Henry Hallett Dale 240842 213261363 2008-05-18T15:40:34Z DuncanHill 1739907 Quick-adding category "Members of the Order of Merit" (using [[WP:HOTCAT|HotCat]]) {{Infobox Scientist |name = Henry Hallett Dale |box_width = |image =Replace_this_image_male.svg |image_width =150px |caption = Henry Hallett Dale |birth_date = [[June 9]], [[1875]] |birth_place = [[London]], [[England]] |death_date = [[July 23]], [[1968]] |death_place = [[Cambridge]] |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = [[England|English]] |ethnicity = |field = [[pharmacology]] |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = [[acetylcholine]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = [[Image:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]][[1936]] [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }} '''Sir Henry Hallett Dale''' [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|OM]] [[Order of British Empire|GBE]] [[Royal Society|FRS]] ([[June 9]], [[1875]] – [[July 23]], [[1968]]) was an [[England|English]] [[pharmacologist]]. For his study of [[acetylcholine]] as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses he shared the [[1936]] [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] with [[Otto Loewi]]. ==Biography== [[Image:DaleNobel20040420CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg|thumb|200px|The Nobel Prize diploma of Sir Henry H. Dale, displayed in the Royal Society, London.]] Dale was born in [[London]], [[England]]. He was educated at [[The Leys School]] Cambridge (one of the school's houses is named after him) and in 1894 he entered [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] working under the physiologist John Langley. For a few months in 1903 he also studied under [[Paul Ehrlich]] in [[Frankfurt]], Germany. Also in 1903, Dale assisted [[Ernest Starling]] and [[William Bayliss]] in the vivisection of a dog which ultimately lead to the events of the [[Brown Dog affair]]. In 1904, Dale married his first cousin Ellen Harriet Hallett. Dale received his M.D. from Cambridge in 1909. While working at the [[University College London]] he met and became friends with Loewi. Dale became the Director of the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology at the [[National Institute for Medical Research]] in London in 1914. He was [[knight]]ed in 1932, receiving the [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]] in 1944 and the Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in 1948. Dale served as [[Presidents of the Royal Society|President]] of the [[Royal Society]] from 1940 to 1945. He became a Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the [[Royal Institution]] in 1942. During [[World War II]], he served on the Scientific Advisory Panel to the Cabinet. He died in [[Cambridge]]. ==Research== Although Dale and his colleagues first identified acetylcholine in 1914 as a possible [[neurotransmitter]], Loewi showed its importance in the [[nervous system]]. During the 1940s Dale was embroiled in the scientific debate over the nature of signaling at the [[synapse]]. Dale and others believed that signaling at the synapse was chemical, while [[John Carew Eccles]] and others believed that the synapse was electrical. It was later found that most synaptic signalling is chemical, but there are some synapses that are electrical. Dale also originated the scheme used to differentiate [[neuron]]s according to what neurotransmitter they release. Thus, neurons releasing [[norepinephrine]] (also known as noradrenaline) are called noradrenergic, neurons releasing [[GABA]] are GABAergic, and so on. This scheme is related to ''[[Dale's principle]]'' (sometimes erroneously referred to as ''Dale's Law''). This principle states that each neuron releases only one type of neurotransmitter. Dale's principle has been shown to be false; since many neurons have been shown to release [[neuropeptides]] and [[amino acid]]s in addition to classical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine or biogenic amines (Bear, et al. 2001). This finding, that numerous neurotransmtters can be released by the same neuron, is referred to as the "coexistence principle." This phenomenon was most popularized by the Swedish neuroanatomist and neuropharmacologist [[Tomas Hökfelt]], who is considered to be the "Father of the Coexistence Principle." ==References== * Valenstein, E.S.: ''The War of the Soups and the Sparks: The Discovery of Neurotransmitters and the Dispute Over How Nerves Communicate''. Columbia University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-231-13588-2 * Valenstein E.S.: The discovery of chemical neurotransmitters. ''Brain Cogn.'' 2002 Jun;49(1):73-95 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12027394 Medline abstract]) * Tansey EM. Chemical neurotransmission in the autonomic nervous system: Sir Henry Dale and acetylcholine. ''Clin Auton Res.'' 1991 Mar;1(1):63-72 