Heterobranchia
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{{Taxobox
| name = Heterobranchia
| image = sea angel.jpg
| image_caption = The sea butterfly or pteropod gastropod, ''Clione limacina''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| subclassis = [[Orthogastropoda]]
| superordo = '''Heterobranchia'''
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision =
[[Heterostropha]]<br />
[[Opisthobranchia]]<br />
[[Pulmonata]]
}}
'''Heterobranchia''', the ''heterobranchs'', (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a [[taxonomic]] [[superorder]] of sea [[snail]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]]s.
(Note: Gastropod [[taxonomy]] has been in flux for many years, and this is especially true currently, because of new research in [[molecular]] [[phylogeny]]. Because of all this on-going change, different reliable sources can yield very different classifications. This is especially true within groups which are poorly understood in general.)
This superorder contains a diverse and interesting group of families. The similarity in the structure of the gills within this group makes the various families eligible for membership, despite all the other differences they show.
The families included in this recently established superorder of mollusks (G. Haszprunar, 1985) have historically been placed in many different parts of the taxonomic class of gastropods. Earlier authors (as [[John Edward Gray|J.E. Gray]], 1840) placed the Heterobranchia as a borderline category intermediate between the [[Opisthobranchia]] & [[Pulmonata]], and all the other gastropods.
The (sometimes recognized) order [[Heterostropha]] within the Heterobranchia, which includes such families as ''[[Architectonicidae]]'', the sundial or staircase snails, is primarily characterized by a shell which has a heterostrophic [[protoconch]], in other words the apical whorls are coiled in the opposite plane to the adult whorls. The classification of this group has been revised by Ponder & Warén (1988).
(In contrast to the heterobranchs, the bodies of the Opisthobranchia have undergone detorsion (unwinding). They have essentially evolved back to the bilateral symmetry of their ancestors. The mantle cavity of the Pulmonata has modified into an air-breathing organ. They are also characterized by detorsion and a symmetrically-arranged nervous system. The pulmonates usually lack an [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]] and are [[hermaphroditic]]. The order Pulmonata contains most land snails and slugs, many freshwater snails, and a small number of fully marine species.)
== Taxonomy of the Heterobranchia ==
Superorder Heterobranchia <small>[[John Edward Gray|J.E. Gray]], 1840</small>
*Order [[Heterostropha]] <small>P. Fischer, 1885 (sometimes Allogastropoda Haszprunar, 1985)</small> (paraphyletic)
*Order [[Opisthobranchia]] <small>[[Henri Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1848</small> (paraphyletic)
**Suborder [[Cephalaspidea]] <small>P. Fischer, 1883</small> (headshield slugs)
**Suborder [[Sacoglossa]] <small>Von Ihering, 1876</small> (sap-suckling slugs)
**Suborder [[Anaspidea]] <small>P. Fischer, 1883</small> (sea hares)
**Suborder [[Notaspidea]] <small>P. Fischer, 1883</small> (sidegill slugs)
**Suborder [[Thecosomata]] <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]], 1824</small> (sea butterflies)
***Infraorder [[Euthecosomata]]
***Infraorder [[Pseudothecosomata]]
**Suborder [[Gymnosomata]] <small>de Blainville, 1824</small> (sea angels)
**Suborder [[Nudibranchia]] <small> de Blainville, 1814</small> (nudibranchs, true sea slugs))
***Infraorder [[Anthobranchia]] <small>[[André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac|Férussac]], 1819</small>
***Infraorder [[Cladobranchia]] <small>Willan & Morton, 1984</small>
*Order [[Pulmonata]] <small>Cuvier in Blainville, 1814</small> (pulmonates)
**Suborder [[Systellommatophora]] <small>Pilsbry, 1948</small>
**Suborder [[Basommatophora]] <small>Keferstein in Bronn, 1864</small> (freshwater pulmonates, pond snails)
**Suborder [[Eupulmonata]] <small>Haszprunar & Huber, 1990</small>
***Infraorder [[Acteophila]] <small>([[W.H. Dall|Dall]], 1885</small> (formerly Archaeopulmonata)
***Infraorder [[Trimusculiformes]] <small>Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975</small>
***Infraorder [[Stylommatophora]] <small>A. Schmidt, 1856</small> (land snails)
****Subinfraorder [[Orthurethra]]
****Subinfraorder [[Sigmurethra]]
New studies, published in 2004, <ref name="Euthyneura">{{cite journal | author=Cristina Grande, José Templado, J. Lucas Cervera and Rafael Zardoya| title=Molecular Phylogeny of Euthyneura (Mollusca: Gastropoda) (full text on line)| journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. | year=2004| volume=21| issue=2| url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/2/303| pages=303–313| pmid=14660702| doi=10.1093/molbev/msh016}}</ref> put the monophyletic Pulmonata and the paraphyletic Opisthobranchia together in the [[clade]] Euthyneura <small>Spengel 1881.</small>. This clade together with the paraphyletic group Heterostropha (pyramidelids and other related groups) define the clade Heterobranchia.
Clade Heterobranchia
*Grade Heterostropha
*Clade Euthyneura
**Grade Opisthobranchia
**Clade Pulmonata
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* {{cite journal | quotes=no | author = Haszprunar G. |title = The Heterobranchia ― a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda|year = 1985| journal = Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung|volume = 23| issue = 1 | pages = 15–37}} ISSN 0044-3808
* {{cite journal | quotes=no | author = Ponder, W. F. & Warén, A. |title = Classification of the Caenogastropoda and Heterostropha- A list of family-group names and higher taxa|year = 1988| journal = Malacological review supplement |volume = 4| issue =| pages = 288–317}}
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