state in 2003 was US$47 billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents was US$30,441.
Industrial exports from Hawaii include food processing and apparel. These industries play a small role in the Hawaii economy, however, due to the considerable shipping distance to the ports and population of the West Coast of the United States. Food exports include [[coffee]], [[macadamia]] nuts, [[pineapple]], [[livestock]], and [[sugarcane]]. Agricultural sales for 2002, according to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, were US$370.9 million from diversified agriculture, US$100.6 million from pineapple, and US$64.3 million from sugarcane.
Hawaii is known for its relatively high per capita state tax burden. In the years 2002 and 2003, Hawaii residents had the highest state tax per capita at US$2,757 and US$2,838, respectively. This rate can be explained partly by the fact that services such as education, health care and social services are all rendered at the state level, as opposed to the municipal level in all other states.
Millions of tourists contribute to the collection figure by paying the [[excise|general excise tax]] and hotel room tax; thus not all the taxes collected come directly from residents. Business leaders, however, have often considered the state's tax burden as being too high, contributing to both higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate.<ref>[http://starbulletin.com/2004/05/21/news/story1.html Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> See the [[:Category:Business in Hawaii|list of businesses in Hawaii]] for more information on commerce in the state.
Until recently, Hawaii was the only state in the U.S. that attempted to control gasoline prices through a [[Gas Cap Law]]. The law was enacted during a period when oil profits in Hawaii in relation to the mainland U.S. were under scrutiny, and sought to tie local gasoline prices to those of the mainland. The law took effect in September 2005 amid price fluctuations caused by Hurricane Katrina. The Hawaii state legislature suspended the law in April 2006.
===Health care system===
A notable (and much-discussed) aspect of Hawaiian government and economy is its health care system, which insures over 95% of residents. Under the state's plan, all businesses are required to provide employees who work more than twenty hours per week with health care. Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps keep the cost to employers down. In addition, due in part to the system's emphasis on preventive care, Hawaiians require hospital treatment less frequently than their counterparts in the rest of the United States, while total health care expenses (measured as a percentage of state GDP) are substantially lower. Given these achievements, proponents of [[universal health care]] elsewhere in the U.S. have sometimes used Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans. Critics, however, claim that Hawaii's success is due at least in part to its mild climate and to its status as a chain of islands whose economy is heavily based on tourism: features that make it more difficult for businesses unhappy with paying the plan's premiums to relocate elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DD123BF93AA25756C0A965958260
|title = "Hawaii Health Care Is Called a Model for U.S."
|publisher = [[New York Times]]
|accessdate = 1993-05-19
}}</ref>
==Law and government==
{{see also|United States presidential election in Hawaii, 2004}}
{| align="right" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%;"
|+ '''Presidential elections results'''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! Year
! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|45.26% ''194,191
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''54.01%''' ''231,708
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|37.46% ''137,845
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''55.79%''' ''205,286
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|31.64% ''113,943
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''56.93%''' ''205,012
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 1992|1992]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|36.70% ''136,822
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''48.09%''' ''179,310
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 1988|1988]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|44.75% ''158,625
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''54.27%''' ''192,364
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[United States presidential election, 1984|1984]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''55.10%''' ''185,050
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|43.82% ''147,154
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 1980|1980]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|42.90% ''130,112
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''44.80%''' ''135,879
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 1976|1976]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|48.06% ''140,003
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''50.59%''' ''147,375
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|[[United States presidential election, 1972|1972]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''62.48%''' ''168,865
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|37.52% ''101,409
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 1968|1968]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|38.70% ''91,425
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''59.83%''' ''141,324
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 1964|1964]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|21.24% ''44,022
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''78.76%''' ''163,249
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|[[United States presidential election, 1960|1960]]
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|49.97% ''92,295
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"|'''50.03%''' ''92,410
|}
The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the [[Constitution of Hawaii]], there are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial.
The executive branch is led by the [[Governor of Hawaii]] and assisted by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii]], both elected on the same ticket. The governor, in residence at the grounds of [[Washington Place]], is the only public official elected for the state government in a statewide race; all other administrators and judges are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor is concurrently the [[Secretary of State]] of Hawaii. Both the governor and lieutenant governor administer their duties from the [[Hawaii State Capitol]]. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee the major agencies and departments of the executive of which there are twenty.
The legislative branch consists of the [[Hawaii Legislature]]—the twenty-five members of the [[Hawaii Senate]] led by the [[President of the Senate]] and the fifty-one members of the [[Hawaii House of Representatives]] led by the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker of the House]]. They also govern from the Hawaii State Capitol. The judicial branch is led by the highest state court, the [[Hawaii State Supreme Court]], which uses [[Aliiolani Hale]] (''Ali{{okina}}iōlani Hale'') as its chambers. Lower courts are organized as the [[Hawai'i State Judiciary]].
