Hemp 963313 225143165 2008-07-12T02:56:09Z Historian932 441666 :''This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp, not its psychoactive cousin [[Cannabis (drug)]]. For the biology of the plant, see [[Cannabis]]. For other uses of the word ''hemp'', see [[Hemp (disambiguation)]]. '' {{POV|date=July 2008}} [[Image:Cannab2 new.png|thumb|right|The variety of appearances for cannabis. Only Sativa (left) is suited for industrial hemp, but also has medicinal varieties.]] '''Hemp''' (from [[Old English]] ''hænep'', see [[cannabis (etymology)]]) is the common name for plants of the entire family of ''Cannabis'', although the term is often used to refer only to ''Cannabis'' strains cultivated for industrial (non-drug) use. [[Image:Chinese-ma-hemp.png|thumb|right|The use of hemp has been shown to go back at least 10,000 years in [[Taiwan]]. Má ([[Pinyin]] pronunciation), the Chinese expression for hemp.]] Industrial hemp has many uses, including [[paper]], [[textiles]], biodegradable plastics, health food, and [[fuel]]. It is one of the fastest growing biomasses known,{{Fact|date=July 2008}} and one of the earliest domesticated plants known.<ref name="aust"> {{cite web |url=http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/hemp/16241.html |title=Information paper on industrial hemp (industrial cannabis) |publisher=www2.dpi.qld.gov.au |accessdate=2008-07-05 |last= |first= }} </ref> It also runs parallel with the "Green Future" objectives that are becoming increasingly popular. Hemp requires little to no [[pesticides]],<ref name="thehia"> {{cite web |url=http://www.thehia.org/facts.html |title=HIA: Resources: Education: FAQs & Facts: Facts |publisher=www.thehia.org |accessdate=2008-07-05 |last= |first= }} </ref> no herbicides,<ref name="thehia2"> {{cite web |url=http://www.thehia.org/faq7.html |title=HIA: Resources: Education: FAQs & Facts: FAQs: Answers |publisher=www.thehia.org |accessdate=2008-07-05 |last= |first= }} </ref> controls [[erosion]] of the topsoil,{{Fact|date=July 2008}} and produces oxygen. Furthermore, hemp can be used to replace many potentially harmful products, such as tree paper (the processing of which uses bleaches and other toxic chemicals, and contributes to [[deforestation]]), [[cosmetic]]s, and plastics, most of which are [[petroleum]]-based and do not decompose easily. Licenses for hemp cultivation are issued in the [[European Union]] and [[Canada]]. In the [[United Kingdom]], these licenses are issued by the [[Home Office]] under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]]. When grown for non-drug purposes hemp is often called '''industrial hemp''', and a common product is [[Fiber crop|fiber]] for use in a wide variety of products. '''Feral hemp''' or '''ditch weed''' is usually a naturalized fiber or oilseed strain of ''Cannabis'' that have escaped from cultivation and are self-seeding. ''Cannabis sativa'' L. subsp. ''sativa'' var. ''sativa'' is the variety grown for industrial use in Europe, Canada, and elsewhere, while ''C. sativa'' subsp. ''indica'' generally has poor fiber quality and is primarily used for production of recreational and medicinal drugs. The major difference between the two types of plants is the appearance and the amount of Δ<sup>9</sup>-[[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) secreted in a resinous mixture by epidermal hairs called glandular [[trichomes]]. Strains of ''Cannabis'' approved for industrial hemp production produce only minute amounts of this psychoactive drug. Some [[botanist]]s use a different taxonomic classification to circumscribe the various [[taxum|taxa]] within the genus ''Cannabis''. [[Image:Industrialhemp.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Industrial hemp production in [[France]]]] == Uses == Hemp is used for a wide variety of purposes, including the manufacture of [[cordage]] of varying [[Tension (mechanics)|tensile strength]], clothing, and nutritional products. The ''bast fibers'' can be used in 100% hemp products, but are commonly blended with fabrics such as [[linen]], [[cotton]] or [[silk]], for apparel and furnishings, most commonly at a 55%/45% hemp/cotton blend. The inner two fibers of hemp are more woody, and are more often used in non-woven items and other industrial applications, such as [[mulch]], animal bedding and litter. The oil from the fruits ("seeds") dries on exposure to air (similar to linseed oil) and is sometimes used in the manufacture of oil-based paints, in creams as a moisturising agent, for cooking, and in plastics. Hemp seeds have been used in bird seed mix.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_culture2.shtml |title=Erowid Cannabis Vault : Culture #2 |publisher=www.erowid.org |accessdate=2008-06-20 |last= |first= }} </ref> === Material === [[Image:Bloc de chanvre ep 15cm.gif|thumb|right|Concrete block made with hemp in France]] In Europe and China, hemp fibers are increasingly used to strengthen [[cement]], and in other composite materials for many construction and manufacturing applications. [[Hempcrete]] is used as a construction material containing hemp hurds, especially in France. [[Mercedes-Benz]] uses a "[[biocomposite]]" composed principally of hemp fiber for the manufacture of interior panels in some of its automobiles. === Food === [[Image:Shelled hemp seeds.jpg|thumb|right|Shelled hemp seeds]] Hemp seeds contains beneficial omega fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals. The seeds can be eaten raw, ground into a meal, sprouted, made into "milk" (akin to [[soy milk]]), prepared as tea, and used in baking. The fresh leaves can also be eaten in salads. Products range from cereals to frozen [[waffle]]s, hemp tofu to nut butters. A few companies produce value added hemp seed items that include the seed oils, whole hemp grain (which is sterilized as per international law), hulled hemp seed (the whole seed without the mineral rich outer shell), hemp flour, hemp cake (a by-product of pressing the seed for oil) and hemp protein powder. Hemp is also used in some organic cereals, for non-dairy "milk" somewhat similar to [[soy milk|soy]] and nut milks, and for non-dairy hemp "ice cream."