Heidelberg 46743 225004225 2008-07-11T12:20:57Z MER-C 1749459 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/84.233.252.147|84.233.252.147]] ([[User talk:84.233.252.147|talk]]) to last version by 65.115.114.131 {{alternateuses}} {{Infobox German Location |Art = Stadt |image_photo = Heidelberg 20030918.jpg |imagesize = <!-- Photo size. Default is 268px --> |image_caption = [[Heidelberg Castle]] on hill behind Old Bridge |Wappen = Wappen Heidelberg.png |lat_deg = 49 |lat_min = 24 |lat_sec = 44 |lon_deg = 08 |lon_min = 42 |lon_sec = 36 |Karte = |Lageplan = |Bundesland = Baden-Württemberg |Regierungsbezirk = Karlsruhe |Landkreis = Stadtkreis |Höhe = 114 |Fläche = 108.83 |Einwohner = 144634 |Stand = 2006-12-31 |PLZ = 69115–69126 |PLZ-alt = 6900 |Vorwahl = +49 6221 |Kfz = HD |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 2 21 000 |LOCODE = |Adresse = Marktplatz 10<br />69117 Heidelberg |Website = [http://www.heidelberg.de/ www.heidelberg.de] |Bürgermeister = Eckart Würzner |Bürgermeistertitel= Oberbürgermeister |Partei = Parteilos }} '''Heidelberg''' is a city in [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]]. [[As of 2006]], over 140,000 people live within the city's {{convert|109|km²}} area. The town of Heidelberg is an administrative district of its own. Although not being part of it, the [[Rhein-Neckar-Kreis]], the rural district, which surrounds the town, has its seat in Heidelberg. Heidelberg lies on the river [[Neckar]] at the point where it leaves its narrow, steep valley in the [[Odenwald]] to flow into the Rhine valley where, {{convert|20|km}} Northwest of Heidelberg, it joins the river [[Rhine]] at [[Mannheim]]. Heidelberg is part of a densely populated region known as the [[Rhine Neckar Area|Rhein-Neckar-Triangle]]. ==History== Approximately 600,000 years ago, the "[[Homo heidelbergensis|Heidelberg Man]]", whose jaw-bone was discovered in 1907, the earliest evidence of human life in Europe, died at nearby Mauer. In the [[5th century BC]] there was a [[Celts|Celtic]] fortress of refuge and place of worship on the ''Heiligenberg'', or "Mountain of Saints". Both places can still be identified. In [[40]] a fort was built and occupied by the 24th Roman cohort and the 2nd [[Cyrenaican]] cohort (CCG XXIIII and CCH II CYR). The Romans built and maintained ''castra'' (permanent camps) and a signalling tower on the bank of the [[Neckar]], and built a wooden bridge across the Neckar. The first civilian settlements would develop under the protection of the camp. The Romans remained until [[260]], when the camp was conquered by German tribes. Modern Heidelberg can trace its beginnings to the [[5th century]] when the village ''Bergheim'' ("Mountain Home") is first mentioned in documents dated to [[769]]. ''Bergheim'' now lies in the middle of modern Heidelberg. In 863 the monastery of St. Michael was founded on the ''Heiligenberg'' inside the double rampart of the Celtic fortress, and around 1130 the Neuberg Monastery was founded in the [[Neckar]] valley. At the same time the bishopric of [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] extended its influence into the valley, founding [[Schönau Abbey]] in 1142. Modern Heidelberg can trace its roots to this monastery. In 1155, Heidelberg castle and its neighbouring settlement are taken over by the house of [[Hohenstaufen]], and [[Conrad of Hohenstaufen]] becomes "[[Count Palatine of the Rhine]]" ({{lang-de|Pfalzgraf bei Rhein}}). In 1195, the Palatinate passed to the [[House of Welf]] through marriage. The first reference to Heidelberg can be found in a document in [[Schönau Abbey]] dated to [[1196]]. This is considered the founding date for Heidelberg. [[Image:heidelberg square.jpg||left|thumb|350px|View of castle from town square.]] In 1225, [[Louis I, Duke of Bavaria]] obtained the Palatinate, and thus also the castle, which is mentioned in a document. In 1303, two castles are mentioned; the one located further up the mountain was destroyed in a gunpowder explosion in 1537. The palace of today was then built at the site of the lower castle. In 1356, the Counts Palatine were granted far-reaching rights in the [[Golden Bull of 1356|Golden Bull]] in addition to becoming [[Prince-elector|Electors]]. In 1386, the [[University of Heidelberg]] was founded by [[Rupert I, Elector Palatine]]. The University played a leading part in the era of humanism and reformation and the conflict between Lutheranism and Calvinism in the 15th and 16th centuries. Heidelberg's library, founded in 1421, is the oldest public library in Germany still intact. A few months after the proclamation of the 95 theses, in April 1518, [[Martin Luther]] was received in Heidelberg, to defend them. [[Image:Belagerung Heidelbergs C-L 205.