The state is represented in the [[United States Congress]] by a [[United States congressional delegations from Hawaii|delegation of four members]]. They are the senior and junior [[United States Senate|United States Senators]], the representative of [[Hawaii's 1st congressional district]] and the representative of [[Hawaii's 2nd congressional district]]. Many Hawaii residents have been appointed to administer other agencies and departments of the federal government by the [[President of the United States]]. All federal officers of Hawaii administer their duties locally from the [[Prince Kuhio Federal Building]] (''Kūhiō'') near the [[Aloha Tower]] and [[Honolulu Harbor]].
Hawaii has supported Democrats in 10 of the 12 presidential elections in which it has participated with the exception of [[United States presidential election, 1972|1972]] and [[United States presidential election, 1984|1984]]. In 2004, John Kerry won the state’s 4 electoral votes by a margin of 9 percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county in the state supported the Democratic candidate. In 1964, [[favorite son]] candidate, Senator [[Hiram Fong]] of Hawaii sought the presidential nomination of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in [[1972]].
In the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 election]], [[Honolulu]] native [[Barack Obama]], serving as [[United States Senator]] from [[Illinois]] has received enough delegates to clinch the nomination of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Obama won the Hawaiian Democratic Caucus on [[February 19]], [[2008]] with 76% of the vote. Obama is the third Hawaiian-born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party and the first presidential nominee to be from Hawaii.
The Prince Kuhio Federal Building also houses agencies of the federal government such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [[Internal Revenue Service]] and the [[United States Secret Service]]. The building is the site of the federal courts and the offices of the [[United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii]], principal [[police officer]] of the [[United States Department of Justice]] in the [[United States District Court for the District of Hawaii]].
<center><gallery>
Image:Linda Lingle navy 1-cropped.jpg|[[Linda Lingle]]<br>Governor<br>(Republican)
Image:Jamesaiona.jpg|[[James Aiona]]<br>Lieutenant Governor<br>(Republican)
Image:Daniel Inouye official photo.jpg|[[Daniel Inouye]]<br>U.S. Senator<br>(Democrat)
Image:DanielAkaka.jpg|[[Daniel Akaka]]<br>U.S. Senator<br>(Democrat)
Image:Neilabercrombie.jpg|[[Neil Abercrombie]]<br>U.S. Representative<br>(Democrat)
Image:Mazie Hirono.jpg|[[Mazie Hirono]]<br>U.S. Representative<br>(Democrat)
Image:MayorKim.jpg|[[Harry Kim (politician)|Harry Kim]]<br>Mayor of Hawaii County<br>(Nonpartisan)
Image:Mufi Hannemann 01 cropped.jpg|[[Mufi Hannemann]]<br>Mayor of Honolulu<br>(Nonpartisan)
</gallery></center>
Unique to Hawaii is the way it has organized its municipal governments. There are no incorporated cities in Hawaii except [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]]. All other municipal governments are administered at the [[County (United States)|county level]]. The county executives are the [[Mayor of Hawaii]], [[Mayor of Honolulu]], [[Mayor of Kauai]] and [[Mayor of Maui]]. All mayors in the state are elected in [[nonpartisan]] races.
The officers of the federal and state governments have been historically elected from the [[Democratic Party of Hawaii]] and the [[Hawaii Republican Party]]. Municipal charters in the state have declared all mayors to be elected in [[nonpartisan]] races.
==Transportation==
===By road===
Hawaii has four federal highways: [[Interstate H-1|H-1]], [[Interstate H-2|H-2]], [[Interstate H-3|H-3]], and [[Interstate H-201|H-201]], all located on Oahu and all part of the [[Interstate Highway System]]. With the exception of H-201, which begins and ends on H-1, all the highways have at least one end point at or near a current or former military installation. A [[List of Hawaii state highways|system of state highways]] encircles the other main islands as well as Oahu. Travel can be slow due to narrow winding roads on the coastlines. Travel can be significantly congested during morning and evening commute times in and out of Honolulu, particularly on the leeward side. H1 was constructed after Honolulu was well established, and on/off ramps are diverted throughout the city.
