Hillary Rodham Clinton 5043192 225950476 2008-07-16T04:23:30Z Wendox34 2663871 /* Early life */ already mentioned twice {{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{fixHTML|begin}} {{Infobox Senator | name = Hillary Rodham Clinton | image name = Hillary Rodham Clinton.jpg | imagesize = 220px | jr/sr = Junior Senator | state = [[New York]] | alongside = [[Chuck Schumer]] | term_start = [[January 3]], [[2001]] | preceded = [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] | succeeded = | office2 = [[First Lady of the United States]] | term_start2 = [[January 20]] [[1993]] | term_end2 = [[January 20]] [[2001]] | president2 = [[Bill Clinton]] | preceded2 = [[Barbara Bush]] | succeeded2 = [[Laura Bush]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|10|26}} | birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[United States|American]] | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = [[Bill Clinton]] | relations = | children = [[Chelsea Clinton]] | residence = [[Chappaqua, New York]] | alma_mater = [[Wellesley College]]<br />[[Yale Law School]] | occupation = | profession = [[Lawyer]], [[United States Senate|Senator]] | net worth = $34.9 million <ref>{{cite web | url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/index.html</ref> | religion = [[United Methodist Church]] | signature = HRCsignature2.svg | website = [http://clinton.senate.gov/ Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton] | footnotes = }} {{fixHTML|mid}}{{HillaryRodhamClintonSegmentsUnderInfoBox}} {{fixHTML|end}} '''Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton''' (born [[October 26]] [[1947]]) is the [[Junior senator|junior]] [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[New York]], and was a candidate for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nomination in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]]. She is married to [[Bill Clinton]]—the 42nd [[President of the United States]]—and was the [[First Lady of the United States]] from 1993 to 2001. A native of [[Illinois]], Hillary Rodham first attracted national attention in 1969 for her remarks as the first student to deliver the [[commencement address]] at [[Wellesley College]]. She embarked on a career in law after graduating from [[Yale Law School]] in 1973. Following a stint as a Congressional legal counsel, she moved to [[Arkansas]] in 1974, and married Bill Clinton in 1975. She was later named the first female partner at [[Rose Law Firm]] in 1979, and was twice listed as one of the one hundred most influential lawyers in America. She was the [[First Lady]] of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992 and was active in a number of organizations concerned with child welfare, as well as sitting on the [[board of directors|boards]] of [[Wal-Mart]] and several other corporations. As First Lady of the United States, her major initiative, the [[Clinton health care plan]], failed to gain approval from the [[U.S. Congress]] in 1994. In 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a role in advocating for the establishment of the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]], the [[Adoption and Safe Families Act]], and the [[Foster Care Independence Act]]. She became the only First Lady to be [[subpoena]]ed, testifying before a federal [[grand jury]] as a consequence of the [[Whitewater controversy]] in 1996. She was never charged with any wrongdoing in this or any of the several other investigations during [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|her husband's administration]]. The state of her marriage to Bill Clinton was the subject of considerable public discussion following the [[Lewinsky scandal]] in 1998. After moving to New York, Clinton was [[New York United States Senate election, 2000|elected as senator for New York State in 2000]]. That election marked the first time an American First Lady had run for public office; Clinton is also the first female senator to represent New York. In the Senate, she initially supported the [[George W. Bush administration]] on some foreign policy issues, which included voting for the [[Iraq War Resolution]]. She has subsequently opposed the administration on its conduct of the [[war in Iraq]], and has opposed it on most domestic issues. She was [[United States Senate election in New York, 2006|reelected by a wide margin in 2006]]. In the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 presidential nomination race]], Clinton won more primaries and delegates than any other woman in U.S. history, but after a long campaign, Senator [[Barack Obama]] became the party's [[presumptive nominee]] in June 2008 and Clinton endorsed him. ==Early life and education== ===Early life=== Hillary<ref>In 1995, Hillary Clinton said her mother had named her after Sir [[Edmund Hillary]], who, with [[Sherpa Tenzing]], was the first mountaineer to scale [[Mount Everest]], and that was the reason for the unusual "two L's" spelling of her name. However, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. In October 2006, a Clinton spokeswoman said she was not in fact named after the mountain climber; rather, this account of her name's origin "was a sweet family story her mother shared to inspire greatness in her daughter, to great results I might add." See {{cite news | title=Hillary, Not as in the Mount Everest Guy | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17hillary.html | author=Hakim, Danny | work=The New York Times| date=2006-10-17 | accessdate=2008-04-25}} and {{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/politics/clintons/hillary.asp | title=Hillary vs. Hillary | publisher=[[Snopes.com]] | date=2006-10-26 | accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref> Diane Rodham was born at Edgewater Hospital in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="Whitehouse.gov"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/articles/index.html?v14-3-4.html | title=Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001 | author=O'Laughlin, Dania | work=Edgewater Historical Society | date=Summer 2003 | accessdate=2007-06-10 }}</ref> She was raised in a [[United Methodist]] family,<ref>Clinton 2003, p. 7.</ref> first in Chicago, and then, from the age of three, in suburban [[Park Ridge, Illinois]].<ref name="living9">Clinton 2003, p. 9.</ref> Her father, [[Hugh Ellsworth Rodham]], was a child of [[Wales|Welsh]] and [[England|English]] immigrants;<ref name="nehgs">{{cite web | author=Roberts, Gary Boyd | url=http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_ancestry_hillary_clinton.asp | title=Notes on the Ancestry of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton | publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]] | accessdate=2008-05-25}}</ref> he managed a successful small business in the textile industry.<ref>Clinton 2003, p. 8.</ref> Her mother, [[Dorothy Howell Rodham|Dorothy Emma Howell]], of [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[French people|French]], [[French Canadian]], and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] descent,<ref name="nehgs"/> was a homemaker.<ref name="living9"/> She has two younger brothers, [[Hugh Rodham|Hugh]] and [[Tony Rodham|Tony]]. As a child, Hillary Rodham was a teacher's favorite at her public schools in Park Ridge.<ref name=morris-113/><ref name=bern-29/> She participated in swimming, baseball and other sports, and earned many awards as a [[Brownie (Girl Guides)|Brownie]] and [[Girl Scouts of the USA|Girl Scout]].<ref name=morris-113>Morris 1996, p. 113.</ref><ref name=bern-29>Bernstein 2007, p. 29.</ref> She attended [[Maine East High School]], where she participated in [[student council]], the school newspaper, and was selected for [[National Honor Society]].<ref name="bern-30">Bernstein 2007, pp. 30–31.</ref><ref name="Whitehouse.gov">{{cite web | title = Hillary Rodham Clinton | url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/hc42.html | publisher = [[The White House]] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> For her senior year she was redistricted to [[Maine South High School]], where she was a [[National Merit Finalist]] and graduated in 1965.<ref name="bern-30"/> Her mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career,<ref name="brock-4"/> while her father, otherwise a traditionalist, held the modern notion that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender.<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 13.</ref> Raised in a politically [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] household,<ref name="brock-4">Brock 1996, p. 4. Her father was an outspoken Republican, while her mother kept quiet but was "basically a Democrat." See also Clinton 2003, p. 11.</ref> at age thirteen Rodham helped canvass [[South side (Chicago)|South Side Chicago]] following the very close [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960 U.S. presidential election]], where she found evidence of [[electoral fraud]] against [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidate [[Richard Nixon]].<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 19.</ref> She then volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate [[Barry Goldwater]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1964|U.S. presidential election of 1964]].<ref>{{cite book | author=[[J. William Middendorf|Middendorf, J. William]] | title=Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the Conservative Movement | publisher=[[Basic Books]] | year=2006 | isbn=0-465-04573-1 }} p. 266.</ref> Rodham's early political development was shaped most by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fervent [[anti-communist]]), who introduced her to Goldwater's classic ''[[The Conscience of a Conservative]]'',<ref name="troy">Troy 2006, p. 15.</ref> and by her [[Methodism|Methodist]] youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of [[social justice]]), with whom she saw and met [[civil rights]] leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] in Chicago in 1962.