<ref>[http://www.livingharvest.com/ Living Harvest - The Official Website & Online Store - Hemp Seed Nutrition - Unearthing the Benefits of Hemp Seed<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.coolhemp.com/ Welcome To The Cool Hemp Company<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {| align="right" class="wikitable" |+ Typical nutritional analysis of hemp nut (hulled hemp seeds) |- | [[Calorie]]s/100 [[gram|g]] ||503 |- | [[Protein]] ||23 |- | [[Carbohydrate]] ||35 |- | [[Dietary fiber]] ||35 |- | [[Fat]] ||30 |- | [[Saturated fat]] ||3 |- | [[Palmitic acid|Palmitic 16:0]] ||2 |- | [[Stearic acid|Stearic 18:0]] ||1 |- | [[Monounsaturated fat]] ||4 |- | [[Oleic acid|Oleic 18:1]] ([[Omega-9]]) ||4 |- | [[Polyunsaturated fat]] ||23 |- | [[Linoleic acid|Linoleic 18:2]] ([[Omega-6]]) ||17 |- | [[Alpha-linolenic acid|Linolenic 18:3]] ([[Omega-3]]) ||5 |- | [[Gamma-linolenic acid|Linolenic 18:3]] ([[Omega-6]]) ||1 |- | [[Moisture]] ||6 |- | [[Ash (analytical chemistry)|Ash]] ||6 |- | [[Vitamin A]] (B-Carotene) ||37 [[International unit|IU]] |- | [[Thiamine]] (Vit B1) ||1 [[milligramme|mg]] |- | [[Riboflavin]] (Vit B2) ||1 mg |- | [[Vitamin B6]] ||0 mg |- | [[Niacin]] (Vit B3) ||1 mg |- | [[Vitamin C]] ||1.0 mg |- | [[Vitamin D]] ||10 IU |- | [[Vitamin E]] ||3 IU |- | [[Sodium]] ||0 mg |- | [[Calcium]] ||2 mg |- | [[Iron]] ||0 mg |- | Source: [http://www.wcranchohemp.com/info.php] |} Within the UK, the [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] (Defra) treats hemp as purely a non-food crop. Seed appears on the UK market as a legal food product although cultivation licenses are not available for this purpose. In North America, hemp seed food products are sold in small volumes, typically in health food stores or by mail order.<ref name="ages">http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ages001E/ages001Eh.pdf</ref> ==== Nutrition ==== 30–35% of the weight of hempseed is oil containing 80% [[essential fatty acid]]s (EFAs), [[linoleic acid]] (LA, 50-70%), [[alpha-linolenic acid]] (ALA, 15–25%) and [[gamma-linolenic acid]] (GLA, 1–6%).<ref>http://raskin8500-226.rutgers.edu/~alexanderpoulev/HempOil.pdf</ref><ref>[http://mojo.calyx.net/~olsen/HEMP/IHA/iha03101.html Hemp seed oil: A source of valuable essential fatty acids<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The proportions of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid in hempseed oil meet human requirements for EFAs. Unlike [[flax]] oil and others, hempseed oil can be used continuously without developing a deficiency or other imbalance of EFAs. Unfortunately the unsaturated fat makes the oil rancid quickly, unless it is stored in dark coloured bottles or mixed with chemical [[preservatives]]. This makes hemp oil difficult to transport or store. The high unsaturated fat content also makes the oil unsuitable for frying. This severely limits hemp oil's potential on the food market, although some marketing potential exists as a nutritional supplement.<ref name="ages"/> Cold-pressed hempseed oil is nutritionally superior to olive or flax oil, and so, makes a great alternative in salads, smoothies, and other non-frying uses. Cooking of any oil reduces its nutritional value, and may convert beneficial fatty acids to less benign substances. Hemp seed also contains 20% complete and highly-digestible [[protein]],<ref name="ages"/> 1/3 as [[edestin]] protein and 2/3 as [[albumins]]. Its high quality [[amino acid]] composition is closer to "complete" sources of proteins ([[meat]], [[milk]], [[Egg (food)|eggs]]) than all other oil seeds except [[quinoa]] and [[soy]].<ref>[http://www.drbronner.com/pdf/hempnutrition.pdf hempnutrition.qxd<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> === Medicine === {{main|Medicinal cannabis}} Hemp seed oil has anti-inflammatory properties. === Fiber === [[Image:Hemp-rope.jpg|thumb|right|Hemp rope used at the [[Dallas, Texas]], USA [[Dallas World Aquarium|World Aquarium]]]] The fiber is one of the most valuable parts of the hemp plant. It is commonly called [[Bast (biology)|bast]], which refers to the fibers that grow on the outside of the woody interior of the plant's stalk, and under the most outer part (the bark). Bast fibers give the plants more strength, which is especially true with the hemp plant. Hemp fibers can be 0.91&nbsp;m (3&nbsp;ft.) to 4.6&nbsp;m (15&nbsp;ft.) long, running the length of the plant. Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem, the hemp naturally may be creamy white, brown, gray, black or green. The use of hemp for fiber production has declined sharply over the last two centuries, but before the [[industrial revolution]], hemp was a popular fiber because it is strong and grows quickly; it produces 250% more fiber than cotton and 600% more fiber than flax when grown on the same land.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} Hemp has been used to make paper. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Jefferson on hemp paper.<ref>[http://naihc.org/hemp_information/hemp_facts.html HNAIHC Hemp Facts]</ref> It was used to make [[canvas]], and the word ''canvas'' itself derives from ''cannabis''.<ref>http://www.crrh.org/cannabis</ref><ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=canvas</ref> Hemp was very popular as it had many uses. [[Manila hemp|Manila]] replaced its use for rope. [[Burlap]], made from [[jute]], took over the sacking market. The paper industry began using [[wood pulp]]. The carpet industry switched over to [[wool]], [[sisal]], and [[jute]], then [[nylon]]. Netting and webbing applications were taken over by [[cotton]] and synthetics. The world hemp paper pulp production was believed to be around 120,000 tons per year in 1991 which was about 0.05 % of the world's annual pulp production volume.<ref name="Gertjan">[http://mojo.calyx.net/~olsen/HEMP/IHA/iha01105.html Gertjan van Roekel jr.:Hemp Pulp and Paper Production]</ref> [[Image:Hemp-sack,asabukuro,japan.JPG|thumb|right|A sack made from hemp fiber]] In 1916, [[US Department of Agriculture]] chief scientists Lyster H. Dewe, and Jason L. Merrill created paper made from hemp pulp, which they concluded was "favorable in comparison with those used with pulp wood."<ref>Dewey and Merrill, U.S.D.A. Bulletin No. 404, Washington, D.C., October 14, 1916. Page 25</ref> [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17855/17855-h/17855-h.htm] [[Jack Herer]] later summarized the findings of the bulletin in his book "The Emperor Wears No Clothes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jackherer.com/chapters.html|title=The Emperor Wears No Clothes|publisher=[http://www.jackherer.com/ www.jackherer.com/]|accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref> Herer wrote: {{quote| In 1916, USDA Bulletin No. 404, reported that one acre of cannabis hemp, in annual rotation over a 20-year period, would produce as much pulp for paper as 4.1 acres of trees being cut down over the same 20-year period. This process would use only 1/4 to 1/7 as much polluting sulfur-based acid chemicals to break down the glue-like lignin that binds the fibers of the pulp, or even none at all using soda ash. The problem of dioxin contamination of rivers is avoided in the hemp paper making