Hepialidae
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{{Taxobox
| name = Hepialidae
| image = Phymatopus hecta3.jpg
| image_caption = ''Gold Swift'' male "calling"
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| subordo = [[Glossata]]
| infraordo = [[Exoporia]]
| superfamilia = [[Hepialoidea]]
| familia = '''Hepialidae'''
| familia_authority = [[James Francis Stephens|Stephens]], 1829
| diversity = 60 genera and at least 587 species
| diversity_link = Lepidopteran diversity
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
*''[[Abantiades]]'' Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
*''[[Aenetus]]'' Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
*''[[Afrotheora]]'' Nielsen and Scoble, 1986
*''[[Andeabatis]]'' Nielsen and Robinson, 1983
*''[[Antihepialus]]'' Janse, 1942
*''[[Aoraia]]'' Dumbleton, 1966
*''[[Aplatissa]]'' Viette, 1953
*''[[Bipectilis]]'' Chus and Wang, 1985
*''[[Blanchardinella]]'' Nielsen, Robinson & Wagner, 2000
*''[[Bordaia]]'' Tindale, 1932
*''[[Calada]]'' Nielsen and Robinson, 1983
*''[[Callipielus]]'' Butler, 1882
*''[[Cibyra]]'' Walker, 1856
*''[[Cladoxycanus]]'' Dumbleton, 1966
*''[[Dalaca]]'' Walker, 1856
*''[[Dalaca]]'' auctt., nec Walker, 1856
*''[[Dioxycanus]]'' Dumbleton, 1966
*''[[Druceiella]]'' Viette, 1949
*''[[Dumbletonius]]''; auctt
*''[[Elhamma]]'' Walker, 1856
*''[[Endoclita]]''; Felder, 1874
*''[[Eudalaca]]'' Viette, 1950
*''[[Fraus (genus)|Fraus]]'' Walker, 1856
*''[[Gazoryctra]]'' Hübner, [1820]
*''[[Gorgopis]]'' Hübner, [1820]
*''[[Heloxycanus]]'' Dugdale, 1994
*''[[Hepialiscus]]'' Hampson, [1893]
*''[[Hepialus]]'' Fabricius, 1775
*''[[Jeana]]'' Tindale, 1935
*''[[Korscheltellus]]'' Börner, 1920
*''[[Leto (genus)|Leto]]'' Hübner, [1820]
*''[[Metahepialus]]'' Janse, 1942
*''[[Napialus]]'' Chu and Wang, 1985
*''[[Neohepialiscus]]'' Viette, 1948
*''[[Oncopera]]''
*''[[Oxycanus]]'' Walker, 1856
*''[[Palpifer]]'' Hampson, [1893]
*''[[Parahepialiscus]]'' Viette, 1950
*''[[Parapielus]]'' Viette, 1949
*''[[Pfitzneriana]]'' Viette, 1952
*''[[Pfitzneriella]]'' Viette, 1951
*''[[Pharmacis]]'' Hübner, [1820]
*''[[Phassodes]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1905
*''[[Phassus]]'' Walker, 1856
*''[[Phialuse]]'' Viette, 1961
*''[[Phymatopus]]'' Wallengren, 1869
*''[[Phymatopus]]'' auctt. nec Wallengren, 1869
*''[[Puermytrans]]'' Viette, 1951
*''[[Roseala]]'' Viette, 1950
*''[[Schausiana]]'' Viette, 1950
*''[[Sthenopis]]'' auctt. nec Packard, [1865]
*''[[Thitarodes]]'' Viette, 1968
*''[[Trichophassus]]'' Le Cerf, 1919
*''[[Trictena]]'' Meyrick, 1890
*''[[Triodia (animal genus)|Triodia]]''
*''[[Wiseana]]'' Viette, 1961
*''[[Xhoaphryx]]'' Viette, 1953
*''[[Zelotypia]]'' Scott, 1869
*''[[Zenophassus]]'' Tindale, 1941
}}
The '''Hepialidae''' is a [[Scientific classification|family]] of [[insects]] in the [[lepidoptera]]n [[Scientific classification|order]]. Moths of this family are often referred to as '''swift moths''' or '''ghost moths'''.
