Health Impact Assessment
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2008-05-12T04:23:24Z
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/* HIA Practitioner Websites */
'''Health Impact Assessment (HIA)''' is defined as "a combination of procedures, methods and tools by
which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the
health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population." {{Harv|ECHP|1999|p=4}}
==Overview==
HIA is intended to produce a set of [[evidence]]-based recommendations to inform [[decision-making]] {{Harv|Taylor|Quigley|2002|p=2}}. HIA seeks to maximise the positive [[health]] impacts and minimise the negative health impacts of proposed [[policies]], programs or [[projects]].
The procedures of HIA are similar to those used in other forms of [[impact assessment]], such as [[environmental impact assessment]] or [[social impact assessment]]. HIA is usually described as following the steps listed, though many practitioners break these into sub-steps or label them differently:
# ''Screening'' - determining if an HIA is warranted/required
# ''Scoping'' - determining which impacts will be considered and the plan for the HIA
# ''Identification and assessment of impacts'' - determining the magnitude, nature, extent and likelihood of potential health impacts, using a variety of different methods and types of information
# ''Decision-making and recommendations'' - making explicit the trade-offs to be made in decision-making and formulating evidence-informed recommendations
# ''Evaluation and monitoring (and follow-up)'' - process and impact [[evaluation]] of the HIA and the monitoring and management of health impacts
The main objective of HIA is to apply existing knowledge and evidence about health impacts, to specific social and community contexts, to develop evidence-based recommendations that inform decision-making in order to protect and improve community health and wellbeing. Therefore, usually because of financial and time constraints, HIA does not generally involve new research or the generation of original scientific knowledge. However, the findings of HIAs, especially where these have been monitored and evaluated over time, can be used to inform other HIAs in contexts that are similar to those of the original HIA. A HIA's recommendations may focus on both [[design]] and [[operational]] aspects of a proposal.
HIA has also been identified as a mechanism by which potential [[health inequalities]] can be identified and redressed prior to the implementation of proposed policy, program or project {{Harv|Acheson|1998}}.
A number of manuals and guidelines for HIA's use have been developed (see [[Health Impact Assessment|Further Reading]]).
==Determinants of health==
The proposition that policies, programs and projects have the potential to change the [[determinants of health]] underpins HIA's use. Changes to health determinanats then leads to changes in health outcomes or the health status of individuals and communities. The determinants of health are largely [[Social environment|environmental]] and [[social]], so that there are many overlaps with [[environmental impact assessment]] and [[social impact assessment]].
==Levels of HIA==
Three forms of HIA exist:
* Desk-based HIA, which takes 2-6 weeks for one assessor to complete and provides a broad overview of potential health impacts;
* Rapid HIA, which takes approximately 12 weeks for one assessor to complete and provides more detailed information on potential health impacts; and
* Comprehensive HIA, which takes approximately 6 months for one assessor and provides a in-depth assessment of potential health impacts. {{Harv|IMPACT|2004|p=7}}
It has been suggested that HIAs can be prospective (done before a proposal is implemented), concurrent (done while the proposal is being implemented) or retrospective (done after a proposal has been implemented) {{Harv|Taylor|Gorman|Quigley|2003|p=1}}. This remains controversial, however, with a number of HIA practitioners suggesting that concurrent HIA is better regarded as a monitoring activity and that retrospective HIA is more akin to [[evaluation]] with a health focus, rather than being assessment per se {{Harv|Kemm|2003|p=387}}. Prospective HIA is preferred as it allows the maximum practical opportunity to influence decision-making and subsequent health impacts.
==HIA practitioners==
HIA practitioners can be found in the private and public sectors, but are relatively few in number. There are no universally accepted competency frameworks or certification processes. It is suggested that a lead practitioner should have extensive education and training in a health related field, experience of participating in HIAs, and have attended an HIA training course. It has been suggested and widely accepted that merely having a medical degree should not be regarded as an indication of competency.
==HIA worldwide==
HIA is currently being used or developed around the world, most notably in [[Europe]], [[North America]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Thailand]].
The new safeguard policies and standards of the [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC), part of the World Bank, were established in 2006. These contain a requirement for health impact assessment in large projects. The standards have been accepted by most of the leading lending banks, under the [[Equator Principles]]. Health impact assessments are becoming routine in many large development projects in both public and private sectors of developing countries. For example, guidelines are available in the Oil and Gas sector. There is also a long history of health impact assessment in the water resource development sector -- large dams and irrigation systems.
==HIA conferences==
The International Association for Impact Assessment conference [http://www.iaia.org] was held in [[Seoul]] in 2007 and will be held in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] in 2008. The 9th International HIA Conference [http://www.profbriefings.co.uk/hia08/] (previously known as the United Kingdom and Ireland HIA Conference) will be held in [[Liverpool]] in October 2008.