process, which does not need to use chlorine bleach (as the wood pulp paper making process requires) but instead safely substitutes hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching process. ... If the new (1916) hemp pulp paper process were legal today, it would soon replace about 70% of all wood pulp paper, including computer printout paper, corrugated boxes and paper bags. }} [[Image:Hanfstengel.jpg|thumb|200px|Hemp stem showing fibers.]] New technology has allowed for more environmentally-friendly paper production from wood pulp. The [[recovery boiler]] was invented in the early 1930s. The first recovery boilers were commissioned to wood-pulp mills during the mid-1930s,<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3636/is_199702/ai_n8733847 Finchem, Kirk J: Mills explore capacity options to extend recovery boiler life, Pulp & Paper, Feb 1997]</ref> ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free),<ref>[http://www.aet.org/epp/ecf_brochure.pdf ECF: The Sustainable Technology]</ref> or TCF (Total chlorine Free) bleaching, better fiber filters etc. has created less of a demand for alternative raw materials. Hemp is currently of little significance as raw material for paper; however, it is still scarcely grown in the developed world. The long-term price for pulpwood has been low compared with any alternative except recycled paper. More about wood pulp technology in [[bleaching of wood pulp]]. The decision of the [[United States Congress]] to pass the [[1937 Marijuana Tax Act]] was based in part on testimony derived from articles in newspapers owned by [[William Randolph Hearst]], who had significant financial interests in the [[Logging|timber industry]], which manufactured his newsprint. The background material also included that from 1880 to 1933 the hemp grown in the United States had declined from 15,000 to {{convert|1200|acre|km2}}, and that the price of line hemp had dropped from $12.50 per pound in 1914 to $9.00 per pound in 1933.<ref>http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/taxact/nugent1.htm H.T. NUGENT:COMMERCIALIZED HEMP (1934-35 CROP) in the STATE OF MINNESOTA]</ref><ref name="News">{{cite web|url=http://www.druglibrary.org/SCHAFFER/hemp/taxact/t10a.htm|title=Additional Statement of H.J. Anslinger, Commissioner of Narcotics|accessdate=2006-03-25}}</ref> In 1935, however, hemp would also make a significant rebound.<ref name="News" /> Hearst began a campaign against hemp, and published stories in his newspapers associating hemp with marijuana<ref>http://search.huffingtonpost.com/search/?sp_a=sp100395aa&sp_k=&sp_p=all&sp_f=ISO-8859-1&sp_q=William%20Randolph%20Hearst</ref> and attacking marijuana usage.<ref>http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/mj004.htm</ref> As a result of the act, the production and use of hemp was discontinued. Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability, resistance to ultraviolet light and mold, comfort and good absorbency (8%).{{Fact|date=June 2007}} The original [[Levi Strauss & Co.|Levi Strauss]] [[jeans]] were made from lightweight hemp canvas. Hemp rope is notorious for breaking due to [[rot]] as the capillary effect of the rope-woven fibres tended to hold liquid at the interior, while seeming dry from the outside.<ref>[http://www.uiaa.ch/article.aspx?c=231&a=147]</ref> Hemp rope used in the age of sailing-ships was protected by [[Tarring (rope)|tarring]], a labor-intensive process and also the reason for the [[Jack Tar]] nickname for sailors. Hemp rope was phased out when [[Manila hemp|Manila]], which does not require tarring, became available. There is a niche market for hemp paper, but the cost of hemp pulp is approximately six times that of wood pulp,<ref name="Gertjan"/> mostly due to the small size and outdated equipment of the few hemp processing plants in the Western world. Hemp pulp is bleached with [[hydrogen peroxide]]. Hydrogen peroxide can also be used for wood pulp. [[Kenaf]] is another fast-growing plant which can be used as a replacement for wood pulp. Kenaf paper has been produced in commercial quantities.<ref>[http://www.visionpaper.com] since 1992</ref> A modest hemp industry exists. Recent developments in processing have made it possible to soften up coarse fibres to a wearable level.<ref>[http://www.thehia.org/ Hemp Industries Association]</ref> === Weed control === {{main|Weed_control#Organic_Methods}} Hemp, because of its height, dense foliage and its high planting density as a crop, is a very effective and long used method of killing tough weeds in farming.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.gametec.com/hemp/WEED.CTRL.htm |title=HEMP AS WEED CONTROL |publisher=www.gametec.com |accessdate=2008-07-09 |last= |first= }} </ref> Using hemp this way can help farmers avoid the use of herbicides, to help gain organic certification and to gain the benefits of [[crop rotation]] ''[[per se]]''. === Fuel === [[Image:Biodiesel.JPG|thumb|Biodiesel sample]] [[Biofuel]]s such as [[biodiesel]] and [[alcohol fuel]] can be made from the oils in hemp seeds and stalks, and the fermentation of the plant as a whole, respectively. The energy from hemp may be high based on acreage or weight, but can be low based on the volume of the light weight harvested hemp.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} It does, however, produce more energy per acre per year than corn, sugar, flax, or any other crop currently grown for ethanol or biodiesel.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} [[Henry Ford]] grew industrial hemp on his estate after 1937,<ref name="seeker"> {{cite web |url=http://www.thetruthseeker.co.uk/print.asp?ID=3774 |title=The Truth Seeker - The Marijuana Trick |publisher=www.thetruthseeker.co.uk |accessdate=2008-07-06 |last= |first= }} </ref> possibly to prove the cheapness of methanol production at Iron Mountain. He made plastic cars with wheat straw, hemp and sisal. (Popular Mechanics, Dec. 1941, "Pinch Hitters for Defense.") In 1892, [[Rudolph Diesel]] invented the [[diesel engine]], which he intended to fuel "by a variety of fuels, especially vegetable and seed oils."