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 18–21. The teacher, Paul Carlson, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conflict in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that "as an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the [next] forty years" (Clinton 2003, p. 23).</ref> ===College=== In 1965, Rodham enrolled at [[Wellesley College]], where she majored in [[political science]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1992/speecheshrc.html | title=Hillary Rodham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1992 | author=Clinton, Hillary Rodham | publisher=[[Wellesley College]] | date=1992-05-29 | accessdate=2007-06-01}}</ref> During her freshman year, she served as president of the Wellesley [[Young Republicans]];<ref name="living31">Clinton 2003, p. 31.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wellesley.edu/Activities/homepage/gop/history.html | title=Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose | publisher=Wellesley College | date=2007-05-16 | accessdate=2007-06-02 }} Gives organization's prior name.</ref> with this [[Rockefeller Republican]]-oriented group,<ref>{{cite book | author=Milton, Joyce | title=The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton | publisher=[[William Morris]] | year=1999 | isbn=0-688-15501-4}} pp. 27–28</ref> she supported the elections of [[John Lindsay]] and [[Edward Brooke]].<ref>Brock 1996, pp. 12–13.</ref> She later stepped down from this position, as her views changed regarding the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|American Civil Rights Movement]] and the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="living31"/> In a letter to her youth minister at this time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal."<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 50. Bernstein states she believed this combination was possible and that no equation better describes the adult Hillary Clinton.</ref> In contrast to the 1960s current that believed in radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it.<ref name="bg011293">{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8210491.html | title=Hillary: The Wellesley Years: The woman who will live in the White House was a sharp-witted activist in the class of '69 | author=Kenney, Charles | work=The Boston Globe | date=1993-01-12 | accessdate=2008-02-07 | format=fee required}}</ref> In her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the anti-war [[United States presidential election, 1968|presidential nomination campaign]] of Democrat [[Eugene McCarthy]].<ref name="nyt090507"/> Following the [[Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination|assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.]], Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty.<ref name="nyt090507">{{cite news | author = Leibovich, Mark | title = In Turmoil of ’68, Clinton Found a New Voice | work =The New York Times | date = 2007-09-07 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/us/politics/05clinton.html | accessdate = 2007-09-06}}</ref> In early 1968, she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association and served through early 1969;<ref name="bg011293"/><ref name="wcaddr"/> she was instrumental in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges.<ref name="bg011293"/> A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become the first woman President of the United States.<ref name="bg011293"/> So she could better understand her changing political views, Professor [[Alan Schechter]] assigned Rodham to intern at the [[House Republican Conference]], and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program.<ref name="nyt090507"/> Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican Representative [[Charles Goodell]] to help Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]]’s late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.<ref name="nyt090507"/> Rodham attended the [[1968 Republican National Convention]] in Miami. However, she was upset by how Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and what by she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and left the Republican Party for good.<ref name="nyt090507"/> Returning to Wellesley for her final year, Rodham wrote her senior thesis about the tactics of radical community organizer [[Saul Alinsky]] under Professor Schechter (which, years later while she was First Lady, [[Hillary Rodham senior thesis|was suppressed at White House request]] and became the subject of some speculation).<ref name="msn030207">{{cite news | title = Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17388372/ |author=[[Bill Dedman|Dedman, Bill]] | publisher = [[MSNBC.com]] | date = 2007-03-02 | accessdate = 2007-03-02 }}</ref> In 1969, she graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]],<ref name="nyt-bio"/> with departmental honors in political science.<ref name="msn030207"/> Following pressure from some fellow students,<ref>Clinton 2003, pp. 38–39.</ref> she became the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver their commencement address.<ref name="wcaddr">{{cite web | title = Wellesley College 1969 Student Commencement Speech | url=http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1969/053169hillary.html | author=Rodham, Hillary | publisher = Wellesley College | date = [[1969-05-31]] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven minutes.<ref name="bg011293"/><ref>{{cite news | title=Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate | work=[[Fitchburg Sentinel]] | date=[[1969-06-02]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Brooke Speech Draws Reply | work=Nevada State Journal | date=[[1969-06-02]]}}</ref> She was featured in an article published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine,<ref>{{cite news | title=The Class of '69 | publisher=''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' | date=1969-06-20}} The article features Rodham and two student commencement speakers from other schools, with photos and excerpts from their speeches.</ref> due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator [[Edward Brooke]], who had spoken before her at the commencement.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 34–36.</ref> She also appeared on [[Irv Kupcinet]]'s nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers.<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 70.</ref> That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in [[Mount McKinley National Park]] and [[fish processing|sliming]] salmon in a fish processing cannery in [[Valdez, Alaska|Valdez]] (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).<ref>Clinton 2003, pp. 42–43. Clinton would later write, and repeat on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'', that sliming fish was the best preparation she would ever have for living in Washington. See also Morris 1996, p. 139.</ref> ===Law school=== Rodham then entered [[Yale Law School]], where she served on the editorial board of the ''[[Yale Review of Law and Social Action]]''.<ref name="arkhc">{{cite web | url = http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2744 | title = Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (1947–) | work = The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture | accessdate = 2007-04-08 }}</ref> During her second year, she worked at the [[Yale Child Study Center]],<ref name="gerth-42">Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 42–43.</ref> learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, ''Beyond the Best Interests of the Child'' (1973).<ref name="bernstein-75">Bernstein 2007, p. 75.</ref><ref>The authors of ''Beyond the Best Interests of the Child'' were Center director Al Solnit, Yale Law professor Joe Goldstein, and [[Anna Freud]].</ref> She also took on cases of [[child abuse]] at [[Yale-New Haven Hospital]],<ref name="bernstein-75"/> and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for the poor.<ref name="gerth-42"/> In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at [[Marian Wright Edelman]]'s Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator [[Walter Mondale]]'s [[Subcommittee on Migratory Labor]]. There she researched [[migrant workers]]' problems in housing, sanitation, health and education.<ref>Morris 1996, pp. 142–143.</ref> Edelman later became a significant mentor.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 71–74.</ref> In the late spring of 1971, she began dating [[Bill Clinton]], also a law student at Yale. That summer, she interned at the [[Oakland, California]], law firm of [[Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein]].<ref name="bernstein-82">Bernstein 2007, pp. 82–83.</ref> The firm was well-known for its support of [[constitutional rights]], [[civil liberties]], and [[Far left|radical causes]] (two of its four partners were current or former [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party members]]);<ref name="bernstein-82"/> Rodham worked on child custody and other cases.<ref name="nys112607">{{cite news | url=http://www2.nysun.com/article/66933 | title=Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer | author=Gerstein, Josh | work=The New York Sun | date=2007-11-26 | accessdate=2007-11-29}} Gerstein finds it is unclear exactly which cases beyond child custody ones Rodham worked on at the Treuhaft firm. Anti-Clinton writers such as [[Barbara Olson]] would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist [[Jessica Mitford]]. (Olson 1999, pp. 56–57) Research by ''[[The New York Sun]]'' in 2007 revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case. See {{cite news | url=http://www2.nysun.com/article/67002 | title=Hillary Clinton's Left Hook | author=Gerstein, Josh | work=The New York Sun | date=2007-11-27 | accessdate=2007-11-29}}</ref> Clinton canceled his original summer plans, in order to live with her in California;<ref name="nys112607b">{{cite news | url=http://www2.nysun.com/article/66982 | title=The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love | author=Gerstein, Josh | work=The New York Sun | date=2007-11-26 | accessdate=2007-12-01}}</ref> the couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school.