Headache 69893 226026094 2008-07-16T14:26:02Z Jfdwolff 46555 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/90.240.207.46|90.240.207.46]] ([[User talk:90.240.207.46|talk]]) to last version by Jfdwolff {{SignSymptom infobox | Name = Headache | Image = Headache.jpg| Size = 180 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|51||r|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|784.0}} | }} {{otheruses}} A '''headache''' ('''[[wiktionary:cephalalgia|cephalalgia]]''' in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the [[head]]; sometimes [[neck]] or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. It ranks amongst the most common local pain complaints and may be frequent for many people. The vast majority of headaches are benign and self-limiting. Common causes are [[tension headache|tension]], [[migraine]], [[eye strain]], [[dehydration]], low blood sugar, and [[sinusitis]]. Much rarer are headaches due to life-threatening conditions such as [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]], [[cerebral aneurysm]]s, [[hypertensive emergency|extremely high blood pressure]], and [[brain tumor]]s. When the headache occurs in conjunction with a [[head injury]] the cause is usually quite evident. A large percentage of headaches among women are caused by ever-fluctuating [[estrogen]] during [[menstruation|menstrual]] years. This can occur prior to, or even during midcycle menstruation. Treatment of an uncomplicated headache is usually symptomatic with [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] [[analgesic|painkillers]] such as [[aspirin]], [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), or [[ibuprofen]], although some specific forms of headaches (e.g., [[migraines]]) may demand other, more suitable treatment. It may be possible to relate the occurrence of a headache to other particular triggers (such as stress or particular foods), which can then be avoided. == Pathophysiology == The [[brain]] in itself is not sensitive to [[pain]], because it lacks [[nociceptor]]s. Several areas of the head can hurt, including a network of nerves which extend over the scalp and certain nerves in the face, mouth, and throat. The [[meninges]] and the blood vessels do have pain perception. Headaches often result from traction to or irritation of the meninges and blood vessels. The membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord, called the [[dura mater]], is innervated with nociceptors. Stimulation of these dural nociceptors is thought to be involved in producing headaches. Similarly the muscles of the head may be sensitive to pain. == Types == There are five types of headache: vascular, myogenic (muscle tension), cervicogenic, traction, and inflammatory. === Vascular === {{main|vascular headache}} The most common type of vascular headache is ''[[migraine]]''. Migraine headaches are usually characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head, an upset stomach, and, for some people, disturbed vision. It is more common in women. While vascular changes are evident during a migraine, the cause of the headache is [[neurologic]], not vascular. After migraine, the most common type of vascular headache is the [[Toxic headache|"toxic" headache]] produced by fever. Other kinds of vascular headaches include ''[[cluster headache]]s'', which are very severe recurrent short lasting headaches, often located through or around either eye and often wake the sufferers up at the same time every night. Unlike migraines, these headaches are more common in men than in women. === Muscular/myogenic === Muscular (or myogenic) headaches appear to involve the tightening or tensing of facial and neck muscles; they may radiate to the forehead. [[Tension headache]] is the most common form of myogenic headache. === Cervicogenic === Cervicogenic headaches originate from disorders of the neck, including the anatomical structures innervated by the cervical roots C1–C3. Cervical headache is often precipitated by neck movement and/or sustained awkward head positioning. It is often accompanied by restricted cervical range of motion, ipsilateral neck, shoulder, or arm pain of a rather vague non-radicular nature or, occasionally, arm pain of a radicular nature. === Traction/inflammatory === [[Image:PET3.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Positron emission tomography]] functional imaging shows activation of specific brain areas during a cluster headache.]] Traction and inflammatory headaches are symptoms of other disorders, ranging from stroke to sinus infection. Specific types of headaches include: *[[Tension headache]] *[[Migraine]] *[[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]] (headache with visual symptoms due to raised [[intracranial pressure]]) *[[Ictal headache]] *[[Cluster headache]] *"[[Brain freeze]]" (also known as: ice cream headache) *[[Thunderclap headache]] *[[Vascular headache]] *[[Toxic headache]] *[[Coital cephalalgia]] (also known as: sex headache) *[[Hemicrania continua]] *[[Rebound headache]] (also called medication overuse headache, abbreviated MOH) *[[Red wine headache]] *"Spinal headache" (or: [[post-dural puncture headache]]s) after [[lumbar puncture]] or related procedure that will lower the [[intracranial pressure]] *[[Hangover]] (caused by heavy alcohol consumption) A headache may also be a symptom of [[sinusitis]]. Like other types of pain, headaches can serve as warning signals of more serious disorders. This is particularly true for headaches caused by [[inflammation]], including those related to [[meningitis]] as well as those resulting from diseases of