<ref>[http://www.hemp4fuel.com/ Hemp 4 Fuel - Clean Energy Solutions<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.hempcar.org/petvshemp.shtml Hempcar.org-Pollution: Petrol vs Hemp<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.hempcar.org/biofacts.shtml Hempcar.org-Biofuels Facts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://jackherer.com/chapter09.html Jack Herer - Chapter 9<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Cultivation == [[Image:Hempharvesting2.jpg|right|thumb|Hemp being harvested]] Millennia of selective breeding have resulted in varieties that look quite different. Also, breeding since circa 1930 has focused quite specifically on producing strains which would perform very poorly as sources of drug material. Hemp grown for fibre is planted closely, resulting in tall, slender plants with long fibres. Ideally, according to Defra in 2004 the herb should be harvested before it flowers. This early cropping is done because fibre quality declines if flowering is allowed and, incidentally, this cropping also pre-empts the herb's maturity as a potential source of drug material. However, in these strains of industrial hemp the [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) content would have been very low regardless. [[Image:CarteChanvreVert.svg|thumb|left|Climate zones well suited for the cultivation of hemp]] The name ''Cannabis'' is the [[genus]] and was the name favoured by the 19th century medical practitioners who helped to introduce the herb's drug potential to modern [[english language|English]]-speaking consciousness. ''Cannabis'' for non-drug purposes (especially ropes and [[textiles]]) was then already well known as hemp. The name "[[:wiktionary:Marijuana|marijuana]]" is [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in origin and associated almost exclusively with the herb's drug potential. That marijuana is now well known in English as a name for drug material is due largely to the efforts of [[Prohibition (drugs)#Twentieth century|US drug prohibitionists]] during the 1920s and 1930s. === Historical cultivation === While the fibre has been grown for millennia in Asia and the Middle East, commercial production of hemp in the West took off in the eighteenth century. Due to colonial and naval expansion of the era, economies needed large quantities of hemp for rope and [[oakum]]. The endless European Wars, and ever expanding naval fleets, all used the material. To this end, the young Republic of America became a large hemp producer. The Gulf and Carolina states had very large hemp industries. In fact the market was second only to cotton fibre. Machinery was invented in the United States for producing hemp fibre. An unpleasant task performed by prison labour was the manufacture of rope and boat caulking. Before the age of nylon rope, hemp rope had a short lifetime and was ever in need of replacement. In the 19th century it was cultivated by [[binders]]. From the 1881 ''Household Cyclopedia'': : The [[soil]]s most suited to the culture of this plant are those of the deep, black, putrid vegetable kind, that are low, and rather inclined to moisture, and those of the deep mellow, loamy, or sandy descriptions. The quantity of produce is generally much greater on the former than on the latter; but it is said to be greatly inferior in quality. It may, however, be grown with success on lands of a less rich and fertile kind by proper care and attention in their culture and preparation. : In order to render the [[ground]]s proper for the reception of the crop, they should be reduced into a fine mellow state of mould, and be perfectly cleared from [[weed]]s, by repeated ploughings. When it succeeds grain crops, the work is mostly accomplished by three ploughings, and as many harrowings: the first being given immediately after the preceding crop is removed, the second early in the spring, and the last, or seed earth, just before the seed is to be put in. In the last ploughing, well rotted [[manure]], in the proportion of fifteen or twenty, or good compost, in the quantity of twenty-five or thirty-three horse-cart loads, should be turned into the land; as without this it is seldom that good crops can be produced. The surface of the ground being left perfectly flat, and as free from furrows as possible; as by these means the moisture is more effectually retained, and the growth of the plants more fully promoted. : It is of much importance in the cultivation of hemp crops that the [[seed]] be new, and of a good quality, which may in some measure be known by its feeling heavy in the hand, and being of a bright shining color. : The proportion of seed that is most commonly employed, is from two to three [[bushel]]s [per acre], according to the quality of the land; but, as the crops are greatly injured by the plants standing too closely together, two bushels, or two bushels and a half may be a more advantageous quantity. : As the hemp plant is extremely tender in its early growth, care should be taken not to put the seed into the ground at so early a period, as that it may be liable to be injured by the effects of frost; nor to protract the sowing to so late a season as that the quality of the produce may be effected. The best season, on the drier sorts of land in the southern districts, is as soon as possible after the frosts are over in April; and, on the same descriptions of soil, in the more northern ones, towards the close of the same month or early in the ensuing one. : The most general method of putting crops of this sort into the soil is the broadcast, the seed being dispersed over the surface of the land in as even a manner as possible, and afterwards covered in by means of a very light harrowing. In many cases, however, especially when the crops are to stand for seed, the drill method in rows, at small distances, might be had recourse to with advantage; as, in this way, the early growth of the plants would be more effectually promoted, and the land be kept in a more clean and perfect state of mould, which are circumstances of importance in such crops. In whatever method the seed is put in, care must constantly be taken to keep the birds from it for some time afterwards. : This sort of crop is frequently cultivated on the same piece of ground for a great number of years, without any other kind intervening; but, in such cases, manure must be applied with almost every crop, in pretty large proportions, to prevent the exhaustion that must otherwise take place. It may be sown after most sorts of grain crops, especially where the land possesses sufficient fertility, and is in a proper state of tillage. [[Image:Hemp farm.jpg|right|framed|Thick stands of fibre hemp compete well with weeds.]] : As hemp, from its tall growth and thick [[foliage]], soon covers the surface of the land, and prevents the rising of weeds, little attention is necessary after the seed has been put into the ground, especially where the broadcast method of sowing is practised; but, when put in by the drill machine, a [[Hoe (tool)|hoe]]ing or two may be had recourse to with advantage in the early growth of the crop. : In the culture of this plant, it is particularly necessary that the same piece of land grows both [[male]] and [[female]], or what is sometimes denominated