<ref name="nys112607"/> The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in [[Texas]] for unsuccessful [[United States presidential election, 1972|1972 Democratic presidential candidate]] [[George McGovern]].<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 48–49.</ref> She received a [[Juris Doctor]] degree from Yale in 1973,<ref name="nyt-bio">{{cite web | url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/hillary_rodham_clinton/index.html | title=Hillary Rodham Clinton | work=The New York Times | accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref> having stayed on an extra year in order to be with Clinton.<ref name="bernstein-89">Bernstein 2007, p. 89.</ref> Clinton first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined.<ref name="bernstein-89"/> She began a year of [[post-graduate]] study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.<ref name="nfll"/> Her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the ''[[Harvard Educational Review]]'' in late 1973.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rodham, Hillary |title=Children Under the Law |journal=[[Harvard Educational Review]] |volume=43 |year=1973 |pages=487–514}}</ref> Discussing the new [[children's rights movement]], it stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"<ref>Troy 2006, p. 21.</ref> and argued that children should not be considered equally [[Competence (law)|incompetent]] from birth to attaining legal age, but that rather courts should presume competence except when there is evidence otherwise, on a case-by-case basis.<ref name="nyt082492">{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D71E3EF937A1575BC0A964958260 | title=Legal Scholars See Distortion In Attacks on Hillary Clinton | author=Lewin, Tamar | work=The New York Times | date=1992-08-24 | accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref> The article became frequently cited in the field.<ref>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&c2coff=1&q=rodham+%22children+under+the+law%22+43+%22Harvard+Educational+Review%22&btnG=Search This Google Scholar search result] produces nearly one hundred hits showing citations of her paper in academic literature.</ref> ==Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas== ===From the East Coast to Arkansas=== During her post-graduate study, Rodham served as staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded [[Children's Defense Fund]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]],<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 91–92.</ref> and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children.<ref>{{cite news | title=Adults Urge Children's Rights | work=The Arizona Sentinel | date=1974-10-04}}</ref> During 1974 she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in [[Washington, D.C.]], advising the [[U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary|House Committee on the Judiciary]] during the [[Watergate scandal]].<ref>Clinton 2003, pp. 65–69.</ref> Under the guidance of Chief Counsel [[John Doar]] and senior member [[Bernard Nussbaum]],<ref name="bernstein-75"/> Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for impeachment.<ref name="bernstein-94">Bernstein 2007, pp. 94–96, 101–103.</ref> The committee's work culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.<ref name="bernstein-94"/> By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future; Democratic political organizer and consultant [[Betsey Wright]] had moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide her career;<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 62.</ref> Wright thought Rodham had the potential to become a future senator or president.<ref name="maraniss">{{cite book | author=[[David Maraniss|Maraniss, David]] | title=First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton | publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] | year=1995 | isbn=0-671-87109-9}} p. 277.</ref> Meanwhile, Clinton had repeatedly asked her to marry him, and she had continued to demur.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 90, 120.</ref> However, after failing the [[District of Columbia]] [[bar exam]]<ref>Clinton 2003, p. 64. According to [[Carl Bernstein]]'s 2007 biography, two-thirds (551 of 817) of the candidates had passed, and Rodham did not tell even close friends of the failure until revealing it thirty years later in her autobiography. See ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 92.</ref> and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head".<ref>Clinton 2003, p. 69. Excerpted at {{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,457362-2,00.html | title=Hillary Unbound | author=Clinton, Hillary Rodham | work=Time | date=2003-06-08 | accessdate=2007-12-08}}</ref> She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington where career prospects were brighter. Clinton was at the time teaching law and running for a seat in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] in his home state. In August 1974, she moved to [[Fayetteville, Arkansas]], and became one of only two female faculty members in the [[University of Arkansas School of Law|School of Law]] at the [[University of Arkansas|University of Arkansas, Fayetteville]],<ref>Clinton 2003, p. 70.</ref> where Bill Clinton also taught. She still harbored doubts about marriage, concerned that her separate identity would be lost and that her accomplishments would be viewed in the light of someone else's.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 62, 90, 117.</ref> ===Early Arkansas years=== Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in [[Fayetteville]] in the summer of 1975, and Hillary finally agreed to marriage.<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 120.</ref> Their wedding took place on [[October 11]], [[1975]], in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.<ref>Clinton 2003, p. 75.</ref> She kept the name Hillary Rodham, later writing that she had done so to keep their professional lives separate and avoid seeming conflicts of interest, although her decision upset both their mothers.<ref>Clinton 2003, pp. 91–92.</ref> Bill Clinton had lost the Congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected [[Arkansas Attorney General]], and so the couple moved to the state capital of [[Little Rock]].<ref>Clinton 2003, p. 78.</ref> There, in February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable [[Rose Law Firm]], a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 128, 130. The firm was actually called Rose, Nash, Williamson, Carroll, Clay & Giroir at the time; it simplified its name to Rose Law Firm in 1980.</ref> She specialized in [[patent infringement]] and [[intellectual property]] law,<ref name="arkhc"/> while also working ''[[pro bono]]'' in child advocacy;<ref name="bernstein-133"/> she rarely performed litigation work in court.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 131–132.</ref> Rodham maintained her interest in children's law and family policy, publishing the scholarly articles "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect" in 1977<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rodham, Hillary |title=Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect |journal=[[Yale Law Journal]] |volume=68 |issue=7 |year=1977 |month=June |pages=1522–1531 |doi=10.2307/795794 }}</ref> and "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective" in 1979.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodham |first=Hillary |chapter=Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective |editor=Patricia A. Vardin, Ilene N. Brody (eds.) |title=Children's Rights: Contemporary Perspectives |publisher=[[Teacher's College Press]] |location=New York |year=1979 |pages=21–36}}</ref> The latter continued her argument that children's legal competence depended upon their age and other circumstances, and that serious medical rights cases, judicial intervention was sometimes warranted.<ref name="nyt082492"/> An [[American Bar Association]] chair later said, "Her articles were important, not because they were radically new but because they helped formulate something that had been inchoate."<ref name="nyt082492"/> Historian [[Garry Wills]] would later describe her as "one of the more important scholar-activists of the last two decades",<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=2999 | title=H.R. Clinton's Case | author=[[Garry Wills|Wills, Garry]] | work=The New York Review of Books | date=1992-03-05 | accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> while conservatives said her theories would usurp traditional parental authority,<ref name="macbeth"/> allow children to file frivolous lawsuits against their parents,<ref name="nyt082492"/> and argued that her work was [[Critical legal studies|legal "crit" theory]] run amok.<ref>Olson 1999, p. 57.</ref> Also in 1977, Rodham co-founded the [[Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families]], a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund.<ref name="arkhc"/><ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 154.</ref> And later that same year, President [[Jimmy Carter]] (for whom Rodham had done 1976 campaign coordination work in [[Indiana]]<ref>Clinton 2003, pp. 77–78.</ref>) appointed her to the board of directors of the [[Legal Services Corporation]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7026 | title=Jimmy Carter: Nominations Submitted to the Senate, Week Ending Friday, December 16th, 1977 | work=American Presidency Project | accessdate=2007-09-03}}</ref> and she served in that capacity from 1978 until the end of 1981.