The 2nd South East Asian and Oceania Regional HIA Conference [http://www.hia2008chiangmai.com] is being held in [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] in December 2008.
==References==
* {{Harvard reference | Surname=Acheson | Given=D | Title=Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health | Publisher=Stationery Office | Place=[[London]] | Year=1998 | URL=http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/contents.htm }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname=ECHP | Given= | Title=Health Impact Assessment: Main concepts and suggested approach (Gothenburg Consensus Paper) | Publisher=European Centre for Health Policy | Place=[[Brussels]] | Year=1999 | URL=http://www.who.dk/document/PAE/Gothenburgpaper.pdf }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname=IMPACT | Given= | Title=European Policy Health Impact Assessment: A guide | Place=[[Liverpool]] | Year=2004 | URL=http://ihia.org.uk/document/ephia.pdf}}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Kemm | Given1=J | Title=Perspectives on Health Impact Assessment | Journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization | Volume=81 | Issue=2 | Year=2003 | Page=387 | URL=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/81/6/kemm.pdf }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Taylor | Given1=L | Surname2=Gorman | Given2=N | Surname3=Quigley | Given3=R | Title=Evaluating Health Impact Assessment: Learning from practice bulletin | Publisher=Health Development Agency | Place=[[London]] | Year=2003 | URL=http://www.iaia.org/Non_Members/Pubs_Ref_Material/Evaluating%20HIA%20pdf.pdf }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Taylor | Given1=L | Surname2=Quigley | Given2=R | Title=Health Impact Assessment: A review of reviews | Publisher=Health Development Agency | Place=[[London]] | Year=2002 | URL=http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=502189 }}.
''This page uses [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citations|Harvard referencing]]. References are sorted alphabetically by author surname.''
==Further reading==
===Books and Edited Book Chapters===
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Ståhl | Given1=T | Surname2=Wismar | Given2=M |Surname3=Ollila | Given3=E | | Surname4=Lahtinen | Given4=E | Surname5=Leppo | Given5=K | Title=Health in All Policies: Prospects and potentials | Publisher=Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health | Place=[[Helsinki]] | Year=2006 | ISBN=9520019642 | URL=http://www.stm.fi/Resource.phx/eng/subjt/inter/eu2006/hiap/index.htx.i1153.pdf }}. Includes several chapters on HIA.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Kemm | Given1=J | Surname2=Parry | Given2=J |Surname3=Palmer | Given3=S | Title=Health Impact Assessment: Concepts, theory, techniques and applications | Publisher= Oxford University Press | Place=[[Oxford]] | Year=2004 | ISBN=0198526296 }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Birley| Given1=M | Title=The Health Impact Assessment of Development Projects | Publisher= Her Majesty's Stationery Office | Place=[[London]] | Year=1995 }}.
===Journal Articles===
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Birley| Given1=M| Title=Health Impact Assessment in Multinational Corporations: A case study of Shell | Journal=Environmental Impact Assessment Review | Volume=25| Year=2005| Page=702-713 | URL = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9G-4GVGT8V-1&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2005&_alid=318810449&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=5898&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=520f7a4efe165440ea3ce12c25f385ba}}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Krieger | Given1=N | Surname2=Northridge | Given2=M | Surname3=Gruskin | Given3=S | Surname4=Quinn | Given4=M | Surname5=Kriebel | Given5=D | Surname6=Davey Smith | Given6=G | Surname7=Bassett | Given7=M | Surname8=Rehkopf | Given8=D | Surname9=Miller | Given9=C | Title=Assessing Health Impact Assessment: Multidisciplinary and international perspectives | Journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health | Volume=57 | Year=2003 | Page=659-662 | URL=http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/57/9/659 }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Birley | Given1=M| Title=Health Impact Assessment, integration and critical appraisal | Journal=Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal | Volume=21| Year=2003| Page=313-321 | URL=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/beech/iapa/2003/00000021/00000004;jsessionid=3iy7rub4ak79.victoria }}
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Douglas | Given1=M | Surname2=Conway | Given2=L | Surname3=Gorman | Given3=D | Surname4=Gavin | Given4=S | Surname5=Hanlon | Given5=P | Title=Achieving Better Health Through Health Impact Assessment | Journal=Health Bulletin | Volume=59 | Issue=5 | Year=2001 | Page=300-305 | URL=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/deleted/health/cmobulletin/hb595-06.asp }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Mittelmark | Given1=M | Title=Promoting Social Responsibility for Health: Health impact assessment and healthy public policy at the community level | Journal=Health Promotion International | Volume=16 | Issue=3 | Year=2001 | Page=269-274 | URL=http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/3/269 }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Scott-Samuel | Given1=A | Title=Health Impact Assessment: An idea whose time has come (editorial) | Journal=British Medical Journal | Volume=313 | Year=1996 | Page=183-184 | URL=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/313/7051/183 }}.