simple hemp. The latter kind contains the seed. : When the grain is ripe (which is known by its becoming of a whitish-yellow color, and a few of the leaves beginning to drop from the stems); this happens commonly about thirteen or fourteen [[week]]s from the period of its being sown, according as the season may be dry or wet (the first sort being mostly ripe some weeks before the latter), the next operation is that of taking it from the ground; which is effected by pulling it up by the roots, in small parcels at a time, by the hand, taking care to shake off the mould well from them before the handsful are laid down. In some districts, the whole crop is pulled together, without any distinction being made between the different kinds of hemp; while, in others, it is the practice to separate and pull them at different times, according to their ripeness. The latter is obviously the better practice; as by pulling a large proportion of the crop before it is in a proper state of maturity, the quantity of produce must not only be considerably lessened, but its quality greatly injured by being rendered less durable. : After being thus pulled, it is tied up in small parcels, or what are sometimes termed baits. : Where crops of this kind are intended for seeding, they should be suffered to stand till the seed becomes in a perfect state of maturity, which is easily known by the appearance of it on inspection. The stems are then pulled and bound up, as in the other case, the bundles being set up in the same manner as grain, until the seed becomes so dry and firm as to shed freely. It is then either immediately threshed out upon large cloths for the purpose in the field, or taken home to have the operation afterwards performed. : The hemp, as soon as pulled, is tied up in small bundles, frequently at both ends. : It is then conveyed to pits, or ponds of [[stagnant water]], about six or eight feet in depth, such as have a [[clay]]ey soil being in general preferred, and deposited in beds, according to their size, and depth, the small bundles being laid both in a straight direction and crosswise of each other, so as to bind perfectly together; the whole, being loaded with [[timber]], or other materials, so as to keep the beds of hemp just below the surface of the water. : It is not usual to water more than four or five times in the same pit, until it has been filled with water. Where the ponds are not sufficiently large to contain the whole of the produce at once, it is the practice to pull the hemp only as it can be admitted into them, it being thought disadvantageous to leave the hemp upon the ground after being pulled. It is left in these pits four, five, or six days, or even more, according to the warmth of the season and the judgment of the operator, on his examining whether the hempy material readily separates from the reed or stem; and then taken up and conveyed to a pasture field which is clean and even, the bundles being loosened and spread out thinly, stem by stem, turning it every second or third day, especially in damp weather, to prevent its being injured by worms or other insects. It should remain in this situation for two, three, four, or more weeks, according to circumstances, and be then collected together when in a perfectly dry state, tied up into large bundles, and placed in some secure building until an opportunity is afforded for breaking it, in order to separate the hemp. By this means the process of grassing is not only shortened, but the more expensive ones of breaking, scutching, and bleaching the yarn, rendered less violent and troublesome. : After the hemp has been removed from the field it is in a state to be broken and swingled, operations that are mostly performed by common laborers, by means of machinery for the purpose, the produce being tied up in stones. The refuse collected in the latter process is denominated sheaves, and is in some districts employed for the purposes of fuel. After having undergone these different operations, it is ready for the purposes of the manufacturer. ==== Harvesting ==== [[Image:Recoltechv.jpg|thumb|right|Industrial hemp harvesting machine in France.]] Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand. The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm above the soil and left on the ground to dry. Mechanical harvesting is now common, using specially adapted cutter-binders or simpler cutters. The cut hemp is laid in swathes to dry for up to four days. This was traditionally followed by ''[[retting]]'', either water retting (the bundled hemp floats in water) or dew retting (the hemp remains on the ground and is affected by the moisture in dew moisture, and by molds and [[bacterial]] action). Modern processes use steam and machinery to separate the fibre, a process known as [[thermo-mechanical pulping]]. === Varieties === There are broadly three groups of ''Cannabis'' varieties being cultivated today: * Varieties primarily cultivated for their fibre, characterized by long [[Plant stem|stems]] and little branching, extreme red, yellow, blue or purple coloration, or thickness of stem and solid core, such as hemp cannabis oglalas, and more generally called [[industrial hemp]] * Varieties grown for [[seed]] from which [[hemp oil]] is extracted * Varieties grown for [[medicine|medicinal]], [[spiritual use of cannabis|spiritual development]] [[Sathya Sai Baba|1]], [[Rastafari movement|2]], [[Shivite|3]], [[Magick|4]], [[Ken Wilbur|5]], [[Ram Dass|6]], [[Carl Young|7]] or [[cannabis (drug)|recreational]] purposes. A nominal if not legal distinction is often made between hemp, with concentrations of the psychoactive chemical THC far too low to be useful as a drug, and ''Cannabis'' used for medical, recreational, or spiritual purposes. === Diseases === {{Main|List of hemp diseases}} {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} Hemp plants can be vulnerable to various [[pathogen]]s including [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], [[nematodes]], [[viruses]] and other miscellaneous pathogens. Such diseases often lead to problems such as reduced fiber quality, stunted growth, and (eventually) death of the plant. == History == [[Image:Cannabissativadior.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' from ''[[Vienna Dioscurides]]'', 512 A.D.]] Hemp use dates back to the [[Stone Age]], with hemp fibre imprints found in pottery shards in [[China]] and [[Taiwan]]<ref name=Stafford>Stafford, Peter. 