==Taxonomy and systematics==
'''Hepialidae''' constitute by far the most diverse group of the [[infraorder]] [[Exoporia]]. There are 60 [[Scientific classification|genera]] and at least 587 currently recognised [[Scientific classification|species]] of these primitive [[moth]]s recorded worldwide. The genera ''[[Fraus]]'' ([[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Australia]]), ''[[Gazoryctra]]'' ([[Holarctic]]), ''[[Afrotheora]]'' ([[Southern Africa]]n), and ''[[Antihepialus]]'' ([[African]]) are considered to be the most primitive, containing four genera and about 51 species with a mostly relictual southern [[Gondwanan]] distribution and are currently separated from the Hepialidae ''sensu stricto'' which might form a natural, [[derived]] group<ref name="Nielsen00">Nielsen, E.S., Robinson, G.S. and Wagner, D.L. 2000. Ghost-moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the Exoporia (Mnesarchaeoidea and Hepialoidea) (Lepidoptera) ''Journal of Natural History'', '''34'''(6): 823-878.[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/tnah/2000/00000034/00000006/art00003 Abstract]</ref>. The most diverse genera are ''[[Oxycanus]]'' with 73 species, ''[[Endoclita]]'' with 60 species, ''[[Thitarodes]]'' with 51 species and ''Cibyra'' with 50 species following a comprehensive catalogue of [[Exoporia]]<ref name="Nielsen00"/>. The relationships of the many genera are not yet well established; see below for an ordered [[Synonymy|synonymic]] [[Hepialidae#Generic_checklist|generic checklist]]<ref name="Nielsen00"/>, and the Taxobox for navigation.
==Morphology and identification==
The family Hepialidae is considered to be very primitive with a number of structural differences to other moths including very short [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] and lack of a functional [[proboscis]] or [[Retinaculum (moth)|frenulum]] (see Kristensen, 1999: 61-62 for details)<ref name="Kristensen99">Kristensen, N.P., (1999). The non-Glossatan Moths. Ch. 4, pp. 41-62 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). ''Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies''. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.</ref>. Like other [[Exoporia]] the [[sperm]] is transferred to the egg by an external channel between the "ostium" and the [[ovipore]]. Other non-[[ditrysia]]n moths have a common [[cloaca]]<ref name ="Nielsen00"/>. The moths are "homoneurous" with similar forewings and hindwings and are sometimes included as 'honorary' members of the [[Macrolepidoptera]]. Strictly speaking they are [[phylogenetically]] too [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] and constitute [[Microlepidoptera]], although hepialids range from very small moths to a wingspan record of 250 mm in ''[[Zelotypia]]'' <ref name="Nielsen00"/>. Because of their sometimes large size and striking colour patterns, they have received relatively more popular and taxonomic attention than most "micros". Many species display strong [[sexual dimorphism]] with males smaller but more boldly marked than females, or at high [[elevation]], females of ''[[Pharmacis]]'' and ''[[Aoraia]]'' show "brachypterous" wing reduction<ref>Sattler, K. (1991). A review of wing reduction in Lepidoptera. ''Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology)'', '''60''': 243-288.</ref>.
==Distribution==
Hepialidae are distributed on ancient landmasses worldwide except [[Antarctica]] but with the surprising exceptions of [[Madagascar]], the [[Caribbean]] islands and in Africa, [[Tropical]] [[West Africa]]. It remains to be borne out if these absences are real as ''[[Aenetus]] cohici'' was not long ago discovered in [[New Caledonia]][http://www.sciencebuff.org/aenetus_cohici.php]. In the [[Oriental]] and [[Neotropical]] regions hepialids have [[Adaptive radiation|diversified]] in rainforest environments but this not apparently the case in the [[Afrotropics]]<ref name ="Nielsen00"/>. Hepialids mostly have low dispersive powers and do not occur on Oceanic islands with the exception of ''Phassodes'' on [[Fiji]] and [[Western Samoa]] and a few species in [[Japan]] and [[Kurile Islands]]. Whilst the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] of ''[[Eudalaca]] sanctahelena'' is from the remote island of [[St Helena]], this is thought to be an error for South Africa<ref name="Nielsen00"/>.