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The siege of Heidelberg 1622]] In 1620, the royal crown of Bohemia was offered to the Elector, [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine|Frederick V]] (married to [[Elizabeth Stuart|Elizabeth]], eldest daughter of [[James I of England|James VI of Scotland]]). He became known as the "winter king", as he only reigned for one winter until the Imperial [[house of Habsburg]] regained the crown by force. This marked the beginning of the [[Thirty Years' War]]. In 1622, after a siege of two months, the armies of the [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]], commanded by [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly]], captured Heidelberg. He gave the famous ''[[Bibliotheca Palatina]]'' from the Church of the Holy Ghost to the Pope as a present. The Catholic, Bavarian branch of the house of Wittelsbach gained control over the Palatinate and the title of Prince-Elector. In 1648, at the end of the war, Frederick V's son [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine]], was able to recover his titles and lands. In order to strengthen his dynastic power, he married his daughter [[Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine|Liselotte]] to [[Philip I, Duke of Orléans]], the brother of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], king of France. In 1685, after the death of Charles Louis' son Elector [[Charles II, Elector Palatine|Charles II]], Louis XIV laid claim to his sister in law's inheritance. The claim was rejected, and [[War of the Grand Alliance|war]] ensued. In 1689, city and castle were both taken by French troops, who brought about an almost total destruction in 1693. In 1720, religious conflicts with the citizens of Heidelberg caused the Prince-Elector [[Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine|Charles III Philip]] to transfer his residence to nearby [[Mannheim]], where it remained until the Elector [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Charles Theodore]] became [[Rulers of Bavaria|Elector of Bavaria]] in 1777 and established his court in [[Munich]]. In 1742, Elector Karl Theodor began rebuilding the Palace. In 1764, a lightning bolt destroyed other palace buildings during reconstruction, causing the work to be discontinued. Heidelberg fell to the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] in the year 1803. [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden]] re-founded the University, named "Ruperto-Carola" after its two founders. Notable scholars soon earned it a reputation as a "royal residence of the intellect". In 1810, the [[French revolution]]-emigrant [[Charles Graf von Graimberg|Count Charles Graimberg]] began with the preservation of the palace [[ruins]] and the establishment of a historical collection. In the 18th century, the city was rebuilt in Baroque style on the old Gothic layout. In 1815, the Emperor of Austria, the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia formed the "Holy Alliance" in Heidelberg. In 1848, it was decided to have a German National Assembly in Heidelberg. In 1849, during the Palatinate-Baden rebellion, Heidelberg was the headquarters of a revolutionary army which was defeated by a Prussian army near Waghaeusel. Until 1850, the city was occupied by Prussian troops. Between 1920 and 1933, the University of Heidelberg's reputation was enhanced by a number of notable physicians (Czerny, Erb, Krehl) and humanists (Rohde, Weber, Gundolf). ===Nazi era=== During the Nazi regime (1933-1945), Heidelberg