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1668257 Medline abstract]) *''Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941'', Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965. *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:12528871 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12528871 |last=Kyle |first=Robert A |last2=Shampo |first2=Marc A |publication-date=2003 Jan |year=[[2003]] |title=Henry Hallett Dale--chemical transmission of nerve impulses. |volume=78 |issue=1 |periodical=Mayo Clin. Proc. |pages=6 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:10616171 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10616171 |last=Bangham |first=D R |publication-date=1999 |year=[[1999]] |title=H.H. Dale and the London Centre for WHO standards--some milestones of the early years. |volume=100 |issue= |periodical=Dev. Biol. 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Dale (1875-1968)] |volume=14 |issue=3 |periodical=Allergie und Asthma |pages=142-6 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:14317523 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14317523 |last=HOLTZ |first=P |publication-date=1965 Jul 23 |year=[[1965]] |title=[SIR HENRY DALE ON HIS 90TH BIRTHDAY.] |volume=19 |issue= |periodical=Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. |pages=1341-3 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:14315204 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14315204 |publication-date=1965 Aug 16 |year=[[1965]] |title=SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE. |volume=193 |issue= |periodical=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]] |pages=610-1 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:14328131 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14328131 |last=KENEZ |first=J |publication-date=1965 Jun 27 |year=[[1965]] |title=[SIR HENRY H. DALE IS 90 YEARS OLD.] |volume=106 |issue= |periodical=Orvosi hetilap |pages=1238-9 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:13470382 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13470382 |publication-date= |year= |title=SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE. |volume=36 |issue=5 |periodical=Anesth. Analg. |pages=82-3 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:14363904 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14363904 |publication-date=1955 Jun 4 |year=[[1955]] |title=SIR HENRY DALE. |volume=1 |issue=4926 |periodical=British medical journal |pages=1378-9 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:14363898 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14363898 |last=GASSER |first=H S |publication-date=1955 Jun 4 |year=[[1955]] |title=Sir Henry Dale: his influence on science. |volume=1 |issue=4926 |periodical=British medical journal |pages=1359-61 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:14363896 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14363896 |last=LOEWI |first=O |publication-date=1955 Jun 4 |year=[[1955]] |title=Salute to Henry Hallett Dale. |volume=1 |issue=4926 |periodical=British medical journal |pages=1356-7 }} ==External links== * [http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1936/dale-bio.html Sir Henry Dale - Biography]. Nobel Foundation. * Sabbatini, R.M.E.: [http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons5_i.htm Neurons and synapses. The history of its discovery. IV. Chemical transmission]. ''Brain & Mind'', 2004. * [http://www.johnmadjackfuller.homestead.com/fullerianprofessors.html Fullerian Professorships] {{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1926-1950}} {{Royal Society presidents 1900s}} {{BD|1875|1968|Dale, Henry Hallett}} [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge|Dale, Henry Hallet]] [[Category:English neuroscientists]] [[Category:English pharmacologists]] [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]] [[Category:Old Leysians]] [[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]] [[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]] [[ar:هنري ديل]] [[bs:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[ca:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[de:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[es:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[fr:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[ko:헨리 핼릿 데일]] [[hr:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[id:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[it:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[sw:Henry Dale]] [[lv:Henrijs Deils]] [[lt:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[nl:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[ja:ヘンリー・ハレット・デール]] [[pl:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[pt:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[ru:Дейл, Генри]] [[sk:Henry Hallett Dale]] [[fi:Henry Dale]] [[sv:Henry Dale]] [[zh:亨利·哈利特·戴尔]]