==Behaviour==
Swift moths are [[crepuscular]] and some species form [[Lek (mating arena)|leks]], also though to have [[Convergent evolution|arisen independently]] in the hepialoid genus ''Ogygioses'' ([[Palaeosetidae]]).<ref name="Kristensen99"/> In most genera, males fly swiftly to virgin females that are calling with scent. In other genera, virgin females "assemble" upwind to displaying males<ref>Mallet, J. 1984. Sex roles in the ghost moth ''Hepialus humuli'' (L.) with a review of mating in the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera). ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'', '''79''': 67-82.</ref>, which emit a musky [[pheromone]] from [[Scale (zoology)#Arthropod_scales|scales]] on the [[Metathorax|metathoracic]] [[Arthropod leg#Hexapoda|tibiae]]. In such cases of sex role reversal, there may be visual cues also: males of the European [[Ghost Moth|Ghost Swift]] are possibly the most frequently noticed species, being white, ghostly and conspicuous when forming a lek at dusk <ref>Andersson, S., Rydell, J., Svensson, M.G.E. (1998). Light, predation and the lekking behaviour of the ghost swift ''Hepialus humuli'' (L.) (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae). ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'', '''265''': 1345-1351</ref>. Sometimes they hover singly as if suspended from a thread or flying in a figure of eight motion<ref name="Nielsen00"/>. The chemical structure of some [[pheromone]]s have been analysed<ref>Schulz S., Francke W., König W.A., Schurig, V., Mori K., Kittmann R. and Schneider D. (1990). Male pheromone of swift moth, ''Hepialus hecta'' L. (Lepidoptera : Hepialidae). ''Journal of chemical ecology'', '''16'''(12): 3511-3521.</ref>.
==Biology==
The female does not lay its [[egg (biology)|eggs]] in a specific location but scatters ("broadcasts") them while in flight, sometimes in huge numbers (29,000 were recorded from a single female ''[[Trictena]]''<ref>Tindale, N.B. (1932). Revision of the Australian ghost moths (Lepidoptera Homoneura, family Hepialidae). part 1, ''Records of the South Australian Museum'', '''4''': 497-536.</ref>, which is presumably a world record for the Lepidoptera). The maggot-like [[larva]]e[http://ukmoths.org.uk/show.php?id=2692] feed in a variety of ways. Probably all [[Exoporia]] have concealed larvae, making silken tunnels in all manner of substrates. Some species feed on leaf litter, [[fungi]][http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/education/insects_spiders/pare/puriri_moth.asp], [[mosses]], decaying vegetation, [[fern]]s, [[gymnosperms]] and a wide span of [[monocot]] and [[dicot]] plants<ref>Grehan, J.R. 1989. Larval feeding habits of the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera)
''Journal of Natural History'', '''23'''(4): 803-824.</ref><ref name="Nielsen00"/>. There is very little evidence of hostplant specialisation; whilst the South African species ''[[Leto venus]]'' is restricted to the tree ''[[Virgilia (genus)|Virgilia capensis]]'' this may be a case of "ecological [[monophagy]]"<ref name="Nielsen00"/>. A few feed on foliage (the [[Southern Hemisphere|austral]] 'oxyacanine' genera which may drag foliage into their feeding tunnel: Nielsen et al, 2000: 825). Most feed underground on fine [[root]]s, at least in early [[instar]]s and some then feed internally in tunnels in the stem or trunk of their hostplants. The [http://www.inra.fr/hyppz/IMAGES/7032023.jpg pupa] has rows of [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] spines on the [[Abdomen#Invertebrates|abdominal segments]] as in other lower members of the [[Heteroneura]]<ref name="Kristensen99"/>.
==Economic significance==
Chinese medicine makes considerable use of the "mummies" collected of the [[caterpillar]]-attacking fungi ''[[Cordyceps]]'', and these can form an expensive ingredient.<ref>Wu, Y. and Yuan, D. (1997). Biodiversity and conservation in China: a view from entomologists. ''Entomologica Sinica'', '''4''': 95-111.</ref><ref name="Nielsen00"/>
<ref>http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:FDIQNGSrnDoJ:www.ethnopharmacology.org/newsLetter/nl_2004/ISEnl4EE.pdf+Hepialidae+%2B+edible&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=uk</ref> The [[Witchetty grub]] (which are sometimes hepialid larvae) is a popular food sources especially among aboriginal Australians. In [[Central America]] and [[South America]], hepialid larvae are also eaten<ref>Ramos-Elorduy, J. (2002). Edible insects of Chiapas, Mexico. ''Ecology of Food and Nutrition'', '''41'''(4): 271-299.</ref>. However, some species of ''[[Wiseana]]'', ''[[Oncopera]]'', ''[[Oxycanus]]'', ''[[Fraus]]'' and ''[[Dalaca]]'' are considered pests of pastures in Australia, New Zealand and South America<ref name="Nielsen00"/>.