Hawaii has one of the best public transit systems in the United States known as [[TheBus]] with over 4,200 stops on Oahu. It was ranked number one in the country for 1994-1995 and again in 2000-2001 by the [[American Public Transportation Association]].<ref>[http://www.enterprisehonolulu.com/html/display.cfm?sid=164 Enterprise Honolulu | Public Transportation in Honolulu Oahu Hawaii<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===By air===
Aviation is an important part of Hawaii’s transportation network, as most interisland travel takes place using commercial [[airline]]s. [[Hawaiian Airlines]], and [[go! (airline)|go!]] use jets to travel between the larger commercial airports in Honolulu, Lihue, Kahului, Kona, and Hilo, while [[Island Air]] and [[Pacific Wings]] serve smaller airports. These airlines also provide air freight service between the islands.
===By ship or ferry===
[[Image:Pacific elevation.jpg|thumb|300px|The Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes, [[oceanic trench]]es and island-chains such as Hawaii (found here, on the Central Northwest quadrant)]]
A ferry linked to [[TheBus]] began service in September 2007 known as TheBoat. Fare for TheBoat is $2.00, and it runs from Barber's Point to Aloha Tower Marketplace daily. It is hoped that linking to TheBus and delivering commuters from Leeward to Honolulu will alleviate traffic.
[[Norwegian Cruise Lines]] provides American-flagged passenger cruise service between the islands.
The [[Hawaii Superferry]] is now connecting Maui and Oahu with a ferry system capable of transporting vehicles. Service was scheduled to begin in the second half of 2007 with routes from Oahu to Kauai and Maui. Legal issues over environmental impact statements and protests from residents of Maui and Kauai temporarily delayed the implementation of this service, but service to Maui started in December 2007, and service to Kauai is still delayed.
==Miscellaneous topics==
===Etymology===
The [[Hawaiian language]] word ''Hawai{{okina}}i'' derives from [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]] *''Sawaiki'', with the [[Internal reconstruction|reconstructed]] meaning "homeland";<ref>Pollex—a reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon, Biggs and Clark, 1994. The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a reconstructed word form.</ref> cognate words are found in other Polynesian languages, including [[Māori language|Māori]] (''Hawaiki''), [[Cook Islands Maori|Rarotongan]] (''{{okina}}Avaiki''), and [[Samoan language|Samoan]] (''Savai{{okina}}i''). (See also [[Hawaiki]]).
According to Pukui and Elbert (1986:62) "Elsewhere in Polynesia, Hawai{{okina}}i or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home, but in Hawai{{okina}}i ''the name has no meaning;'' see Pukui, Elbert, and Mookini, 1974." (emphasis added)
===Media===
====Newspapers====
Two major competing Honolulu-based [[newspaper]]s serve all of Hawaii. The ''[[Honolulu Advertiser]]'' is owned by [[Gannett Corporation|Gannett Pacific Corporation]] while the ''[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'' is owned by [[Black Press]] of [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]]. Other locally published newspapers are available to residents of the various islands.
The Hawaii business community is served by the ''[[Pacific Business News]]'' and ''[[Hawaii Business Magazine]]''. The largest religious community in Hawaii is served by the ''[[Hawaii Catholic Herald]]''. ''[[Honolulu Magazine]]'' is a popular magazine that offers local interest news and feature articles.
Founded in 2002, the online daily newspaper Hawaii Reporter has become a significant resource to residents and mainlanders that specifically offers non-advertiser based, investigative reporting on local and state government and businesses.
Apart from the mainstream press, the state also enjoys a vibrant ethnic publication presence with newspapers for the Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean and Native Hawaiian communities. In addition, there is an alternative weekly, the ''[[Honolulu Weekly]]''.
====Television====
All of the major American broadcast television networks are represented in Hawaii through [[KHON-TV]] ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], [[The CW]] on [[Digital television|DT]]2), [[KITV]] ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[KFVE]] ([[MyNetworkTV]]), [[KGMB]] ([[CBS]]), [[KHET]] ([[PBS]]), [[KHNL]] ([[NBC]]), and [[KPXO]] ([[ION Television]]), among others. Two independent stations, [[KIKU-TV]] and [[KBFD]], specialize in multi-cultural programs serving Asian audiences. From Honolulu, programming at these stations can be seen on the various other islands via networks of satellite transmitters and through Oceanic Time Warner Cable. Until the advent of satellite, most network programming was broadcast a week behind mainland scheduling.
Unlike most major television stations in most (if not all) other areas of the United States, none of the major network affiliates in Honolulu air an afternoon newscast. (KHNL does air a mid-morning newscast, but it does not interfere with NBC's daytime schedule.) This allows the networks' daytime programming to be aired without preemption.
The various production companies that work with the major networks have produced television series and other projects in Hawaii. Most notable were police dramas like ''[[Magnum P.I.]]'' and ''[[Hawaii Five-O]]''. Currently, hit TV shows ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' and ''[[Dog the Bounty Hunter]]'' are filmed in the Hawaiian Islands. A comprehensive list of such projects can be seen at the [[Hawaii Film Office|list of Hawaii television series]].