===Journal Special Issues===
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=New South Wales Department of Health | Given1= | Title=HIA in Urban Settings Special Issue | Journal=NSW Public Health Bulletin | Volume=18 | Issue=9-10 | Year=2007 | URL=http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/226/issue/4093.htm }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=New Zealand Ministry of Social Development | Given1= | Title=HIA in New Zealand Special Issue | Journal=Social Policy Journal of New Zealand | Issue=29 | Year=2006 | URL=http://www.msd.govt.nz/publications/journal/29-november-2006/index.html }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=New South Wales Department of Health | Given1= | Title=HIA Special Issue | Journal=NSW Public Health Bulletin | Volume=16 | Issue=7-8 | Year=2005 | URL=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/public-health/phb/HTML2005/julaug05html/contentsjulaug05.html }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=World Health Organization | Given1= | Title=HIA Special Issue | Journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization | Volume=81 | Issue=6 | Year=2003 | URL=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/81/6/en/ }}.
===Manuals and Guidelines===
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Harris | Given1=P | Surname2=Harris-Roxas | Given5=B | Surname3=Harris | Given3=E | Surname4=Kemp | Given4=L | Title=Health Impact Assessment: A practical guide | Publisher=UNSW and NSW Health | Place=[[Sydney]] | Year=2007 | URL=http://www.hiaconnect.edu.au/files/Health_Impact_Assessment_A_Practical_Guide.pdf }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=IHPI | Given1= | Title=Health Impact Assessment Guidance | Publisher=Institute of Public Health in Ireland | Place=[[Dublin]] | Year=2006 | URL=http://www.publichealth.ie/index.asp?locID=489&docID=581 }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=PHAC | Given1= | Title=A Guide to Health Impact Assessment: A policy tool for New Zealand | Edition=2nd | Publisher=Public Health Advisory Committee | Place=[[Wellington]] | Year=2005 | URL=http://www.nhc.govt.nz/PHAC/publications/GuideToHIA.pdf }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Mahoney | Given1=M | Surname2=Simpson | Given2=S |Surname3=Harris | Given3=E |Surname4=Aldrich | Given4=R |Surname5=Stewart Williams | Given5=J | Title=Equity Focused Health Impact Assessment Framework | Publisher=Australasian Collaboration for Health Equity Impact Assessment | Place=[[Newcastle, Australia]] | Year=2004 | URL=http://www.hiaconnect.edu.au/files/EFHIA_Framework.pdf }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=enHealth Council | Given1= | Title=Health Impact Assessment Guidelines | Publisher=enHealth Council, National Public Health Partnership | Place=[[Canberra]] | Year=2001 | URL=http://enhealth.nphp.gov.au/council/pubs/pdf/hia_guidelines.pdf }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Scott-Samuel | Given1=A | Surname2=Birley | Given2=M |Surname3=Ardern | Given3=K | Title=The Merseyside Guidelines for Health Impact Assessment | Edition=2nd | Publisher=International Health Impact Assessment Consortium (''IMPACT'') | Place=[[Liverpool]] | Year=2001 | URL=http://www.ihia.org.uk/document/merseyguide3.pdf }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Birley | Given1= M|| Surname2=Gomes| Given2=M |Surname3=Davy| Given3=A|Title=Health aspects of environmental assessment | Publisher=Environmental Division, The World Bank | Place=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] | Year=1997 }}
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Birley | Given1=M|Surname2=Peralta| Given2=G|Title=Guidelines for the Health Impact Assessment of Development Projects | Edition=| Publisher=Asian Development Bank Environment Paper| Place=[[Manila]] | Year=1992| URL= }}.
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=Birley | Given1= M| Title=Guidelines for Forecasting the Vector-Borne Disease Implications of Water Resources Development | Publisher= World Health Organisation, WHO/CWS/91.1. PEEM Guidelines Series 2. | Place=[[Geneva]] | Year=1991| URL= }}.
===Online Guides===
* {{Harvard reference | Surname1=''IMPACT'' | Given1= | Title=European Policy Health Impact Assessment (Web Edition) | Publisher= | Place=[[Liverpool]] | Year=2006 | URL=http://www.ihia.org.uk/ephia/home.html }}.
===Other Publications===
* {{Harvard reference | Surname=CHETRE | Given= | Title=New South Wales Health Impact Assessment Project eNews | Publisher=Health Inequalities Program (CHETRE), Research Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales | Place=[[Sydney]] | Year=2003-2006 | URL=http://www.hiaconnect.edu.au/hia_e-news.htm }}.