1992. ''Psychedelics Encyclopedia''. Berkeley, California, Ronin Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-914171-51-8</ref> over 10,000 years old. Legend credits Ts'ai-Lun, a Chinese eunuch in the emperor's court, with inventing paper about 105 AD. Specimens were found in the Great Wall of China which date back 200 years earlier. These papers were made from hemp. These ancient Asians also used the same fibres to make clothes, shoes, ropes, and an early form of [[paper]].<ref name=Stafford/> Hemp cloth was more common than [[linen]] until the mid 14th century.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} The use of hemp as a cloth was centered largely in the countryside, with higher quality [[textiles]] being available in the towns. Virtually every small town had access to a hemp field.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} In [[Late Middle Ages|late medieval]] [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]] and [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]], hemp was employed in cooked dishes, as filing in [[pie]]s and [[torte]]s, or boiled in a [[soup]].<ref>''Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays'' (2002), edited by Melitta Weiss Adamson ISBN 0-415-92994-6 pg. 98, 166</ref> [[Image:Fuchscannabis.jpg|thumb|right|''Cannabis sativa'' illustration from 1543.]] The traditional ''European hemp'' was by tradition and due to its low narcotic effect not used as a drug in Europe. It was cultivated for its fibers and for example used by [[Christopher Columbus]] for ropes on his ships. In the [[Napoleonic era]], many military uniforms were made of hemp.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} While hemp linens were coarser than those made of [[flax]], the added strength and durability of hemp, as well as the lower cost, meant that hemp uniforms were preferred. The Spaniards first brought hemp to the Western Hemisphere and cultivated it in [[Chile]] starting about 1545.<ref name="osu"> {{cite web |url=http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/html/sb/sb681/ |title=Feasibility of Industrial Hemp Production in the United States Pacific Northwest, SB681 |publisher=extension.oregonstate.edu |accessdate=2008-06-18 |last= |first= }} </ref> In North America, the [[Puritans]] are first known to have cultivated hemp in [[New England]] in 1645.<ref name="osu"/> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" style="background:white" |+ U.S. founding fathers who cultivated hemp |- |<center>[[Image:George Washington dollar.jpg|200px]]</center><center>''[[George Washington]]''</center> || style="width:500px"| [[Major General]] [[George Washington]], [[U.S. Revolutionary War]] hero and first president of the United States, shown here on a [[U.S. dollar]] treasury note, cultivated hemp as a crop on his farm.<ref name="altahemp"> {{cite web |url=http://altahemp.com/hempinfo.html |title=Hemp Info |publisher=altahemp.com |accessdate=2008-06-12 |last= |first= }} </ref> |- |<center>[[Image:Tj3.gif|200px]]</center><center>''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''</center> || style="width:500px"| [[Thomas Jefferson]], the principal author of the American [[Declaration of Independence]], which he drafted on hemp paper, was the third president of the United States. He cultivated hemp as a crop.<ref name="altahemp"/> |- |<center>[[Image:Benjamin-Franklin-U.S.-$100-bill.jpg|200px]]</center><center>''[[Benjamin Franklin]]''</center> || style="width:500px"| [[Benjamin Franklin]], shown here on a [[U.S. $100 bill]], started the first American [[paper mill]], which made paper exclusively from hemp.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.nnytimes.com/american_hemp_history.htm |title=American Hemp History |publisher=www.nnytimes.com |accessdate=2008-06-12 |last= |first= }} </ref> |} [[Image:Producer of marihuana.jpg|right|thumb|[[United States|U.S.]] 'Marihuana' production permit. In the USA, hemp cultivation is [[Legal issues of cannabis|legally prohibited]], but during [[World War II]] farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for cordage, to replace [[Manila hemp]] previously obtained from [[Japan]]ese-controlled areas. The US government produced a film explaining the uses of hemp called ''[[Hemp for Victory]]''.]] Hemp was used extensively by the United States during WWII. Uniforms, canvas, and rope were among the main textiles created from the hemp plant at this time. Much of the hemp used was planted in the [[Midwest]] and [[Kentucky]]. Historically, hemp production made up a significant portion of Kentucky's economy and many slave [[plantation economy|plantations]] located there focused on producing hemp.<ref>[http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/history/slavery.htm James F. Hopkins, Slavery in the Hemp Industry]</ref> By the early twentieth century, the advent of the [[steam engine]] and the [[diesel engine]] ended the reign of the [[sailing ship]]. The advent of iron and steel for cable and ships' hulls further eliminated natural fibers in marine use, although hemp had long since fallen out of favour in the sailing industry in preference to Manila hemp. The invention of artificial fibers in the late thirties by [[DuPont]] further put strain on the market. == Countries that produce hemp == [[Image:Kamidana.jpg|thumb|right|Typical Japanese [[Shinto shrine]] with paper streamers & rope made out of unprocessed hemp fibre.]] More than 30 nations currently produce industrial hemp including Australia, Austria, Canada, China, England, France, Russia and Spain.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://azhemp.org/Archive/Package/Legal/legal.html |title=Hemp vs. Marijuana |publisher=azhemp.org |accessdate=2008-06-18 |last= |first= }} </ref> From the 1950s to the 1980s the [[Soviet Union]] was the world's largest producer (3,000 km² in 1970). The main production areas were in [[Ukraine]],<ref>[http://www.aginukraine.com/bast/bast01.htm Hemp research and growing in Ukraine]</ref> the [[Kursk]] and [[Orel]] regions of [[Russia]], and near the [[Poland|Polish]] border. Since its inception in 1931, the Hemp Breeding Department at the Institute of [[Bast fibre|Bast]] Crops ({{lang-ru|Научно-исследовательский институт лубяных культур}}) in [[Hlukhiv]] (Glukhov), Ukraine, has been one of the world's largest centers for developing new hemp varieties, focusing on improving fiber quality, per-hectare yields, and low [[tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] content.