was a stronghold of the [[NSDAP]], which was the strongest party in the elections before 1933. Non-Aryan university staff were discriminated against, and by 1939 the University had "lost" one third of its staff due to racial and political reasons. During the [[Kristallnacht]] on [[November 9]], [[1938]], Nazis burned down synagogues at two locations in the city. The next day systematic deportation of Jews started, and 150 Jews were sent to the [[Dachau concentration camp]]. On [[October 22]], [[1940]] during the "Wagner Buerckel event", 6000 local Jews, including 280 from Heidelberg, were deported to a concentration camp in France, [[Camp Gurs]]. Between 1934 to 1935, the Nazi regime built a huge amphitheatre on the ''Heiligenberg'' north of the old part of Heidelberg for the SS events. The theatre is called ''Thingstätte'' and is still used for occasional concerts and events. On March 30, 1945, US forces liberated Heidelberg from the Nazi regime. German troops left the day before, after destroying the old bridge, Heidelberg's treasured river crossing and at that time the only crossing of the river Neckar for larger vehicles. It has been theorized that Heidelberg escaped bombing in the Second World War because the US Army wanted to use the city as a garrison after the war. In fact, as Heidelberg was neither an industrial center nor a transport hub, there was nothing worth bombing in Heidelberg and Allied air raids focused on the nearby industrial cities of Mannheim and Ludwigshafen. In 1945, the University re-opened at the initiative of surgeon Karl Heinrich Bauer and philosopher Karl Jaspers. == Historical sites == ===The old town=== The ''old town'', in German ''Altstadt'', located at the southern side of the Neckar, is long and narrow and is dominated by the ruins of the [[Heidelberg Castle]] which perches 80 metres above the Neckar on the steep, wooded side of the [[Königstuhl (Odenwald)|Königstuhl]] ("King's chair" or [[throne]]) hill. The Karls´gate (Karlstor) is a triumphal arch in honour of the Prince Elector Karl Theodor, located at Heidelberg's very east. It was erected from 1775 until 1781 and designed by Nicolas de Pigage The house "Zum Ritter Sankt Georg" (Knight St. George) is one of the few buildings, which survived the war of succession. The building opposite of the Church of the Holy Spirit was build in the style of the late Renaissance period. The house is named after the sculpture at the top. The "Marstall" was an arsenal of the Heidelberg Castle in which several different goods were stored. The 19th century building we see today was created in a neo-classical style. Since 1971, the "Marstall" houses lecture halls of the university. The old bridge is a stone bridge which was erected from 1786 to 1788. There is a medieval bridge gate on the side of the old town, originally part of its town wall. Baroque tower helmets were added as part of the erection of the stone bridge in 1788. ===Heidelberg Castle=== {{main|Heidelberg Castle}} The castle is a mix of styles from Gothic to Renaissance. Prince Elector Ruprecht III (1398 - 1410) erected the first representative building in the inner courtyard as a regal residence. The building was divided into a ground floor made of stone and framework upper levels. Another regal building is located opposite to the Ruprecht Building: The Fountain Hall. Prince Elector Philipp (1476 - 1508) is said to have arranged the transfer of the hall's columns from a decayed palace of [[Charlemagne]] to Heidelberg. [[Image:Plan des Heidelberger Schlosses von Peter Friedrich von Walpergen um 1780.