Higher education 14423 225432417 2008-07-13T17:45:35Z Kth 458961 /* Overview */ {{Portalpar | University | Nuvola apps bookcase.svg}} '''Higher education''' is [[education]] provided by [[university|universities]], [[vocational university|vocational universities]], [[community college]]s, [[liberal arts college]]s, [[technical college]]s, and other collegial institutions that award [[academic degree]]s, such as [[career college]]s. Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the [[United Nations]]' [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13, which states that "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education". [[Image:ClareCollegeAndKingsChapel.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The [[University of Cambridge]] is a prestigious institute of higher learning in the U.K.]] ==Overview== '''Post-secondary''' or '''tertiary education''', also referred to as '''third-stage''', '''third level education''', or '''higher education''', is the non-compulsory educational level following the completion of a school providing a [[secondary education]], such as a [[high school]], [[secondary school]], or [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]. Tertiary education is normally taken to include [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate education]], as well as [[vocational education|vocational education and training]]. [[College]]s and [[university|universities]] are the main institutions that provide tertiary education (sometimes known collectively as tertiary institutions). Examples of institutions that provide post-secondary education are vocational schools, [[community college]]s and [[universities]] in the [[United States]], the [[Technical and Further Education|TAFE]]s in [[Australia]], [[CEGEP]]s in [[Quebec]],and the [[IEK]]s in [[Greece]]. They are sometimes known collectively as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of [[certificate]]s, [[diploma]]s, or [[academic degree]]s. [[Image:RupertI.jpg‎|thumb|left|130px|[[Rupert I, Elector Palatine|Rupert I]] founded the [[University of Heidelberg]] in [[1386]]]] Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the ''[[undergraduate]]'' level (sometimes referred to as [[tertiary education]]) and the ''[[graduate student|graduate]]'' (or ''postgraduate'') level (sometimes referred to as [[graduate school]]). In the [[United Kingdom]] post-secondary education below the level of higher education is referred to as [[further education]]. Higher education in that country generally involves work towards a degree-level or [[foundation degree]] qualification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national [[economies]], both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. There can be disagreement about what precisely constitutes post-secondary or tertiary education: "It is not always clear, though, what tertiary education includes. Is it only that which results in a formal qualification or might it include leisure classes? In the UK, are A-levels tertiary education as they are post-compulsory but taught in school settings as well as colleges? Is professional updating or on-the-job training part of tertiary education, even if it does not follow successful completion of secondary education?"<ref>[http://www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary/tertiaryeducation.htm Analytic Quality Glossary]</ref> There are two types of higher education in the UK: higher general education and higher [[vocational education]]. Higher education in the United States specifically refers to post-secondary institutions that offer associate degrees, [[Bachelor's degree|baccalaureate]] degrees, master's degrees or Ph.D. degrees or equivalents. Such institutions may offer non-degree certificates which indicate completion of a set of courses comprising some body of knowledge, but the granting of such certificates is not the primary purpose of the institution. [[Tertiary education]] is not a term used in reference to post-secondary institutions in the United States. A timeline showing the history of colleges and universities is available on Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_timeline. ==Types== ===General=== {{Inappropriate tone|section|date=December 2007}} {{Main|University}} '''Higher general education and training''' generally takes place in a [[university]] and/or [[college]]. Such education is based on theoretical expertise. Higher general education might be contrasted with higher vocational education, which concentrate on both [[practice (learning method)|practice]] and [[theory]]. A [[university]] is an institution of higher education and [[research]], which grants [[academic degree]]s; including [[Bachelor's degree]]s, [[Master's degree]]s and [[doctorate]]s in a variety of subjects. However, most [[professional]] education is included within higher education, and many [[postgraduate]] qualifications are strongly vocationally or professionally oriented, for example in [[academic discipline|disciplines]] such