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42598 | title=Ronald Reagan: Recess Appointment of Three Members of the Board of Directors of the Legal Services Corporation | date=1982-01-22 | work=American Presidency Project | accessdate=2007-09-03}}</ref> From mid-1978 to mid-1980<ref>For the start date, see Brock 1996, p. 96. Secondary sources give inconsistent dates as to when her time as chair ended. Primary sources indicate that sometime between about April 1980 and September 1980, Rodham was replaced as chair by [[F. William McCalpin]]. See {{cite web | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KWRBPOdZCdAC&q=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby&dq=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby&ei=Q0bVR928E47ijgG96oCFBA&pgis=1 | title=House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations | date=1980 | publisher=[[U.S. House of Representatives]]}} Rodham is still chair after having given birth "a few weeks ago"; [[Chelsea Clinton]] was born on [[February 27]], [[1980]]. And see {{cite web | url=http://lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/cgi-bin/lib/hearing.cgi?file=81601609%20page=0001 | work=Background release, Legal Services Corporation, September 1980 | title=Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice, of the Committee of the Judiciary, House of Representatives | publisher=[[U.S. House of Representatives]] | date=September 21, 27, 1979}} pp. 388–403, exact reference p. 398, which shows McCalpin as chair in September 1980.</ref> she served as the chair of that board, the first woman to do so.<ref>Morris 1996, p. 225.</ref> During her time as chair, funding for the Corporation was expanded from $90&nbsp;million to $300&nbsp;million; subsequently she successfully fought President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization.<ref name="bernstein-133">Bernstein 2007, p. 133.</ref> Following her husband's November 1978 election as [[Governor of Arkansas]], Rodham became First Lady of Arkansas in January 1979, her title for a total of twelve years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed her chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year,<ref name="nyt012093mk">{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE4DA143FF933A15752C0A965958260 | title=The First Couple: A Union of Mind and Ambition | author=[[Michael Kelly (editor)|Kelly, Michael]] | work=The New York Times | date=1993-01-20 | accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> where she successfully secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees.<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 147.</ref> In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 60.</ref> From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than her husband.<ref name="bernstein-130">Bernstein 2007, p. 130.</ref> During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham [[Hillary Rodham cattle futures controversy|made a spectacular profit from trading cattle futures contracts]];<ref name="gerth-66">Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 66–67.</ref> an initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 73–76.</ref> The couple also began their ill-fated investment in the [[Whitewater Development Corporation]] real estate venture with [[Jim McDougal|Jim]] and [[Susan McDougal]] at this time.<ref name="gerth-66"/> On [[February 27]], [[1980]], Rodham gave birth to a daughter, [[Chelsea Clinton|Chelsea]], her only child. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for reelection. ===Later Arkansas years=== Bill Clinton returned to the governor's office two years later by winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, Rodham began to use the name Hillary Clinton, or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters;<ref name="lastname">Bill Clinton's advisers thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his 1980 gubernatorial reelection loss. During the following winter, [[Vernon Jordan, Jr.]] suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began to do so publicly with her husband's February 1982 campaign announcement. She later wrote that "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name" (Clinton 2003, pp. 91–93; see also Morris 1996, p. 282).</ref> she also took a [[leave of absence]] from Rose Law in order to campaign for him full-time.<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 166.</ref> As First Lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton was named chair of the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee in 1983, where she sought to reform the state's court-sanctioned public education system.<ref name="bernstein-170">Bernstein 2007, pp. 170–175. Bernstein states that "the political battle for education reform ... would be her greatest accomplishment in public life until she was elected to the U.S. Senate."</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Hillary Clinton Guides Movement to Change Public Education in Arkansas | url = http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=528&issue_id=29&page=1 | date = Spring 1993 | publisher = [[Old State House (Little Rock)|Old State House Museum]] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the [[Arkansas Education Association]], to establish mandatory teacher testing as well as state standards for curriculum and classroom size.<ref name="bernstein-170"/><ref name="nyt012093mk"/> In 1985, she also introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.<ref>{{cite book | author=Kearney, Janis F. | title=Conversations: William Jefferson Clinton, from Hope to Harlem | publisher=Writing Our World Press | year=2006 | isbn=0976205815}} p. 295.</ref> She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984.<ref>Morris 1996, p. 330.</ref><ref>Brock 1996, pp. 176–177.</ref> Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was First Lady of Arkansas. She earned less than the other partners, as she billed fewer hours,<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 63.</ref> but still made more than $200,000 in her final year there.<ref name="nyt022694">{{cite web | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E2DB163AF935A15751C0A962958260 | title=Rose Law Firm, Arkansas Power, Slips as It Steps Onto a Bigger Stage | publisher=The New York Times | author=Labaton, Stephen | date=1994-02-26 | accessdate=2007-09-20 }}</ref> She seldom did trial work,<ref name="nyt022694"/> but the firm considered her a "rainmaker" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent the firm and to her corporate board connections.<ref name="nyt022694"/> She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.<ref name="nyt022694"/> Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest, because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons deflected the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 80–81.</ref> From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the [[New World Foundation]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1906 | title=Limbaugh Responds to FAIR | publisher=[[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] | date=1994-06-28 | accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> which funded a variety of [[New Left]] [[interest group]]s.<ref>Troy 2006, p. 29.</ref> From 1987 to 1991, she chaired the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession,<ref name="gvn-82">Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 82–84.</ref> which addressed gender bias in the law profession and induced the association to adopt measures to combat it.<ref name="gvn-82"/> She was twice named by the ''[[National Law Journal]]'' as one of the 100&nbsp;most influential lawyers in America: in 1988 and in 1991.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 87–88.</ref> When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary considered running herself, but private polls were unfavorable and in the end he ran and was reelected for the final time.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 85; Bernstein 2007, pp. 187–189.</ref> Clinton served on the boards of the [[Arkansas Children's Hospital]] Legal Services (1988–1992)<ref name="findlaw">{{cite web | url=http://pview.findlaw.com/view/1708556_1 | title=Hon. Hillary Rodham Clinton | work=[[FindLaw]] | accessdate=2007-05-31}}</ref> and the [[Children's Defense Fund]] (as chair, 1986–1992).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus | title=Board of Directors Emeritus | work=[[Children's Defense Fund]] | accessdate=2007-05-31}}</ref><ref name = "Whitehouse.gov" /> In addition to her positions with non-profit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of [[TCBY]] (1985–1992),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/ | title=Hillary Rodham Clinton | work=The Washington Post | accessdate=2007-05-30}} Bio entry.</ref> [[Wal-Mart|Wal-Mart Stores]] (1986–1992)<ref name="vv052400">{{cite news | title = Wal-Mart’s First Lady | url = http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0021,harkavy,15052,5.html | author = Harkavy, Ward | date = 2000-05-24 | work = [[The Village Voice]] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> and [[Lafarge]] (1990–1992).<ref>{{cite news | title = Vermonters to Hillary: Don't Tread on Us | url = http://www.7dvt.com/2005/vermonters-hillary-dont-tread-us | author = Picard, Ken | date = 2005-05-04 | publisher = ''[[Seven Days (newspaper)|Seven Days]]'' | accessdate = 2008-04-27 }}</ref> TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.<ref name="nyt022694"/><ref name="nyt052007"/> Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman [[Sam Walton]] to name a woman to the board.<ref name="nyt052007">{{cite news | title = As a Director, Clinton Moved Wal-Mart Board, but Only So Far | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/us/politics/20walmart.html | author=Barbaro, Michael | date = 2007-05-20 | work=The New York Times | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }}</ref> Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices, was largely unsuccessful in a campaign for more women to be added to the company's management, and was silent about the company's famously anti-[[labor union]] practices.