the sinuses, spine, neck, ears, and teeth. == Diagnosis == While, statistically, headaches are most likely to be harmless and self-limiting, some specific headache syndromes may demand specific treatment or may be warning signals of more serious disorders. Some headache subtypes are characterized by a specific pattern of symptoms, and no further testing may be necessary, while others may prompt further diagnostic tests. Headache associated with specific symptoms may warrant urgent medical attention, particularly sudden, severe headache or sudden headache associated with a [[neck stiffness|stiff neck]]; headaches associated with [[fever]], [[convulsion]]s or accompanied by confusion or [[loss of consciousness]]; headaches following a blow to the head, or associated with pain in the eye or ear; persistent headache in a person with no previous history of headaches; and recurring headache in children. The most important step in diagnosing a headache is for the physician to take a careful history and to examine the patient. In the majority of cases the diagnosis will be a "primary headache" which means that the headache, whilst unpleasant is not an occurring as a manifestation of a more serious condition. The main types of primary headache are tension headache, migraine and the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias of which cluster headache is an example. As it is often difficult for patients to recall the precise details regarding each headache, it is often useful for the sufferer to fill-out a "headache diary" detailing the characteristics of the headache. When the headache does not clearly fit into one of the recognized primary headache syndromes or when atypical symptoms or signs are present then further investigations are justified.<ref>Detsky ME, McDonald DR, Baerlocher MO, Tomlinson GA, McCrory DC, Booth CM. Does this patient with headache have a migraine or need neuroimaging? JAMA 2006;296:1274-83</ref> [[Computed tomography]] (CT/CAT) scans of the brain or sinuses are commonly performed, or [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) in specific settings. [[Blood test]]s may help narrow down the [[differential diagnosis]], but are rarely confirmatory of specific headache forms. == Treatment == Not all headaches require medical attention, and many respond with simple [[analgesia]] (painkillers) such as [[paracetamol]]/[[acetaminophen]] or members of the [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID]] class (such as [[aspirin]]/acetylsalicylic acid or [[ibuprofen]]). In recurrent unexplained headaches, healthcare professionals may recommend keeping a "headache [[diary]]" with entries on type of headache, associated symptoms, precipitating and aggravating factors. This may reveal specific patterns, such as an association with [[medication]], [[menstruation]] or [[absenteeism]] or with certain foods. It was reported in March 2007 by two separate teams of researchers that stimulating the brain with implanted electrodes appears to help ease the pain of cluster headaches.<ref>[http://newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/3/8/155943.shtml Brain Stimulation May Ease Headaches]. [[Reuters]], [[March 9]], [[2007]].</ref> === Prevention === Some forms of headache, such as [[migraine]], may be amenable to preventative treatment. On the whole, long-term use of painkillers is discouraged as this may lead to "rebound headaches" on withdrawal. [[Caffeine]], a [[vasoconstrictor]], is sometimes prescribed or recommended as a remedy or supplement to pain killers in the case of extreme migraine. This has led to the development of [[paracetamol]]/[[caffeine]] [[analgesic]]. One popular herbal preventive treatment for migraines is [[Feverfew]]. Magnesium, Vitamin B2, and Coenzyme Q10 are "natural" supplements that have shown some efficacy for migraine prevention(5).<ref>Mauskop A. Alternative therapies in headache: Is there a role? Med Clin North Am 2001;85(4):1077-1084. PMID 11480259.</ref> === Massage therapy === A 2002 study found that [[massage therapy]] targeted at neck and shoulder muscles reduced headache frequency and duration, starting in the first week and continuing through the eight-week study, though it did not find a change in headache intensity. The study authors concluded that "the muscle-specific massage therapy technique" they used "has the potential to be a functional, nonpharmacological intervention for reducing the incidence of chronic tension headache."<ref>Quinn, Chandler, Moraska: "Massage Therapy and Frequency of Chronic Tension Headaches", American Journal of Public Health, 92(10):1657, October 2002.</ref> == References == <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> {{Reflist}} == External links == *[http://www.headaches.org/consumer/educationindex.html National Headache Foundation] *[http://www.ihs-classification.org/en IHS - The International Headache Classification (ICHD-2)] {{General symptoms and signs}} {{Common Cold}} [[Category:Headaches| ]] [[Category:Neurological disorders]] [[Category:Symptoms]] [[ar:صداع]] [[bar:Schädlweh]] [[bs:Glavobolja]] [[bg:Главоболие]] [[ca:Mal de cap]] [[cy:Cur pen]] [[da:Hovedpine]] [[de:Kopfschmerz]] [[dv:ބޮލުގައި ރިހުން]] [[el:Πονοκέφαλος]] [[es:Cefalea]] [[eo:Kapdoloro]] [[eu:Buruko min]] [[fr:Céphalée]] [[is:Höfuðverkur]] [[it:Cefalea]] [[he:כאב ראש]] [[la:Cephalalgia]] [[nl:Hoofdpijn]] [[ja:頭痛]] [[no:Hodepine]] [[pl:Ból głowy]] [[pt:Cefaléia]] [[qu:Uma nanay]] [[ru:Головная боль]] [[simple:Headache]] [[sk:Bolesť hlavy]] [[sl:Glavobol]] [[fi:Päänsärky]] [[sv:Huvudvärk]] [[tr:Baş ağrısı]] [[yi:קאפוויי]] [[zh:頭疼]]