Hematological malignancy
604004
223483447
2008-07-04T07:32:28Z
Thijs!bot
1392310
robot Adding: [[es:Neoplasias hematológicas]]
{{Infobox_Disease
| Name = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image =
| Caption =
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|81||c|81}}-{{ICD10|C|96||c|81}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|200}}-{{ICD9|208}}
| ICDO = 9590-9999
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D019337
}}
'''Hematological malignancies''' are the types of [[cancer]] that affect [[blood]], [[bone marrow]], and [[lymph node]]s. As the three are intimately connected through the [[immune system]], a disease affecting one of the three will often affect the others as well: although [[lymphoma]] is technically a disease of the [[lymph node]]s, it often spreads to the [[bone marrow]], affecting the [[blood]] and occasionally producing a [[paraprotein]].
[[Chromosomal translocation]]s are a common cause of these diseases, while this is uncommon in solid tumors. This leads to a different approach in diagnosis and treatment of hematological malignancies.
Although hematological malignancies are a form of [[cancer]], they are generally treated by specialists in [[hematology]], although in many hospitals [[oncology]] specialists also manage these diseases. ("Hematology/Oncology" is a single subspecialty of [[Internal Medicine]]; there are also surgical and radiation oncologists.)
==List of diseases==
The ''hematological malignancies'' include:
* [[Leukemia]]:
** [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (ALL)
** [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]] (AML)
** [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]] (CML)
** [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]] (CLL)
** [[Hairy cell leukemia]]
* [[Lymphoma]]:
** [[Hodgkin's disease]] (four subtypes)
** [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] (many subtypes)
* [[Multiple myeloma]]
Related disorders, which are generally not called "cancer":
* [[Myelodysplastic syndrome]] (MDS) - can culminate in [[Acute myelogenous leukemia|AML]]
* [[Myeloproliferative disease]]:
** [[Polycythemia vera]] (PV, PCV or occasionally ''polycythemia rubra vera'' - PRV)
** [[Essential thrombocytosis]] (ET)
** [[Myelofibrosis]]
* [[Amyloid]] due to light-chain disease
==Diagnosis==
For the analysis of a suspected ''hematological malignancy'', a [[complete blood count]] and [[blood film]] are essential, as malignant cells can show in characteristic ways on [[light microscopy]]. When there is [[lymphadenopathy]], a [[biopsy]] from a [[lymph node]] is generally undertaken [[surgery|surgically]]. In general, a [[bone marrow biopsy]] is part of the "work up" for the analysis of these diseases. All specimens are examined microscopically to determine the nature of the malignancy. A number of these diseases can now be classified by [[cytogenetics]] (AML, CML) or [[immunophenotyping]] (lymphoma, myeloma, CLL) of the malignant cells.
==Treatment==
Treatment can occasionally consist of "watchful waiting" (e.g. in [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia|CLL]]) or symptomatic treatment (e.g. [[blood transfusion]]s in [[Myelodysplastic syndrome|MDS]]). The more aggressive forms of disease require treatment with [[chemotherapy]], [[radiotherapy]], [[immunotherapy]] and - in some cases - a [[bone marrow transplant]].
==Follow-up==
If treatment has been successful ("complete" or "partial remission"), a patient is generally followed up at regular intervals to detect recurrence and monitor for "secondary malignancy" (an uncommon side-effect of some [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]] regimens - the appearance of another form of [[cancer]]). In the follow-up, which should be done at pre-determined regular intervals, general [[Medical history|anamnesis]] is combined with [[complete blood count]] and determination of [[lactate dehydrogenase]] or [[thymidine kinase]] in serum.
{{Hematology}}
{{Hematological malignancy histology}}
[[Category:Blood disorders]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[ar:سرطان الدم]]
[[bn:রক্তের সংহারক]]
[[es:Neoplasias hematológicas]]
[[fr:Hémopathie maligne]]
[[lt:Kraujo vėžys]]
[[bat-smg:Krauja vėžīs]]