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Historic map of the Castle of Heidelberg]] In the 16th and 17th century the Prince Electors added two representative palace buildings and turned the fortress into a castle. The two dominant buildings at the eastern and northern side of the courtyard were erected during the rule of Ottheinrich (1556 - 1559) and Friedrich IV (1583 - 1610). Under Friedrich V (1613 - 1619), the main building of the westside was erected, the so called "English Building". The castle and its garden were destroyed several times (during the 30 Years' War and the Palatine war of succession). When Prince Elector Karl Theodor who resided in Schwetzingen tried to restore the castle, lightning struck the Castle in 1764 and finished all attempts to rebuild the castle. Later on, the castle was misused as a quarry - castle stones helped to build new houses in Heidelberg. This was stopped in 1800 by Count Charles de Graimberg who made any effort he could to preserve the Heidelberg Castle. In spite of its Gothic interior, it was not before 1934, that the King's Hall was added. Today, the hall is used for festivities, e.g. dinner banquets, balls and theatre performances. During the Heidelberg Castle Festival in the summer, the courtyard is the site of open air musicals, operas, theatre performances and classical concerts performed by the Heidelberg City Orchestra. The castle is surrounded by a park where the famous poet [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann von Goethe]] once walked. The [[Heidelberger Bergbahn]] [[funicular|funicular railway]] runs from Heidelberg's Kornmakt to the summit of the Königstuhl via the castle. ===Philosophers' Walk=== [[Image:Heidelberg.jpg|thumb|right|800px|View from the so called "alley of philosophers" (''Philosophenweg'') towards the Old Town, with [[Heidelberg Castle]], [[Heidelberg Heiliggeist church|Heiliggeist Church]] and the [[Heidelberg Old Bridge|Old Bridge]] ]] On the northern side of the Neckar, the Heiligenberg with the remains of the celtic fortress and the Philosophers' Walk (Philosophenweg) is located. This Walk derives its name from the fact that Heidelberg's philosophers and university teachers are said to have once walked and talked here. It shows excellent views of the old town and castle. ===University of Heidelberg=== {{main|University of Heidelberg}} [[Image:Uni-Heidelberg Aula.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Old university hall]] Heidelberg is home to one of Europe's oldest educational institutes, the ''Ruprecht Karls University'' founded in 1386, more commonly known as the [[Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg|University of Heidelberg]]. Among the prominent thinkers associated with the university over the centuries are [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]], [[Jürgen Habermas]], [[Karl-Otto Apel]] and [[Hannah Arendt]]. [[Karl Drais]], who invented the [[bicycle]] in 1817, was a student there. At the University of Heidelberg, chemists Posselt and Reimann discovered that [[nicotine]] was the main [[pharmacologically]] active component of [[tobacco]]. Despite this long legacy of academic excellence, the University of Heidelberg was the first to expel all its [[Jewish]] professors and students when the [[Nazis]] rose to power. <ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/979508.html Son gets Dad's Auschwitz tattoo on own arm - Haaretz - Israel News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]], [[European Molecular Biology Organization]], the German Cancer [[Cancer research|Research Center]], [[Max Planck Institute for Medical Research]], [[Max Planck Institute for Astronomy]], [[Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics]] and [[Max Planck]] Institute for Comparative [[Public Law]] and [[International Law]]) are located in Heidelberg. ====Notable alumni==== {{main|List of University of Heidelberg people}} [[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]], [[Otto Meyerhof]], [[Wolfgang Ketterle]], [[Georg Wittig]] and [[Carl Bosch]] (all winners of the Nobel prize). ==Romanticism of Heidelberg== [[Image:Carl Philipp Fohr 001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Romantic view of Heidelberg castle ruins]] Heidelberg was the center of the epoch of "Romantik" ([[Romanticism]]) in Germany. There was a famous circle of poets such as [[Joseph von Eichendorff]], [[Joseph von Görres]], Arnim, and [[Clemens Brentano]]. A famous relic of Romanticism is the Philosophers' Walk (''Philosophenweg''), a scenic walking path on the nearby Heiligenberg, overlooking Heidelberg. The "Romantik" epoch of German philosophy and literature, was described as a movement against classical