====Film====
{{seealso|List of films set in Hawaii}}
Hawaii has a growing film industry administered by the state through the [[Hawaii Film Office]]. Several television shows, movies, and various other media projects were produced in the Hawaiian Islands, taking advantage of the natural scenic landscapes as backdrops. Notable films produced in Hawaii or inspired by Hawaii include ''[[Hawaii (1966 movie)|Hawaii]]'', ''[[Blue Hawaii]]'', ''[[Donovan's Reef]]'', ''[[From Here to Eternity]]'', ''[[In Harm's Way]]'', ''[[South Pacific (1958 film)|South Pacific]]'', ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', ''[[Picture Bride (film)|Picture Bride]]'', ''[[Lani Loa]]'', ''[[Outbreak]]'', ''[[Waterworld]]'', ''[[Six Days Seven Nights]]'', ''[[George of the Jungle]]'', ''[[50 First Dates]]'', ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'',''[[Godzilla]]'', ''[[Blue Crush]]'', ''[[The Even Stevens Movie]]'', ''[[Race the Sun]]'' and ''[[Lilo and Stitch]]''. The film ''[[Snakes on a Plane]]'' takes place on a flight departing Hawaii for the U.S. mainland. Hawaii is home to a prominent [[film festival]] known as the [[Hawaii International Film Festival]].
===Culture===
{{main|Culture of Hawaii}}
The [[indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] culture of Hawaii is [[Polynesia]]n. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast [[Polynesia|Polynesian triangle]] of the south and central [[Pacific Ocean]]. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains only as vestiges influencing modern Hawaiian society, there are reenactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences are strong enough to have affected the culture of the United States at large, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of [[luau]]s and [[hula]].
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Customs and etiquette in Hawaii]]
* [[East Hawaii Cultural Center]]
* [[Folklore in Hawaii]]
* [[Hawaiian mythology]]
* [[Hilo Art Museum]]
* [[List of Hawaiian state parks]]
* [[List of Hawaii-related topics]]
* [[Literature in Hawaii]]
* [[Music of Hawaii]]
* [[Polynesian Cultural Center]]
* [[Polynesian mythology]]
* [[Tourism in Hawaii]]
</div>
===Sister cities===
Hawaii has an active sister state program, which includes ties to:
*{{flagicon|Portugal}} {{flagicon|Azores}} [[Azores]], [[Portugal]] (1982)
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Cebu Province|Cebu]], [[Philippines]] (1996)
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Cheju Province]], [[South Korea]] (1986)
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]], [[Japan]] (2003)
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]], Japan (1981)
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] (1985)
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Hainan]], China (1992)
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]], Japan (1997)
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Ilocos Norte]], Philippines (2005)
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Ilocos Sur]], Philippines (1985)
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], Japan (1985)
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Pangasinan]], [[Philippines]] (2002)
*{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]], Republic of China (1993)
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Tianjin]], [[China]] (2002)
Other sister states:
*{{flagicon|Canary Islands}} [[Canary Islands]], [[Spain]]
===Famous people from Hawaii===
The [[list of famous people from Hawaii]] is a non-comprehensive list of persons who have achieved fame that presently or at one time claimed Hawaii as their home. Separate registers of members of the [[:Category:Royal Family of Hawaii|Hawaiian royal family]] and [[List of Hawaii politicians|Hawaii politicians]] are also available.
<center><gallery>
Image:Fatherdamien.jpg|[[Father Damien]]<br> ([[January 3]], [[1840]] – [[April 15]], [[1889]]) Beatified towards sainthood by Pope John Paul II
Image:Mother Marianne Cope.jpg|[[Mother Marianne Cope]]<br>([[January 23]], [[1838]] – [[August 9]], [[1918]]) Beatified towards sainthood by Pope Benedict XVI
Image:Fong.jpg|[[Hiram Fong]]<br>([[October 15]], [[1906]] – [[August 18]], [[2004]]) First Chinese American and Asian American elected United States Senator
Image:Eric Shinseki official portrait.jpg|[[Eric Shinseki|General Eric Shinseki]]<br>(born [[November 28]], [[1942]])<br>
Image:DukeKahanamoku.jpeg|[[Duke Kahanamoku]]<br>([[August 24]], [[1890]] – [[January 22]], [[1968]]) Gold-medal winning Olympic athlete who popularized surfing
Image:Israel Kamakawiwo'ole Facing Future.jpg|[[Israel Kamakawiwo'ole|Israel Kamakawiwo{{okina}}ole]] <br> ([[May 20]], [[1959]] – [[June 26]], [[1997]]) "Braddah IZ" was a Hawaiian musician and entertainer
Image:JackJohnson2004.jpg|[[Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack Johnson]] <br> (born [[May 18]], [[1975]]) Hawaii-born musician, filmmaker, and surfer
Image:Barack_Obama.jpg|[[Barack Obama]]<br> (born [[August 4]], [[1961]]) Hawaii-born [[Illinois]] senator and 2008 presidential candidate
Image:Nicole_kidman3cropped.jpg|[[Nicole Kidman]]<br> (born [[June 20]], [[1967]]) Oscar winning Australian actress.