as [[social work]], [[law]] and [[medicine]]. ===In arts and social sciences=== {{Main|Higher education in arts}} Academic areas that may be included in the Arts/Humanities/Social Sciences category include: * [[Religious studies]] * The [[Humanities]] * The [[Social Sciences]] * [[Law]] * [[Languages]] ===In performing arts === {{Main | Higher education in performing arts}} The '''performing arts''' differ from the [[plastic arts]] or [[visual arts]] insofar as the former uses the artist's own body, face, presence as a medium, and the latter uses materials such as clay, metal or paint which can be molded or transformed to create some [[work of art|art object]]. Performing arts include: * [[Music]] (Performance) See [[Higher education in music]]. * [[Opera]] * [[Theatre]] See [[Higher education in theatre]]. * [[Film]] * [[Dance]] * [[Circus arts]] ===In plastic or visual arts === {{Main|Higher education in visual arts}} The [[plastic arts]] or [[visual arts]] are a class of [[Art#Art forms|art forms]], that involve the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated in some way, often in three dimensions. Examples are clay, paint and plaster. Arts that can be said to be Plastic Arts are therefore Painting, Sculpture, Drawing, etc. The plastic arts may refer to: * [[Fine arts]] ([[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[photography]]) * [[Architecture]] * [[Ceramics (art)|Ceramics]] * [[Land art]] * [[Metalworking]] * [[:Category:Paper art|Paper art]] * [[Textile art]] * [[Woodworking]] * [[Film]] * [[Glass]] ===Vocational=== {{Main|Vocational university}} '''Higher vocational education and training''' takes place at the non-university tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of both practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of post-secondary education such as that offered by institutions of [[vocational education]], which are more colloquially known as [[trade school]]s. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader [[science|scientific]] field, which might concentrate on [[theory]] and abstract [[concept]]ual knowledge. A [[Vocational university]] is an institution of higher education and sometime [[research]], which grants [[Professional degree]]s like Professional Bachelor's degree, Professional Master's degree and Professional doctorates) in a variety of subjects. There are vocational universities in [[Applied sciences]] and [[Applied arts]] ==Recognition of studies== The [[Lisbon Recognition Convention]] stipulates that degrees and periods of study must be recognised in all Signatory Parties of the Convention. ==As employers== Universities are fairly large employers. Depending on the funding, a university typically has a teacher per 3-20 students. According to the ideal of research-university, the university teaching staff is actively involved in the research of the institution. In addition, the university usually also has dedicated research staff and a considerable support staff. Typically to work in higher education as a member of the academic [[Faculty (university)|faculty]], a candidate must first obtain a doctorate in an academic field, although some lower teaching positions require only master's degree. Member of the staff or [[academic administration|administration]] usually have education that is necessary for the fulfilment of their duties. Depending on the university, the main administration is more or less centralized. Typically most of the administrative staff works in different administrative sections, such as [[Student Affairs]]. In addition, there may be central support units, such as a university [[library]] which have a dedicated staff. The professional field involving the collection, analysis, and reporting of higher education data is called [[institutional research]]. Professionals in this field can be found, in addition to universities, in e.g. state educational departments. ==By region== === Africa === * [[List of universities in South Africa]] === Asia === * [[Higher Education in Bangladesh]] * [[Higher Education in Iran]] *[[List of colleges and universities in the Philippines]] * [[Universities and colleges in India]] * [[Universities of Pakistan]] === Europe === {{main | European Higher Education Area}} * [[League of European Research Universities]] * [[British universities]] * [[Dutch universities]] * [[List of universities in Finland|Finnish universities]] * [[French universities]] * [[Italian universities]] * [[List of institutions of higher learning in Russia|Russian universities]] * [[Higher education in Poland]] * [[List of universities in Romania|Romanian universities]] * [[Spanish universities]] * [[List of universities in Sweden|Swedish universities]] * [[List of universities in Ukraine|Ukrainian universities]] === North America === *[[List of universities in Canada]] *[[List of universities in Mexico]] *[[Universities in the United States]] === Oceania === *[[List of universities in Australia]] *[[List of universities in New Zealand]] *[[Technical and Further Education]] (TAFE) === South America === *[[Argentinean Universities]] *[[List of universities in Brazil]] *[[List of universities in Chile]] *[[List of universities in Peru]] ==See also== * [[Academic advising]] * [[Adult education]] * [[Community college]] * [[Further education]] * [[Foundation degree]] * [[Lifelong learning]] * [[Professional bodies]] * [[Professional certification]] * [[Professional degree]] * [[Professional qualification]] * [[Education by country]] * [[List of academic disciplines]] * [[List of fields of doctoral studies]] * [[List of education topics]] * [[Glossary of education-related terms]] * [[Higher education policy]] ==Notes== <!