===Reports===
* {{Harvard reference | Surname=Banken | Given=R | Title=Strategies for Institutionalising HIA | Publisher=European Centre for Health Policy, WHO Europe | Place=[[Brussels]] | Year=2001 | URL=http://www.euro.who.int/document/E75552.pdf }}.
''This page uses [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citations|Harvard referencing]]. Further reading categories are sorted alphabetically; citations are sorted by year (newest to oldest), then alphabetically by author surname within years. If citations are included in the references section they are not listed in the further reading section.''
==External links==
===HIA Resource Websites===
* [http://www.healthimpactassessment.info HIA Community Wiki]
* [http://www.hiaconnect.edu.au HIA Connect, includes HIA Blog]
* [http://www.hiagateway.org.uk/page.aspx?o=hiagateway HIA Gateway]
* [http://www.ihia.org.uk ''IMPACT'' - International Health Impact Assessment Consortium]
* [https://webcollect.rivm.nl/hiadatabase RIVM HIA Database]
* [http://www.who.int/hia/en World Health Organization HIA Site]
===Government HIA Websites===
* [http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/public-health/ehb/buildings/hia.html Environmental Health Branch, New South Wales Health (Australia)]
* [http://www.who.dk/echp European Centre for Health Policy (Belgium)]
* [http://www.ihpp.thaigov.net/research-impact.html HPP-HIA Program (Thailand)]
* [http://www.publichealth.ie/index.asp?locID=122&docID=-1 Institute for Public Health in Ireland (Ireland)]
* [http://dphwww.sfdph.org/phes/ENCHIA.htm San Francisco Department of Public Health (United States)]
===HIA Practitioner Websites===
* [http://www.caveconsult.co.uk Ben Cave Associates]
* [http://www.birleyhia.co.uk Birley HIA]
* [http://www.iom-world.org/consulting/healthrisk.php Centre for Health Impact Assessment, Institute of Occupational Medicine]
* [http://www.habitatcorp.com Habitat Health Impact Consulting]
* [http://www.humanimpact.org Human Impact Partners]
* [http://www.ihia.org.uk ''IMPACT'' - International Health Impact Assessment Consortium]
* [http://www.pba.co.uk/SectorServices/Services/HealthImpactAssessment/tabid/330/Default.aspx Peter Brett Associates]
===University HIA Websites===
* [http://www.deakin.edu.au/hbs/hia Deakin University, ''HIA Unit'' (Melbourne, Australia)]
* [http://www.med.monash.edu.au/healthsci/shia-monash/index.html Monash University, ''SHIA@Monash'' (Melbourne, Australia)]
* [http://www.pcpoh.bham.ac.uk/publichealth/hiaru University of Birmingham, ''HIA Research Unit'' (Birmingham, UK)]
* [http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/hia/ University of California at Berkeley, ''Health Impact Group'', School of Public Health (Berkeley, USA)]
* [http://www.ph.ucla.edu/hs/health-impact University of California Los Angeles, ''HIA Project'' (Los Angeles, USA)]
* [http://www.ihia.org.uk University of Liverpool, ''IMPACT - International Health Impact Assessment Consortium'' (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Health Impact Assessment), Division of Public Health (Liverpool, UK)]
* [http://chetre.med.unsw.edu.au/hia/index.htm University of New South Wales, ''HIA Connect'', Health Inequalities, Health Impact Assessment and Healthy Public Policy Program (CHETRE), Research Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, Faculty of Medicine (Sydney, Australia)]
* [http://www.wnmeds.ac.nz/academic/dph/research/hia/index.html University of Otago, ''Health, Wellbeing and Equity Impact Assessment Unit'', Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences (Wellington, New Zealand)]
===Professional Associations===
* [http://www.iaia.org IAIA]
===Other HIA Websites===
* [http://healthimpactassessment.blogspot.com HIA Blog]
''This page uses [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citations|Harvard referencing]]. External links are sorted alphabetically.''
==See also==
*[[Assessment]]
**[[Environmental impact assessment]]
**[[Four-Step Impact Assessment]]
**[[Healthy development measurement tool]]
**[[Risk assessment]]
**[[Social impact assessment]]
*[[Health promotion]]
**[[Jakarta Declaration]]
**[[Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion]]
*[[Health protection]]
**[[List of environmental health hazards]]
**[[Precautionary principle]]
**[[Risk assessment]]
*[[Population health]]
**[[Public health]]
**[[Social determinants of health]]
[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Health promotion]]
[[Category:Human geography]]
[[Category:Impact assessment]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[zh:健康影响评估]]