Image:Felixleiter.jpg|[[Jack Lord]]<br> ([[December 30]], [[1920]] - [[January 21]], [[1998]]) Actor who portrayed [[Steve McGarrett]] in [[Hawaii 5-0]].
Image:SumoAkebono.jpg|[[Akebono Taro]]<br> (born [[May 8]], [[1969]]) Hawaii born sumo wrestler, first foreign born wrestler to reach highest sumo rank ''[[Yokozuna (sumo)|Yokozuna]]''.
Image:BetteMidler90cropped.jpg|[[Bette Midler]]<br>(born [[December 1]], [[1945]]) Hawaii born singer and actress.
</gallery></center>
==Hawaii: Islands of Aloha spirit==
Aloha is the familiar Hawaiian greeting and farewell.
==Photo gallery==
<center><gallery>Image:Maui01.jpg|Maui, Haleakala National Park
Image:Big02.jpg|Big Island, View from Mauna Kea Volcano
Image:Big03.jpg|Big Island, Volcanoes National Park
Image:Kauai04.jpg|Kauai, Na Pali Coast
Image:Big05.jpg|Big Island, Punaluu Beach Park
Image:Maui06.jpg|Maui, Kapalua bay
Image:Maui07.jpg|Maui, Hookipa Beach
Image:Sandybeach blowholeside.JPG|Oahu, [[Sandy Beach]]
Image:Big08.jpg|Big Island, Hapuna Beach
Image:Lightmatter haleakala Maui Hawaii.jpg|[[Haleakala]]
Image:Kalalau Trail 2004-08-22.JPG|[[Na Pali Coast]]
Image:Hawaii sts26 big.jpg|[[NASA|Satellite Image]]
</gallery></center>
==See also==
*[[List of Hawaiʻi-related topics]]
{{portal|Hawaiʻi|Flag of Hawaii.svg|left=yes}}
{{clear}}
<!-- Please place links to all topics directly related to the State of Hawaiʻi in the [[List of Hawaii-related topics]] -->
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
http://www.hawaii-nation.org/index.html
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV.
* Bushnell, O. A. 1993. ''The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawai'i''. ISBN 0824814576. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
* Kinzer, Stephen 2007, ''Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq''. ISBN 0805082409. Times Books
* {{cite book | last = Lyovin | first = Anatole V. | title = An Introduction to the Languages of the World | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press, Inc | year = 1997 | id = ISBN 0-19-508116-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Pukui | first = Mary Kawena | coauthors = Samuel H. Elbert | title = Hawaiian Dictionary | location = Honolulu | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1986 | id = ISBN 0-8248-0703-0}}
*Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii." Social Education 63, 7 (November/December 1999): 402-408.
* Stokes, John F.G. 1932. "Spaniard and the Sweet Potato in Hawaii and Hawaiian-American Contacts." American Anthropologist, New Series, v, 34, n, 4, pp. 594-600.
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{wikinewshas|related '''[[wikinews:Portal:Hawaii|Hawaii news]]'''}}
{{sisterlinks}}
*{{Wikitravel}}
*[http://www.ohanaonline.com Hawaii Internet Portal]
*[http://www.gohawaii.com Hawaii's Official Tourism Site]
*[http://www.ehawaii.gov/dakine/index.html Official state homepage]
*[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii.html Hawaii's Story by Queen Liliuokalani]
*[http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/hi.htm Hawaii State Fact Sheet] from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
*[http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=HI USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Hawaii]
*[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=HI Energy Data & Statistics for Hawaii]
*[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15304 Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands] at [[NASA]]'s [[Earth Observatory]]
*http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/hi_intro.htm
{{-}}
{{Navboxes|
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{{Hawaii|expand}}
{{United States}}
{{Hawaii history}}
{{Polynesia}}
{{Countries and territories of Oceania}}
{{Austronesian-speaking}}
{{succession
| preceded = [[Alaska]]
| office = [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]
| years = Admitted on [[August 21]], [[1959]] (50th)
| succeeded = Most Recent
}}
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