<ref>[http://news2000.org.ua/print?a=%2Fpaper%2F5463 Hemp will help Ukraine to grow wealthy] {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>[http://mojo.calyx.net/~olsen/HEMP/IHA/jiha5111.html Interview with Dr. V. G. Virovets, the head of the Hemp Breeding Department at the Institute of Bast Crops] (1998) {{en icon}}</ref> Other important producing countries were [[China]], [[North Korea]], [[Hungary]], the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Romania]], [[Poland]], [[France]] and [[Italy]]. In [[Japan]], hemp was historically used as paper and a fiber crop; it was restricted as a narcotic drug in 1948. The ban on marijuana imposed by the [[US]] authorities was alien to Japanese culture, as the drug had never been widely used in Japan before. There is archaeological evidence that cannabis was used for clothing and the seeds were eaten in Japan right back to the [[Jōmon period]] (10,000 to 300 BCE). Many [[Kimono]] designs portray hemp, or "Asa" ({{lang-ja|麻}}), as a beautiful plant. [[France]] (8,000 hectares cultivated) is Europe's biggest producer. [[Canada]] (2,500 ha in 2004),<ref>[http://www.saskhemp.com/ Saskatchewan Hemp Association]</ref> the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Germany]] all resumed commercial production in the 1990s. British production is mostly used as [[bed (furniture)|bed]]ding for [[horse]]s; other uses are under development. The largest outlet for German fibre is composite automotive panels. Companies in Canada, UK, US and Germany among many others process hemp seed into a growing range of [[food]] products and [[cosmetics]]; many traditional growing countries still continue to produce [[textile]] grade fibre. Hemp is illegal to freely grow in the U.S. and several other countries because the plant is related to marijuana. In such countries, hemp is imported from China and the Philippines. The US is the only industrialized country where hemp is illegal to grow. == Future of hemp == {{Cleanup|date=January 2008}} [[Image:Hemp shives.jpg|thumb|right|Hemp shives]] Hemp advocates foresee a bright future for hemp. As mentioned earlier, as a [[health food]], hemp has become increasingly popular in America and abroad. [[Canada]] has been increasing its crop and exports, although [[Canada]] only grows hemp for seed and oil, not fiber. The real future for hemp remains under the surface, and prices remain too high for any significant consumer use. Hemp laws are being passed around the [[United States]] in states such as [[Kentucky]], [[Vermont]] and [[North Dakota]]. Pro-hemp laws have been passed in a dozen states, five in [[North Dakota]] (ND) alone. Under the new ND law, [[farmers]] no longer need permission from the DEA to grow industrial hemp, which now is distinguished from "marijuana".<ref>http://votehemp.com</ref> ND was very close to its first growing season, but the DEA delayed the applications too late to begin the season. The bright future exists in the environmental merit of hemp. Hemp is sold alongside [[organic cotton]] for [[clothes]] and is becoming popular as environmental awareness becomes more prevalent. Hemp has been written about in [[newspapers]] and [[magazines]] across the country, though few people know about hemp and its various benefits and uses. [http://www.hempplastic.com Hemp Plastic] is a new technology based on 20-100% hemp fiber-based [[plastics]] that can be molded or [[injection molded]]. Demand for fiber-reinforced [[composites]] and other natural [[plastics]] could become more popular as [[Petroleum|oil]] prices rise and environmental awareness increases. The increased demand for [[health food]] has stimulated the trade of shelled hemp seed, hemp protein powder and [[hemp oil]] as well as finished and ready-to-eat food products ([[waffles]], [[granola bars]], [[ice cream]], and [[milk]] for example) using these derivatives as ingredients. The use of [[hemp oil]] in the manufacture of body care products has also increased. == THC in hemp == [[Image:Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg|thumb|right|250px|''Delta-9-[[tetrahydrocannabinol]]'' (THC), a compound found in [[medical cannabis]], but which is limited by law in industrial hemp.]] Hemp contains ''delta-9-[[tetrahydrocannabinol]]'' (THC), which is the psychoactive ingredient found in [[hashish]] and marijuana. While THC is present in all Cannabis plant varieties to some extent, industrial hemp does not contain an amount to produce any intoxicating effect, even in significant quantities. In varieties grown for use as a drug, where males are removed in order to prevent [[fertilization]], THC levels can reach as high as 24% in the [[unfertilized]] females which are given ample room to flower. In hemp varieties grown for seed or fibre use, the plants are grown very closely together and a very dense [[biomass]] product is obtained, rich in oil from the seeds and fibre from the stalks and low in THC content. EU and Canadian regulations limit THC content to 0.3% in industrial hemp. On [[October 9]], [[2001]], the US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) ruled that even traces of THC in products intended for food use would be illegal as of [[February 6]], [[2002]]. This ''Interpretive Rule'' would have ruled out the production or use of hempseed or hempseed oil in food use in the USA, but after the [[Hemp Industries Association]] (HIA) filed suit the rule was stayed by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] on [[March 7]], 2002. On [[March 21]], [[2003]], the DEA issued a nearly identical ''Final Rule'' which was also stayed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on [[April 16]], 2003. On [[February 6]], 2004, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a unanimous decision in favor of the HIA in which Judge Betty Fletcher wrote, "[T]hey (DEA) cannot regulate naturally-occurring THC not contained within or derived from marijuana-i.e. non-psychoactive hemp is not included in Schedule I. The DEA has no authority to regulate drugs that are not scheduled, and it has not followed procedures required to schedule a substance. The DEA's definition of "THC" contravenes the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress in the [[Controlled Substances Act]] (CSA) and cannot be upheld." On [[September 28]], [[2004]], the HIA claimed victory after DEA declined to appeal to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] the ruling from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals protecting the sale of hemp-containing foods. Industrial hemp remains legal for import and sale in the U.S., but U.S. farmers still are not permitted to grow it. Strong opposition to trace amounts of THC, a chemical shown by scientific research to be less addictive and less harmful than [[nicotine]] or [[alcohol]],<ref>[http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/LIBRARY/basicfax5.htm Which drugs are the most addictive?]</ref> leads some of its critics, like Jack Herer in [[The Emperor Wears No Clothes]], to charge ulterior motives such as protection of the synthetic-fibre, wood pulp, petrochemical, and pharmochemical industries. The US government's position has not been completely constant, as shown by the wide-spread cultivation of industrial hemp in [[Kentucky]] and [[Wisconsin]] during [[World War II]].