and realistic theories of literature, an antipole to the rationality of the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. It elevated medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be from the medieval period as well as folk art, nature and an epistemology based on nature, which included human activity conditioned by nature in the form of language, custom and usage. ==City districts== [[Image:HeidelbergStadtteile.png|thumb|right|200px|City districts of Heidelberg]] Heidelberg consists of fourteen districts which are distributed in six sectors of the city. In the central area of the city are Altstadt, [[Heidelberg-Bergheim|Bergheim]], and Weststadt. In north Heidelberg are Neuenheim and Handschuhsheim. In the east are [[Heidelberg-Ziegelhausen|Ziegelhausen]] and Schlierbach. In the south are [[Heidelberg-Südstadt|Südstadt]], Rohrbach, Emmertsgrund, and Boxberg and in the southwest is Kirchheim. In the west are Bahnstadt, Pfaffengrund, and Wieblingen. A new city district, tentatively named "Bahnstadt", is planned on land located within Weststadt and Wieblingen. The new district will have approximately 5,000-6,000 residents and employment for 7,000. ==Economy== ===Tourism=== In 2004, 81.8% of all people worked for service industries, including tourism. As a relic of the period of Romanticism, Heidelberg has been labeled a romantic town. This is used to attract more than 3.5 million visitors every year. Many events are organized to increase the attraction. In spring, the "Heidelberger Frühling" Classic Music Festival and the international easter egg market are conducted. In July and August there is a "Heidelberger Castle Festival" ([[The Student Prince|Student Prince]] and others) On the first Saturday in June and September, and the 2nd Saturday in July – the castle and the old bridge are illuminated with lights and fireworks. The old town autumn festival in September includes a Medieval Market with 40 booths, an arts and crafts market, a flea market and music from Samba to Rock. During advent there is a Christmas market throughout the oldest part of the city. ===Industry=== Only 18% of employment is provided by industry. Printing and publishing are important enterprises. Heidelberg with its long Hauptstrasse is a shopping magnet for the surrounding smaller towns. ===United States military installations === After [[World War II]], Heidelberg was one of a few major cities in Germany not significantly damaged by Allied bombing. Situated in the American zone of Germany, Heidelberg became the headquarters of the American forces in Europe. Several military installations remain, especially [[Campbell Barracks]] (former Wehrmacht Großdeutschland-Kaserne) which is where headquarters for several units are located. including United States Army, Europe (HQ [[USAREUR]]) and [[NATO]]'s Allied Land Forces, Central Europe (LANDCENT). Campbell Barracks, [[Mark Twain Village]] are both in Südstadt; Patton Barracks are in nearby Kirchheim; and USAREUR MEDDAC Headquarters (also known as ''Nachrichten Kaserne'') is in Rohrbach. There is also a gated housing community, Patrick Henry Village, located west of Kirchheim. These make up the [[U.S. Army Garrison Heidelberg]]. Additionally, a small number of [[NATO]] facilities are present on the installations, most notably HQ Allied Land Component Command, Heidelberg (CC-Land Heidelberg). An old U.S. Army Air Field is still present; However, only UH-60 Black Hawks and AH-64 Apache Helicopters continue to use it. ==Events== *February: "Ball der Vampire" (Ball of the Vampires) Celebrates Fasching (the German equivalent of Mardis Gras or Carnival) with a giant vampire-themed costume party at the local castle or city hall *March/April: "Heidelberger Frühling" Classic Music Festival *April: Half marathon - last weekend *May: Frühlingsmesse on the Messplatz *June, July and September: Heidelberger Schlossbeleuchtung fireworks display on philosophy's way, the old bridge crossing the river Neckar below the castle and the castle itself. The 1st Saturday of June and September and the second Saturday of July are the annual dates. *September, each last Saturday: "Old