<ref name="nyt052007"/><ref name="abc013108">{{cite news | url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4218509 | title=Clinton Remained Silent As Wal-Mart Fought Unions | author=[[Brian Ross (journalist)| Ross, Brian]]; Sauer, Maddy; Schwartz, Rhonda | publisher=ABC News | date=2008-01-31 | accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref><ref name="vv052400"/> ===1992 Bill Clinton presidential campaign=== [[Image:Hillary Clinton 1992.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Hillary Rodham Clinton, 1992]] Hillary Clinton received sustained national attention for the first time when her husband became a candidate for the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1992|Democratic presidential nomination of 1992]]. Before the [[New Hampshire primary]], [[tabloid]] publications printed claims that Bill Clinton had had an extramarital affair with Arkansas lounge singer [[Gennifer Flowers]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D61E31F936A15752C0A964958260 | title = Clintons to Rebut Rumors on "60 Minutes" | work = The New York Times | date = 1992-01-25 | accessdate = 2007-03-25 }}</ref> In response, the Clintons appeared together on ''[[60 Minutes]]'', where Bill Clinton denied the affair but acknowledged he had caused "pain" in their marriage.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/flowers012792.htm | title = In 1992, Clinton Conceded Marital 'Wrongdoing' | work = The Washington Post | date = 1992-01-26 | accessdate = 2007-03-25 }}</ref> This joint appearance was credited with rescuing his campaign.<ref>Troy 2006, pp. 39–42; Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 94–96.</ref> During the campaign, Hillary Clinton made culturally dismissive remarks about [[Tammy Wynette]] and her outlook on marriage,<ref>During the political damage control over the [[Gennifer Flowers]] episode during the 1992 campaign, Hillary Clinton said in the joint ''[[60 Minutes]]'' interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to [[country music]] provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy Wynette herself did not like the remark because her classic song "[[Stand by Your Man]]" is not written in the [[first-person narrative|first person]]. See {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/7/newsid_4385000/4385582.stm | title=2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate | publisher=BBC News | date=2000-11-07 | accessdate=2007-10-01}} Wynette added that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' with no one to take them to a White House." See {{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9804/07/wynette.update/ | title=Tammy Wynette, country music's first lady, dies at 55 | publisher=[[CNN.com]] | date=1998-04-07 | accessdate=2007-10-01}} A few days later, on ''[[Prime Time Live]]'', Hillary Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had been careless in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant — as it deserved to be — and brutal." See Clinton 2003, p. 108. The two women later resolved their differences, with Wynette appearing at a Clinton fund raiser.</ref> and about women staying home and baking cookies and having teas,<ref>Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, Hillary Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm, when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life" (Clinton 2003, p. 109). The "cookies and teas" part of this statement prompted even more culture-based criticism of Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen to be homemakers; the remark became a recurring campaign liability (Bernstein 2007, pp. 205–206). Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends, and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!" (Clinton 2003, p. 109).</ref> that were ill-considered by her own admission. Bill Clinton said that electing him would get "two for the price of one" or "buy one, get one free", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.<ref>Brock 1996, p. 261.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/etc/03261992.html | title=ABC Nightline transcript: Making Hillary Clinton An Issue | publisher=PBS Frontline | date=1992-03-26 | accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref> Beginning with [[Daniel Wattenberg]]'s August 1992 ''[[The American Spectator]]'' article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary Clinton's own past ideological and ethical record came under conservative attack.<ref name="macbeth">{{cite news | title=The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock | author=[[Daniel Wattenberg|Wattenberg, Daniel]] | work=The American Spectator | date=August 1992}}</ref> ==First Lady of the United States== ===Role as First Lady=== When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name.<ref>{{cite news | author=York, Anthony | url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/07/08/hillary/print.html | title=On her own | work=Salon | date=1999-07-08 | accessdate = 2007-07-14}} Her announcement was parodied by the May 1993 film spoof ''[[Hot Shots! Part Deux]]'', in which all the female characters were given the middle name "Rodham"; see [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107144/fullcredits IMDB entry].</ref> She was the first First Lady to hold a [[Postgraduate education|post-graduate degree]]<ref name="nyp103006">{{cite news | url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/10302006/news/cextra/hillary_rodham_clinton_cextra_jasim_k__williams.htm | title=Hillary Rodham Clinton | author=Williams, Jasim K | work=[[New York Post]] | date=2006-10-30 | accessdate=2008-04-27}} Clinton had the first post-graduate degree through regular study and scholarly work. Eleanor Roosevelt had been previously awarded a post-graduate [[honorary degree]]. Clinton's successor [[Laura Bush]] became the second First Lady with a post-graduate degree.</ref> and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House.<ref name="nyp103006"/> She was also the first to take up an office in the [[West Wing]] of the White House:<ref name="nfll"/> the First Lady usually stays in the [[East Wing]]. She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history, save for [[Eleanor Roosevelt]].<ref>Troy 2006, p. xii.</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = First Lady President? | author = [[Chidanand Rajghatta|Rajghatta, Chidanand]] |date=January-February 2004 | publisher = ''Verve'' magazine }}</ref> [[Image:Hrcfamily.jpg|thumb|left|The Clinton family arrives at the [[White House]] courtesy of [[Marine One]], 1993. <!-- later editor is not confident about date -->]] Some critics called it inappropriate for the First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's presidency.<ref>{{cite news | title = The First Lady: Homemaker or Policy-Maker? | url = http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4647 | author = Peart, Karen N | publisher = Scholastic Press | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Bill Clinton's campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as "co-presidents",<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/greenberg071599.asp | title = Israel's new friend: Hillary, born-again Zionist | date = 1999-07-15 | author = Greenberg, Paul | publisher = [[Jewish World Review]] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> or sometimes the Arkansas label "Billary".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002610.html | title = A perilous portmanteau? | author=[[Benjamin Zimmer|Zimmer, Benjamin]] | publisher = [[Language Log]] | date = 2005-11-01 | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref><ref name="nyt012093mk"/> The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a First Lady were enough to send Clinton into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt;<ref> The Eleanor Roosevelt "discussions" were first reported in 1996 by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' writer [[Bob Woodward]]; they had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. See {{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9606/24/clinton.houston/ | title=Adviser downplays Hillary Clinton's conversations with Eleanor Roosevelt | publisher=CNN.com | date=1996-06-24 | accessdate=2007-10-02}} Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of [[human potential]] expert [[Jean Houston]]. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while no psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding [[séance]]s with Eleanor Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a [[brainstorming]] exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible. See {{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,347240,00.html | author=[[Francis Wheen|Wheen, Francis]] | title=Never mind the pollsters | work=The Guardian | date=2000-07-26 | accessdate=2007-10-02}} In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal [as a trail-blazer and controversial First Lady]." (Clinton 2003, pp. 258–259)</ref> from the time she came to Washington, she also found refuge in a [[prayer group]] of [[The Family (Christian political organization)|The Fellowship]] that featured many wives of conservative Washington figures.<ref name="mj0907">{{cite news |title=Hillary's Prayer: Hillary Clinton's Religion and Politics |url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/hillarys-prayer.html | work=Mother Jones |date=September/October 2007 | accessdate=2007-10-10 |author=Joyce, Kathryn; Sharlet, Jeff}}</ref><ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 313–314.</ref> Triggered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teachings, liberal religious political philosophy, and ''[[Tikkun (magazine)|Tikkun]]'' editor [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]]'s "politics of meaning" to overcome what she saw as America's "sleeping sickness of the soul" and that would lead to a willingness "to remold society by redefining what it means to be a human being in the twentieth century, moving into a new millennium."