==Faunas==
===Fauna of [[Europe]]===
Source[http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=65] and identification<ref>Chinery, M. (1986). ''Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe''. (Reprinted 1991)</ref>
<ref>Skinner, B. (1984). ''Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles''</ref>
*''[[Gazoryctra]] fuscoargentea'' <small>O. Bang-Haas 1927</small> - Northern [[Scandinavia]]
*''[[Gazoryctra]] ganna'' <small>(Hübner 1808)</small>- [[Alps]], northern Scandinavia, northern [[Russia]]
*''[[Hepialus humuli]]'' <small>Linnaeus 1758</small> [[Ghost Moth]] - Europe
*''[[Korscheltellus]] lupulinus'' <small>Linnaeus 1758</small> [[Common Swift (moth)|Common Swift]] - Europe
*''[[Pharmacis]] aemiliana'' <small>Costantini 1911</small> - [[Italy]]
*''[[Pharmacis]] anselminae'' <small>Teobaldelli 1977</small>- Italy
*''[[Pharmacis]] bertrandi'' <small>Le Cerf 1936</small> - [[France]]
*''[[Pharmacis]] carna'' <small>Denis & Schiffermüller 1775</small> - Central and Eastern Europe
*''[[Pharmacis]] castillana'' <small>Oberthür 1883</small> - [[Spain]]
*''[[Pharmacis]] claudiae'' <small>Kristal & Hirneisen 1994</small> - Italy
*''[[Pharmacis]] fusconebulosa'' <small>De Geer 1778</small> [[Map-winged Swift]] - Europe
*''[[Pharmacis]] pyrenaica'' <small>Donzel 1838</small> - [[Pyrenees]]
*''[[Phymatopus]] hecta'' <small>Linnaeus 1758</small> [[Gold Swift]] - Central and northern Europe
*''[[Triodia (animal genus)|Triodia]] adriaticus'' <small>Osthelder 1931</small> - [[Croatia]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Greece]], [[Crete]]
*''[[Triodia (animal genus)|Triodia]] amasina'' <small>Herrich-Schäffer 1851</small> - [[Balkans]]
*''[[Triodia (animal genus)|Triodia]] sylvina'' <small>Linnaeus 1761</small> [[Orange Swift]] - Europe
==Cited literature==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
==References==
<div class="references-small">
*Kristensen, N.P., (1999). The non-Glossatan Moths. Ch. 4, pp. 41-62 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). ''Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies''. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
*Nielsen, E.S., Robinson, G.S. and Wagner, D.L. 2000. Ghost-moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the Exoporia (Mnesarchaeoidea and Hepialoidea) (Lepidoptera) ''Journal of Natural History'', '''34'''(6): 823-878.