<ref>[http://www.kentuckyhemp.com/library/victory.html ''Hemp for Victory'', Kentucky Hemp News]</ref> Critics of the HIA, however, argue that the necessities of the war and the unavailability of adequate synthetic substitutes outweighed the social, health, and public safety risks of producing hemp. The presence of THC in hemp varieties and the fear that fields with hemp can hide cultivation of cannabis with more THC has hampered the development of hemp in many countries, most notably, the United States. Regulations in certain countries in [[EU]] demand approved variety of the seed and registration of the field in advance every year. Marijuana is often female only, and kept completely isolated from any males, to keep the THC production up and seed production low. There are specially developed strains that require a very specific growing operation, and there is much care put into increasing THC production. Hiding marijuana in a hemp field would create a variety of problems. One is, the dense hemp would most likely "choke out" the marijuana, taking valuable and necessary nutrients and sunlight that the marijuana needs to produce THC. Even more, the male hemp plants would fertilize the marijuana plants, which would have several side effects. First, the marijuana would produce seeds, quickly lowering its value. Energy growing seeds quickly diminishes THC content. More importantly, the fertilization essentially crossbreeds the hemp and marijuana (only in the THC potent females). While the hemp will not produce any more THC, the marijuana, once "tainted" by the Hemp, will produce significantly less THC, depending on how long and how close the contact is with the Hemp. If marijuana was successfully hidden and grown in a hemp field, the resulting plant matter would be of very little street value. It would be full of seeds and stems (because of fertilization), be malnourished (because hemp, like a strong weed, sucks up nutrients and grows taller, taking the available sun), and above all, have a very low THC content, making it undesirable to even the indiscriminate marijuana users. There is a consensus between experts and marijuana growers alike; the risk to reward ratio is so far out of proportion for it to even be considered. ==Gallery of images== <gallery> Image:Cannabis_sativa1.JPG|Hemp plants Image:Cannabis_sativa2.JPG|Hemp plants Image:Cannabis_sativa3.JPG|Hemp plants Image:Cannabis_sativa4.JPG|Hemp plants Image:Moisschv.JPG|Hemp harvesting Image:Blason ville fr Chennevières-lès-Louvres (Val-d'Oise).svg|Hemp coat of arms for a French city Image:Industrialhemp2.jpg|An industrial hemp crop growing in [[Canterbury, New Zealand]] </gallery> ==See also== *[[Cannabrick construction]] *[[Hemp for Victory]] *[[Hemp Industries Association]] *[[Hemp oil]] *[[Hempcrete]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{wiktionarypar|hemp}} {{commons|Cannabis sativa}} ==External links== === General === <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS | | NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS NOR SHOULD IT BE USED FOR ADVERTISING. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page. Or submit your link | | to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)| | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> * [http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/hemp/16241.html Information on industrial cannabis] * [http://www.naturallysplendid.com naturallysplendid.com Hemp research and Hemp food products] * [http://www.hemp.com Hemp.com Information portal and store] * [http://www.hemp.co.uk Hemp.co.uk Information since 1996] * [http://www.zelfoaustralia.com Zelfoaustralia.com Zelfo is 100% 'hemp plastic'] * [http://mojo.calyx.net/~olsen/HEMP/IHA/jiha4208.html Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. strains, by Vito Mediavilla and Simon Steinemann] * [http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/hemp_landing.html Plant Cultures: hemp botany, history, uses] * [http://opencrs.cdt.org/document/RL32725 Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity] * [http://www.jackherer.com/chapters.html The Emperor Wears No Clothes] * [http://www.drugnerd.com/archives/440/american-department-of-agriculture-hemp-for-victory-2/ Hemp For Victory] American Department of Agriculture video * [http://ushempcomuseum.com/index.html Hemp Museum] at US Hemp Co *[http://www.StoryOfRope.org Ropewalk: A Cordage Engineer's Journey Through History] Nonprofit documentary includes history of hemp agriculture *[http://www.invitesite.com/Articles/company/paperHistory.php History of Hemp Paper] Brief History of Hemp Paper === Hemp industry === <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS | | NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS NOR SHOULD IT BE USED FOR ADVERTISING. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page. Or submit your link | | to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)| | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> * [http://www.biogascompany.co.nz Hemp Bio-fuels in New Zealand] * [http://www.hemptrade.ca/ Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance] * [http://www.thehia.org/ Hemp Industries Association] * [http://www.hempreport.com/ The Hemp Report (subscription)] * [http://www.hempforvictory.blogspot.com/ Hemp For Victory] * [http://www.industrialhemp.net/ IndustrialHemp.net] * [http://www.hempsearch.com/ Industrial Hemp Directory] * [http://www.internationalhempassociation.org/ International Hemp Association] * [http://hemp-konop.com Hemp-Konop in R.Macedonia] * [http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/products/fibre/findex.cfm National Non Food Crop Centre] * [http://dmoz.org/Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Industrial_Hemp/ Open Directory Project - Business/Agriculture and Forestry/Industrial Hemp] * [http://www.ontariohempalliance.org/ Ontario Hemp Alliance] * [http://www.saskhemp.com/ Saskatchewan Hemp Association] * [http://www.votehemp.com/ Vote Hemp] * [http://montanahemp.org Montana Hemp Council] {{fibers}} [[Category:Cannabis]] [[Category:Energy crops]] [[Category:Fiber plants]] [[Category:Fodder]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] [[Category:Underutilized crops]] [[cs:Konopí seté]] [[da:Almindelig Hamp]] [[de:Nutzhanf]] [[es:Cáñamo]] [[eo:Kanabo]] [[fr:Chanvre]] [[hr:Konoplja]] [[he:המפ]] [[hu:Kender]] [[mk:Konop]] [[nl:Hennep]] [[ja:麻]] [[pl:Konopie]] [[pt:Cânhamo]] [[ru:Пенька]] [[sr:Индустријска конопљa]] [[fi:Hamppu]] [[sv:Hampa]] [[zh:麻]]