<ref>{{cite news | title=St. Hillary | author=[[Michael Kelly (editor)|Kelly, Michael]] | work=The New York Times Magazine | date=1993-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978625,00.html | title=The Politics of What? | author=Painton, Priscilla | work=Time | date=1993-05-31 | accessdate=2007-10-20}}</ref> Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion during her days in Arkansas,<ref>Clinton 2003, pp. 110–111.</ref> to a popular site in the early days of the [[World Wide Web]] devoted to showing her many different, and much analyzed, hairstyles as First Lady,<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Virginia Postrel|Postrel, Virginia]] | title=The Substance of Style: How the Rise of Aesthetic Value Is Remaking Commerce, Culture, and Consciousness | publisher=[[HarperCollins]] | year=2004 | isbn=0060933852}} pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/03-96/03-02-96/1hair.htm | title=Forget the Primaries: Vote for Hillary's Hair | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=1996-03-02 | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> to an appearance on the cover of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine in 1998.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9811/24/hillary/ | title=Fashionable first lady — Hillary strikes a pose for Vogue | publisher=CNN | date=1998-11-24 | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> ===Health care and other policy initiatives=== [[Image:HillaryGallup1992-1996.PNG|thumb|330px|right|Hillary Rodham Clinton's [[Gallup Poll]] favorable/unfavorable ratings, 1992–1996.<ref name="gallup-chart">Data for table is from {{cite web | url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1618/Favorability-People-News.aspx | title=Favorability: People in the News: Hillary Clinton | publisher=[[The Gallup Organization]] | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-01-26}} See also {{cite web | url=http://politicalarithmetik.blogspot.com/2007/01/hillary-clinton-favorableunfavorable.html | title=Hillary Clinton, Favorable/Unfavorable, 1993&ndash;2007 |author=Franklin, Charles H. | publisher=Political Arithmetik | date=2007-01-21 | accessdate=2008-01-26}} for confirmation of trend line and historical interpretation.</ref>]] In 1993, Bill Clinton appointed Hillary Clinton to head and be the chairwoman of the Task Force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 170–175.</ref> The recommendation of the task force became known as the [[Clinton health care plan]], a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. The plan was quickly derided as "Hillarycare" by its opponents; some protesters against it became vitriolic, and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, she was forced to wear a bulletproof vest at times.<ref name="bernstein-400">Bernstein 2007, pp. 400–402.</ref><ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 139–140.</ref> The plan did not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although both chambers were controlled by Democrats, and proposal was abandoned in September of 1994.<ref name="bernstein-400"/> Clinton later acknowledged in her book, ''[[Living History]]'', that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat, but mentioned that many other factors were also responsible. The First Lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50s percent range during her first year, fell to 44&nbsp;percent in April 1994 and 35&nbsp;percent by September 1994.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 240, 380, 530. The Whitewater investigations were also a factor in her decline.</ref> Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/may96/background/health_debate_page3.html | title=A Detailed Timeline of the Healthcare Debate portrayed in 'The System' |date=May 1996 | publisher=PBS |work=[[NewsHour]] |accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> which saw a net Republican gain of fifty-three seats [[United States House election, 1994|in the House election]] and seven [[United States Senate election, 1994|in the Senate election]], winning control of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among [[independent (voter)|independent]] voters.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981987-2,00.html | title=The Once and Future Hillary | author=Carney, James | work=Time | date=1994-12-12 | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> Opponents of [[universal health care]] would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.<ref>{{cite news | title = The Republican Who Thinks Big on Health Care | url = http://www.time.com/time/columnist/klein/article/0,9565,1137628,00.html | date = 2005-12-04 | author =[[Joe Klein|Klein, Joe]] | work=Time | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> [[Image:Hrcraad.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Clinton reads to a child during a school visit]] Along with Senators [[Ted Kennedy]] and [[Orrin Hatch]], she was a force behind passage of the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]] in 1997,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/06/clinton_claims_credit_for_child_program/ | title=Clinton Claims Credit for Child Program | publisher=Associated Press published by ''The Boston Globe'' | author=Fouhy, Beth | date=2007-10-06 | accessdate=2008-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/03/14/clinton_role_in_health_program_disputed/?page=full | title=Clinton role in health program disputed |author=Milligan, Susan | work=The Boston Globe | date=2008-03-14 | accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref><ref name="time031308">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1721966,00.html | title=Assessing Clinton's "Experience": Children's Health Care | author=Tumulty, Karen; Duffy, Michael; Calabresi, Massimo | work=Time | date=2008-03-13 | accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref><ref name="fc031808">{{cite news | url=http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/giving_hillary_credit_for_schip.html | title=Giving Hillary Credit for SCHIP | author=Jackson, Brooks | publisher=[[FactCheck.org]] | date=2008-03-18 | accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents were unable to provide them with health coverage, and conducted outreach efforts on behalf of enrolling children in the program once it became law.<ref name="fc031808"/> She promoted nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a [[Mammography|mammogram]] to detect breast cancer, with coverage provided by [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/generalspeeches/1995/5-1-95.html | title=Remarks by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at Medicare Mammography Awareness Campaign Kick-off | author=Clinton, Hillary Rodham | publisher=[[The White House]] | date=1995-05-01 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> She successfully sought to increase research funding for [[prostate cancer]] and childhood [[asthma]] at the [[National Institutes of Health]].<ref name="nfll">{{cite web | title = First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton | url = http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43 | publisher = National First Ladies' Library | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the [[Gulf War]], which became known as the [[Gulf War syndrome]].<ref name="nfll"/> Together with [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Janet Reno]], Clinton helped create the [[Office on Violence Against Women]] at the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]].<ref name="nfll"/> In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the [[Adoption and Safe Families Act]], which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady.<ref name="nfll"/><ref name="nyt102900c"/> In 1999, she was instrumental in passage of the [[Foster Care Independence Act]], which doubled federal monies for teenagers [[aging out]] of [[foster care]].<ref name="nyt102900c">{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E7D91730F93AA15753C1A9669C8B63 | title= Campaigns Soft-Pedal On Children and the Poor | author=Sengupta, Somini | work=The New York Times | date=2000-10-29 | accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> As First Lady, Clinton hosted numerous [[White House conference]]s, including ones on Child Care (1997),<ref>{{cite video | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-75994 | title=Clinton, Hillary Rodham: Address to the White House Conference on Child Care | people=Clinton, Hillary Rodham | publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | date2=1997-10-23 | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> on Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ed.gov/PressReleases/04-1997/970417d.html | title=Remarks by the President and the First Lady at White House Conference on Early Child Development and Learning | author=Clinton, Hillary Rodham | publisher=[[U.S. Department of Education]] | date=1997-04-17 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> and on Children and Adolescents (2000).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apa.org/ppo/issues/pfirstlady.html | title=White House Conference on Children and Adolescents | publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] | date=2000-04-26 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> She also hosted the first-ever White House Conference on Teenagers (2000)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/05/02/teen.summit/index.html | title=White House convenes conference on teen-agers | publisher=CNN | date=2000-05-02 | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> and the first-ever White House Conference on Philanthropy (1999).