</div>
==External links==
*[http://www.tolweb.org/Hepialidae Tree of Life]
*[http://www.ento.csiro.au/gallery/moths/Hepialidae Australian Moths Online]
*[http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/hepi/hepialidae.html Hepialidae of Australia]
*[http://www.sciencebuff.org/genera_and_species.php Hepialidae of the World - List of Genera and Links to Species]
*[http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biodiversity/invertebratesprog/nzac/wiseana_spp_images.asp New Zealand Wiseana]
*[http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/(0dknfsv1d3dahdj040izqq45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,12,15;journal,215,318;linkingpublicationresults,1:102024,1 pdf Swift Moth Lekking]
*[http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/lepindex/checklist.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&UserID=&UserName=&sort=SCIENTIFIC_NAME_on_card&Current_superfamily=Hepialoidea&Current_family=Hepialidae&Current_subfamily=&Current_tribe=&recLimit=500 Lep index list of Hepialidae species]
*[http://www.pherobase.com/database/family/family-Hepialidae.php ''Endoclita'' and ''Hepialus'' pheromones]
*[http://www.ethnopharmacology.org/newsLetter/nl_2004/ISEnl4EE.pdf Abstract, counterfeit hepialid mummies]
*[http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/education/insects_spiders/pare/puriri_moth.asp Puriri Moth]
*[http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biosystematics/invertebrates/nzac/wiseana_spp_images.asp ''Wiseana'']
*[http://www.anu.edu.au/linguistics/nash/aust/nbt/obituary.html Obituary of Norman B. Tindale]
==Generic checklist==
*''[[Fraus (genus)|Fraus]]'' Walker, 1856
**=''Hectomanes'' Meyrick, 1980
**=''Praus''; Pagenstacher, 1909
*''[[Gazoryctra]]'' Hübner, [1820]
**=''Garzorycta''; Hübner, [1826]
**=''Gazoryctes''; Kirby, 1892
*''[[Afrotheora]]'' Nielsen and Scoble, 1986
*''[[Antihepialus]]'' Janse, 1942
**=''Ptycholoma''; Felder, 1874
*''[[Bipectilis]]'' Chus and Wang, 1985
*''[[Palpifer]]'' Hampson, [1893]
**=''Palpiphorus''; Quail, 1900
**=''Palpiphora''; Pagenstacher, 1909
*''[[Eudalaca]]'' Viette, 1950
**=''Eudalacina'' Paclt, 1953
*''[[Gorgopis]]'' Hübner, [1820]
**=''Gorcopis''; Walker, 1856
*''[[Metahepialus]]'' Janse, 1942
*''[[Dalaca]]'' Walker, 1856
**=''Huapina'' Bryk, 1945
**=''Maculella'' Viette, 1950
**=''Toenga'' Tindale, 1954
*''[[Callipielus]]'' Butler, 1882
**=''Stachyocera'' Ureta, 1957
*''[[Blanchardinella]]'' Nielsen, Robinson & Wagner, 2000
**=''Blanchardina'' Viette, 1950, nec Labbe, 1899
*''[[Calada]]'' Nielsen and Robinson, 1983
*''[[Puermytrans]]'' Viette, 1951
*''[[Parapielus]]'' Viette, 1949
**=''Lossbergiana'' Viette, 1951
*''[[Andeabatis]]'' Nielsen and Robinson, 1983
*''[[Druceiella]]'' Viette, 1949
*''[[Trichophassus]]'' Le Cerf, 1919
*''[[Phassus]]'' Walker, 1856
*''[[Schausiana]]'' Viette, 1950
*''[[Aplatissa]]'' Viette, 1953
*''[[Pfitzneriana]]'' Viette, 1952
*''[[Cibyra]]'' Walker, 1856
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Pseudodalaca]]'' Viette, 1950)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Gymelloxes]]'' Viette, 1952)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Alloaepytus]]'' Viette, 1951)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Aeptus]]'') Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Thiastyx]]'' Viette, 1951)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Schaefferiana]]'' Viette, 1950)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Paragorgopis]]'' Viette, 1952)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Hepialyxodes]]'' Viette, 1951)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Xytrops]]'' Viette, 1951)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Cibyra]]'' Walker, 1856)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Lamelliformia]]'' Viette, 1952)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Tricladia]]'' Felder, 1874)
**=''Pseudophassus'' Pfitzner, 1914
**=''Parana'' Viette, 1950
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Pseudophilaenia]]'' Viette, 1951)
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Philoenia]]'' Kirby, 1892)
**=''Philaenia'' auctt.
*''Cibyra'' (''[[Yleuxas]]'' Viette, 1951)
*''[[Phialuse]]'' Viette, 1961
*''[[Roseala]]'' Viette, 1950
*''[[Dalaca]]'' auctt., nec Walker, 1856
*''[[Pfitzneriella]]'' Viette, 1951
*''[[Aoraia]]'' Dumbleton, 1966
**=''Trioxycanus'' Dumbleton, 1966
*''[[Triodia (animal genus)|Triodia]]''
**=''Alphus'' Wallengren, 1869, nec Dejean, 1833
*''[[Korscheltellus]]'' Börner, 1920
*''[[Pharmacis]]'' Hübner, [1820]