Town Autumn Festival". *October/November: Heidelberger Theater Days, "Enjoy Jazz", Stepdance -Festival and Workshops *November: "International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg" ==International relations== Heidelberg maintains [[sister city]] relationships (Städtepartnerschaft) with the following cities: * [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom]], since 1957 * [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Montpellier]], [[France]], since 1961 * [[Image:Flag of Israel.svg|25px]] [[Rehovot]], [[Israel]], since 1983 * [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|25px]] [[Simferopol]], [[Ukraine]], since 1991 * [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Bautzen]], [[Saxony]], since 1991 * [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|25px]] [[Kumamoto]], [[Japan]], since 1992 ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Heidelberg_Fromcastle_hb.JPG|Heidelberg's old city centre from the castle above Image:Heidelberg_Castle_From_the_Bridge.jpg|Heidelberg Castle as seen from the bridge Image:Inside_Heidelberg_Castle.jpg|Interior courtyard of the castle Image:Heidelberg Seitenstraße.jpg|The "Untere Straße" (lower street), a typical side street in the Old Town Image:Heidelberg Jesuiten Kirche.jpg|Catholic Jesuitenkirche Image:HD - Alte Brücke - Tor.jpg|"Old Bridge" gate seen from the bridge Image:Heidelberg bridge enterence.jpg|The "Old Bridge" gate seen from the town Image:Heidelberg Monkey.jpg|The "bridge monkey" next to the gate Image:Old_Bridge_in_Heidelberg.jpg|The "Old Bridge", seen from the town Image:Old_Bridge_From_Castle.jpg|The "Old Bridge", seen from the castle Image:Heidelberg_Bridge_Night.jpg|Heidelberg at night Image:Heidelberg_20060420_021.jpg|[[Church of the Holy Spirit (Heidelberg)|Heiliggeistkirche]] Image:Heidelberg - University Library.jpg| University Library Image:Olduni11.jpg| The Old University </gallery> ==Trivia== *Discovery of [[spectrum analysis]] by [[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen|Robert Bunsen]] and [[Gustav Kirchhoff|Kirchhoff]] in 1860. *Noted pen manufacturer [[Lamy]] has its headquarters and its factory in Heidelberg. ==See also== * [[Schiller International University]] * [[Heidelberg Center for American Studies]] * [[List of University of Heidelberg people]] * [[:de:Liste Heidelberger Persönlichkeiten]] ==External links== * [http://www.heidelberg.de/ Official site of Heidelberg], a small English section is available * {{Wikitravel}} * [http://www.heidelberg.army.mil U.S. Army Garrison Heidelberg homepage] * [http://www.heid-hs.eu.dodea.edu/ Heidelberg American High School], The official site of Heidelberg American High School ==References== {{reflist}} * Steven P. Remy: ''The Heidelberg Myth: The Nazification and [[Denazification]] of a German University''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002. 329 P. ISBN 0-674-00933-9. (History about Spruchkammerverfahren-whitewashing in the proceedings before Dena. ..) {{Germany tourism Heidelberg area}} {{Germany_districts_baden-württemberg}} [[Category:Karlsruhe region]] [[Category:Cities in Baden-Württemberg]] [[Category:Heidelberg]] [[Category:University towns]] [[af:Heidelberg, Duitsland]] [[ar:هايدلبرغ]] [[az:Heydelberq]] [[bs:Heidelberg]] [[br:Heidelberg]] [[bg:Хайделберг]] [[ca:Heidelberg]] [[cs:Heidelberg]] [[cy:Heidelberg]] [[da:Heidelberg]] [[de:Heidelberg]] [[dsb:Heidelberg]] [[et:Heidelberg]] [[el:Χαϊδελβέργη]] [[es:Heidelberg]] [[eo:Hajdelbergo]] [[fa:هایدلبرگ]] [[fr:Heidelberg]] [[hr:Heidelberg]] [[io:Heidelberg]] [[id:Heidelberg]] [[it:Heidelberg]] [[he:היידלברג]] [[ka:ჰაიდელბერგი]] [[la:Heidelberga]] [[lt:Heidelbergas]] [[hu:Heidelberg]] [[mk:Хајделберг]] [[nl:Heidelberg (Duitsland)]] [[ja:ハイデルベルク]] [[lb:Heidelberg]] [[no:Heidelberg]] [[nn:Heidelberg]] [[oc:Heidelberg]] [[nds:Heidelbarg]] [[pl:Heidelberg]] [[pt:Heidelberg]] [[ro:Heidelberg]] [[rm:Heidelberg]] [[ru:Гейдельберг]] [[sq:Haidelbergu]] [[simple:Heidelberg]] [[sk:Heidelberg]] [[sl:Heidelberg]] [[sr:Хајделберг]] [[fi:Heidelberg]] [[sv:Heidelberg]] [[vi:Heidelberg]] [[tr:Heidelberg]] [[uk:Гейдельберг]] [[vo:Heidelberg]] [[zh:海德堡]]