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.creators.com/opinion/hillary-clinton/talking-it-over-1999-10-27.html | title=Talking It Over | author=Clinton, Hillary Rodham | publisher=[[Creators Syndicate]] | date=1999-10-27 | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> Hillary Clinton traveled to 79&nbsp;countries during this time,<ref name="nyt122607">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/us/politics/26clinton.html | title=The Résumé Factor: Those 8 Years as First Lady | author=Healy, Patrick | work=The New York Times | date=2007-12-26 | accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref> breaking the mark for most-traveled First Lady held by [[Pat Nixon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38 | title=First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon | publisher=National First Ladies' Library | accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref> In a September 1995 speech before the [[Fourth World Conference on Women]] in [[Beijing]], Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the [[People's Republic of China]] itself,<ref name="nyt090695">{{cite news | author=Tyler, Patrick | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEFDF133DF935A3575AC0A963958260 | title=Hillary Clinton, In China, Details Abuse of Women | work=The New York Times | date=1995-09-06 | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> declaring "that it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights"<ref name="nyt090695"/> and resisting Chinese pressure to soften her remarks.<ref name="nyt122607"/> She was one of the most prominent international figures during the late 1990s to speak out against the treatment of [[Afghan people|Afghan]] women by the [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamist fundamentalist]] [[Taliban]].<ref>{{cite book | title=[[Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia]] | author[[Ahmed Rashid|Rashid, Ahmed]] | publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] | year=2002 | isbn=1860648304}} pp. 70, 182.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.feminist.org/research/report/94_toc.html | title=Feminist Majority Joins European Parliament's Call to End Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan | publisher=[[Feminist Majority]] | date=Spring 1998 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> She helped create [[Vital Voices]], an international initiative sponsored by the United States to promote the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vitalvoices.org/desktopdefault.aspx?page_id=8 | title=Vital Voices — Our History | date=2000 | publisher=[[Vital Voices]] | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> ===Whitewater and other investigations=== The [[Whitewater controversy]] was the focus of media attention from the publication of a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' report during the 1992 presidential campaign,<ref name="nyt030892">{{cite news | author=[[Jeff Gerth|Gerth, Jeff]] | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DD1F38F93BA35750C0A964958260 | title=Clintons Joined S.& L. Operator In an Ozark Real-Estate Venture | work=The New York Times | date=1992-03-08 | accessdate=2007-04-30}}</ref> and throughout her time as First Lady. The Clintons had lost their late-1970s investment in the [[Whitewater Development Corporation]];<ref name="gerth-72">Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 72–73.</ref> at the same time, their partners in that investment, [[Jim McDougal|Jim]] and [[Susan McDougal]], operated [[Madison Guaranty]], a [[savings and loan]] institution that retained the legal services of [[Rose Law Firm]]<ref name="gerth-72"/> and may have been improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses.<ref name="nyt030892"/> Madison Guaranty later failed, and Clinton's work at Rose was scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in representing the bank before state regulators that her husband had appointed;<ref name="nyt030892"/> she claimed she had done minimal work for the bank.<ref name="cnn050696">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9604/13/whitewater.background/index.html | title=Whitewater started as 'sweetheart' deal | publisher=CNN | date=1996-05-06 | accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> [[Independent counsel]]s [[Robert B. Fiske|Robert Fiske]] and [[Kenneth Starr]] subpoenaed Clinton's legal billing records; she said she did not know where they were.<ref name="pbs100797"/><ref name="gerth-158"/> The records were found in the First Lady's White House book room after a two-year search, and delivered to investigators in early 1996.<ref name="gerth-158">Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 158–160.</ref> The delayed appearance of the records sparked intense interest and another investigation about how they surfaced and where they had been;<ref name="gerth-158"/> Clinton attributed the problem to disorganization that resulted from their move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion and the effects of a White House renovation.<ref>Clinton 2003, p. 331</ref> After the discovery of the records, on [[January 26]], [[1996]], Clinton made history by becoming the first First Lady to be [[subpoena]]ed to testify before a Federal [[grand jury]].<ref name="pbs100797">{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/arkansas/docs/recs.html | work=Once Upon a Time in Arkansas | title=Rose Law Firm Billing Records | publisher=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] | date=1997-10-07 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> After several Independent Counsels investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 which stated that there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.<ref name="cnn092000">{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/20/whitewater/ | title=Ray: Insufficient evidence to prosecute Clintons in Whitewater probe | publisher=CNN | date=2000-09-20 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> [[Image:Hillary Clinton Bill Chelsea on parade.jpg|thumb|left|The Clinton family takes an [[Inauguration Day]] walk down [[Pennsylvania Avenue]] to start Bill Clinton's second term in office. [[January 20]], [[1997]].]] Other investigations took place during Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that became known as "[[Travelgate]]", began with charges that the White House had used audited financial irregularities in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the staff with friends from Arkansas.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 327–328.</ref> The 1996 discovery of a two-year-old White House memo caused the investigation to focus more on whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigators regarding her role in the firings were true.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 439–444.</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Johnson, David | title= Memo Places Hillary Clinton At Core of Travel Office Case| work=The New York Times| date=1996-01-05 | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE2DA1239F936A35752C0A960958260 | accessdate=2008-05-04}}</ref> The 2000 final Independent Counsel report concluded she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence that she knew the statements were false, or knew that her actions would lead to firings, to prosecute her.<ref>{{cite news | author=Hughes, Jane | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/802335.stm |title=Hillary escapes 'Travelgate' charges | publisher=BBC News | date=2000-06-23 | accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> Following deputy White House counsel [[Vince Foster]]'s July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damaging files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from Foster's office on the night of his death.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/whitewater/june96/senate_report_6-18.html | title=Opening the Flood Gates? | publisher=[[NewsHour]] | date=1996-06-18 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and by 1999 Starr was reported to be holding the investigation open, despite his staff having told him there was no case to be made.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/shadow061599.htm | title=A Prosecutor Bound by Duty | author=[[Bob Woodward|Woodward, Bob]] | work=The Washington Post | date=1999-06-15 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> When Starr's successor [[Robert Ray (prosecutor)|Robert Ray]] issued his final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made against Hillary Clinton regarding this.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E6DF103BF932A1575AC0A9669C8B63 | title= Statement by Independent Counsel on Conclusions in Whitewater Investigation | work=The New York Times | date=2000-09-21 | accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> In March 1994 newspaper reports revealed [[Hillary Rodham cattle futures controversy|her spectacular profits from cattle futures trading]] in 1978–1979;<ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E2DB1F3DF93BA25750C0A962958260 | title=Top Arkansas Lawyer Helped Hillary Clinton Turn Big Profit | author=[[Jeff Gerth|Gerth, Jeff]]; and others | work=The New York Times | date=1994-03-18 | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> allegations were made in the press of conflict of interest and disguised bribery,<ref name="wsj102600"/> and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no official investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.<ref name="wsj102600">{{cite news | author=[[Claudia Rosett|Rosett, Claudia]] | url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/cRosett/?id=65000476 | title=Hillary's Bull Market | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=2000-10-26 | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "[[Filegate]]";<ref name="cnn072800"/> accusations were made that Hillary Clinton had requested these files and that she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/01/filegate/index.html | title='Filegate' Depositions Sought From White House Aides | publisher=CNN | date=1998-04-01 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.<ref name="cnn072800">{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/28/clinton.filegate/ | title=Independent counsel: No evidence to warrant prosecution against first lady in 'filegate' | publisher=CNN | date=2000-07-28 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> ===Lewinsky scandal=== [[Image:HillaryGallup1997-2000.PNG|thumb|330px|right|Hillary Rodham Clinton's [[Gallup Poll]] favorable/unfavorable ratings, 1997–2000.