*''[[Thitarodes]]'' Viette, 1968
**=''Forkalus'' Chu and Wang, 1985
*''[[Phymatopus]]'' Wallengren, 1869
**=''Hepiolopsis'' Börner, 1920
**=''Phimatopus''; auctt.
*''[[Phymatopus]]'' auctt. nec Wallengren, 1869
*''[[Hepialus]]'' Fabricius, 1775
**=''Hepiolus'' Illiger, 1801
**=''Epialus'' Agassiz, 1847
**=''Epiolus'' Agassiz, 1847
**=''Tephus'' Wallengren, 1869
**=''Trepialus''; Latreille, [1805]
*''[[Zenophassus]]'' Tindale, 1941
*''[[Sthenopis]]'' auctt. nec Packard, [1865]
*''[[Endoclita]]''; Felder, 1874
**=''Endoclyta'', Felder, 1875
**=''Hypophassus'', Le Cerf, 1919
**=''Nevina'', Tindale, 1941
**=''Sahyadrassus'', Tindale, 1941
**=''Procharagia'', Viette, 1949
*''[[Neohepialiscus]]'' Viette, 1948
*''[[Elhamma]]'' Walker, 1856
**=''Perissectis'' Meyrick, 1890
**=''Pericentris''; Pagenstacher, 1909
**=''Zauxieus'' Viette, 1952
**=''Theaxieus'' Viette, 1952
*''[[Jeana]]'' Tindale, 1935
*''[[Cladoxycanus]]'' Dumbleton, 1966
*''[[Wiseana]]'' Viette, 1961
**=''Porina'' Walker, 1956, nec d'Orbigny, 1852
**=''Gorina''; Quail, 1899
**=''Goryna''; Quail, 1899
**=''Philpottia'' Viette, 1950, nec Broun, 1915
*''[[Heloxycanus]]'' Dugdale, 1994
*''[[Dumbletonius]]''; auctt
**=''Trioxycanus'' Dumbleton, 1966
*''[[Dioxycanus]]'' Dumbleton, 1966
*''[[Napialus]]'' Chu and Wang, 1985
*''[[Hepialiscus]]'' Hampson, [1893]
*''[[Parahepialiscus]]'' Viette, 1950
*''[[Xhoaphryx]]'' Viette, 1953
*''[[Aenetus]]'' Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
**=''Charagia'' Walker, 1856
**=''Phloiopsyche'' Scott, 1864
**=''Oenetus''; Kirby, 1892
**=''Choragia''; Pagenstacher, 1909
**=''Oenetes''; Oke, 1953
*''[[Leto (genus)|Leto]]'' Hübner, [1820]
**=''Ecto''; Pagenstacher, 1909
*''[[Zelotypia]]'' Scott, 1869
**=''Xylopsyche Swainson, 1851
**=''Leto''; auctt
*''[[Oncopera]]''
**=''Oncoptera'' Walker, 1890
**=''Paroncopera'' Tindale, 1933
**=''Onchopera''; Birket-Smith, 1974
**=''Onchoptera''; Birket-Smith, 1974
*''[[Trictena]]'' Meyrick, 1890
*''[[Bordaia]]'' Tindale, 1932
**=''Bordaja''; Chu and Wang, 1985
*''[[Abantiades]]'' Herrich-Schäffer, [1858]
**=''Pielus'' Walker, 1856
**=''Rhizopsyche'' Scott, 1864
*''[[Oxycanus]]'' Walker, 1856
**=''Porina'' Walker, 1856
**=''Gorina''; Quail, 1899
**=''Goryna''; Quail, 1899
**=''Paraoxyxanus'' Viette, 1950
*''[[Phassodes]]'' Bethune-Baker, 1905
{{Lepidoptera}}
{{wikispecies|Hepialidae}}
{{commonscat|Lepidoptera}}
[[Category:Hepialidae]]
[[Category:Moths]]
[[de:Wurzelbohrer]]
[[fr:Hepialidae]]
[[lt:Šakniagraužiai]]
[[hu:Gyökérrágó lepkefélék]]
[[nl:Hepialidae]]
[[no:Rotetere]]
[[pl:Niesobkowate]]
[[pt:Hepialidae]]
[[ru:Тонкопряды]]