-- this 'empty' section displays references defined elsewhere --> {{reflist}} ==References== ; Higher education in the United States * Davies, Antony and Thomas W. Cline (2005). [http://www.business.duq.edu/faculty/davies/research/roimba.pdf ''The ROI on the MBA,''] <u>BizEd</u>. * El-Khawas, E. (1996). ''Campus trends''. Washington, DC.: American Council on Education. * Ewell, P.T. (1999). Assessment of higher education and quality: Promise and politics. In S.J. Messick (Ed.), ''Assessment in higher education: Issues of access, quality, student development, and public policy''. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. * Finn, C. E. (1988, Jul.-Aug.). Judgment time for higher education: In the court of public opinion. ''Change'', 20(4), 34-39. * Green, Madeleine, F., ed. 1988. ''Leaders for a New Era: Strategies for Higher Education''. New York: Macmillan. * Snyder, Benson R. (1970). ''[[The Hidden Curriculum]].'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. * Veblen, Thorstein (1918). ''The Higher Learning in America: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Businessmen''. New York: Huebsch * Forest, James and Kevin Kinser (2002). ''Higher Education in the United States: An Encyclopedia''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. * Douglass, John A. and Todd Greenspan, eds. [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/masterplan/"The History of the California Master Plan for Higher Education."] *''Commission Reports: A National Dialogue: The Secretary of Education's Commission on the Future of Higher Education'', [[United States Department of Education]], 2006. [http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/reports.html] *Spellings, Margaret, [http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/reports/pre-pub-report.pdf "A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education"], A Report of the Commission Appointed by Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings, September 2006. [http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/pre-pub-report-highlights.html (highlights of report)] * Bakvis, Herman and [[David M. Cameron]] (2000), [http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/po0500.htm#sufa "Post-secondary education and the SUFA"]. IRPP. == External links == * [http://www.worldbank.org/education/tertiary/ World Bank Tertiary Education] * [http://www.aascu.org/ American Association of State Colleges and Universities] * [http://www.acenet.edu/ American Council on Education] * [http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/index.php Higher Education Research Institute] * [http://www.ashe.ws/ Association for the Study of Higher Education] * [http://www.utwente.nl/cheps/ Center for Higher Education Policy Studies] * [http://www.ditext.com/libed/libed.html Philosophy of Liberal Education] * [http://www.higher-ed.org Higher Education Resource Hub] * [http://www.higher-ed.org/heus Encyclopedia of Higher Education in the United States] *ERIC Digests: ** [http://www.ericdigests.org/2002-3/finance.htm How Minority Students Finance Their Higher Education] ** [http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-3/quality.htm Ensuring Quality and Productivity in Higher Education] ** [http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-3/reform.htm Reform Initiatives in Higher Education] ** [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9219/higher.htm Budgeting for Higher Education at the State Level: Enigma, Paradox, and Ritual] ** [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-926/blue.htm Blue Ribbon Commissions and Higher Education] * [http://www.cdtl.nus.edu.sg/success Writings on Higher Education Practice from the National University of Singapore] {{start box}} {{succession box|before=[[Twelfth Grade]] or [[Ontario Academic Credit|Grade 13]]|title=Higher Education|years=No Specific|after= none|}} {{end box}} [[Category:Educational stages]] [[Category:Higher education| ]] [[ca:Educació terciària]] [[de:Studium]] [[es:Educación superior]] [[he:מוסד להשכלה גבוהה]] [[fr:Études supérieures]] [[id:Pendidikan tinggi]] [[lt:Aukštoji mokykla]] [[nl:Hoger onderwijs]] [[ja:高等教育]] [[no:Høyere utdannelse]] [[ko:고등 교육]] [[pl:Wykształcenie wyższe]] [[pt:Ensino superior]] [[ru:Высшее учебное заведение]] [[simple:Higher education]] [[th:อุดมศึกษา]] [[uk:Вища освіта]] [[zh:高等教育]]