<ref name="gallup-chart"/>]] In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation and gossip when it was revealed that the President had had extramarital sexual activities with White House intern [[Monica Lewinsky]].<ref>Troy 2006, pp. 176–177.</ref> Events surrounding the [[Lewinsky scandal]] eventually led to the [[impeachment of Bill Clinton]]. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that they were the result of a "[[vast right-wing conspiracy]]",<ref>Troy 2006, p. 183.</ref> characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Clinton political enemies,<ref>Clinton was referring to the [[Arkansas Project]] and its funder [[Richard Mellon Scaife]], Kenneth Starr's connections to Scaife, [[Regnery Publishing]] and its connections to [[Lucianne Goldberg]] and [[Linda Tripp]], [[Jerry Falwell]], and others. See {{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/02/02/time/kirn.html | title=Persecuted or Paranoid? A look at the motley characters behind Hillary Clinton's 'vast right-wing conspiracy' | author=[[Walter Kirn|Kirn, Walter]] | work=Time | date=1998-02-09 | accessdate=2007-10-11}}</ref> rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said that she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place.<ref>Troy 2006, p. 187.</ref> After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible and he admitted to her his unfaithful behavior, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage,<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 517.</ref> but privately was reported to be furious at him<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 512, 518.</ref> and was unsure if she wanted to stay in the marriage.<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 521.</ref> There was a mix of public reactions to Hillary Clinton after this: some women admired her strength and poise in private matters made public, some sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an [[Codependence|enabler]] to her husband's indiscretions, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 195.</ref> Overall, her public approval ratings in the wake of the revelations shot upward to around 70&nbsp;percent, the highest they had ever been.<ref name="gerth-195">Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 195.</ref> In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to love: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."<ref>Clinton 2003, p. 94. <!--double check page number--></ref> ===Traditional duties=== Clinton initiated and was Founding Chair of the [[Save America's Treasures]] program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations for the purpose of preserving and restoring historic items and sites,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.saveamericastreasures.org/about.htm | title=Save America's Treasures — About Us | publisher=[[Save America's Treasures]] | accessdate=2007-03-23 }}</ref> including the flag that inspired "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" and the First Ladies Historic Site in [[Canton, Ohio]].<ref name="nfll"/> She was head of the [[White House Millennium Council]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/1999/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/31/clinton.kickoff.02/ | title=Clinton toasts 2000 at White House VIP dinner | publisher=CNN | date=1999-12-31 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> and hosted Millennium Evenings,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/Initiatives/Millennium/evenings.html | title=Millennium Evenings | publisher=[[White House Millennium Council]] | accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> a series of lectures that discussed [[futures studies]], one of which became the first live simultaneous [[webcast]] from the White House.<ref name="nfll"/> Clinton also created the first Sculpture Garden there, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums in the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Garden]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/generalspeeches/1996/1-5-96.html | title=Remarks By First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at The Sculpture Garden Reception | publisher=[[The White House]] | date=1996-01-05 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the [[state room]]s.<ref name="nfll"/> She oversaw the restoration of the [[Blue Room (White House)|Blue Room]] to be historically authentic to the period of [[James Monroe]],<ref>{{cite book | author=Graff, Henry Franklin | title=The Presidents: A Reference History | publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] | year=2002 | isbn=0684312263}} p. liii.</ref> the redecoration of the [[Treaty Room]] into the presidential study along nineteenth century lines,<ref name="rae">{{cite book | last=Lindsay | first=Rae | title=The Presidents' First Ladies | publisher=R & R Writers/Agents | year=2001 |isbn=0965375331}} pp. 248–249.</ref> and the redecoration of the [[Map Room (White House)|Map Room]] to how it looked during [[World War II]].<ref name="rae"/> Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, such as a St. Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public schools, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the twenty-first century, and a state dinner honoring the [[Anniversary|bicentennial]] of the White House in November 2000.<ref name="nfll" /> ==Senate election of 2000== {{main|United States Senate election in New York, 2000}} The long-serving [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from New York, [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], announced his retirement in November 1998. Several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative [[Charles B. Rangel]] of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the [[U.S. Senate election, 2000|United States Senate election of 2000]].<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 530.</ref> When she decided to run, Clinton and her husband purchased a home in [[Chappaqua, New York]], north of [[New York City]] in September 1999.<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Adam Nagourney|Nagourney, Adam]] | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E5D8153AF930A3575AC0A96F958260 | title=With Some Help, Clintons Purchase a White House | work=The New York Times | date=1999-09-03 | accessdate=2007-06-02}}</ref> She became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 204.</ref> At first, Clinton was expected to face [[Rudy Giuliani]], the [[Mayor of New York City]], as her Republican opponent in the election. However, Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] and having developments in his personal life become very public, and Clinton instead faced [[Rick Lazio]], a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing [[New York's 2nd congressional district]]. Throughout the campaign, Clinton was accused of [[Parachute candidate|carpetbagging]] by her opponents, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state's politics prior to this race. Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 210.</ref> During the campaign, she devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican [[Upstate New York]] regions.<ref name = "historic win">{{cite news | url = http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/07/senate.ny/ | title = Hillary Rodham Clinton scores historic win in New York | publisher = CNN | date= 2000-11-08 | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000&nbsp;jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included specific tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.<ref name = "historic win" /> The contest drew national attention. Lazio blundered during a September debate by seeming to invade Clinton's [[personal space]] trying to get her to sign a fundraising agreement.<ref name=gerth-213/> The campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giuliani's initial effort, spent a record combined $90&nbsp;million.<ref name="nyt121300">{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04E1DB133FF930A25751C1A9669C8B63 | title= Lazio Sets Spending Mark for a Losing Senate Bid | author=Levy, Clifford J | work=The New York Times | date=2000-12-13 | accessdate=2008-02-22}}</ref> Clinton won the election on [[November 7]], [[2000]], with 55&nbsp;percent of the vote to Lazio's 43&nbsp;percent.<ref name=gerth-213>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 212–213.</ref> She was sworn in as United States Senator on [[January 3]], [[2001]]. ==United States Senator== {{main|Senate career of Hillary Rodham Clinton}} {{see also|United States Senate election in New York, 2006}} [[Image:ClintonSenate.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Re-enactment of Hillary Rodham Clinton being sworn in as a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] by Vice President [[Al Gore]] in the [[Old Senate Chamber]], as President Clinton and daughter Chelsea look on. [[January 3]], [[2001]].]] ===First term=== Upon entering the United States Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile and built relationships with senators from both parties.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0310/p01s01-uspo.html | title = Clinton's quiet path to power | author= Chaddock, Gail Russell | work = [[Christian Science Monitor]] | date = 2003-03-10 | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> She forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the [[Senate Prayer Breakfast]],<ref name="mj0907"/><ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 548.</ref> led by Douglas Coe of [[The Family (Christian political organization)|The Fellowship]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200611/green-hillary | title=Take Two: Hillary's Choice | author=[[Joshua Green|Green, Joshua]] | work=[[The Atlantic Monthly]] | date=November 2006 | accessdate=2008-05-04}}</ref><ref>Clinton described Coe in her 2003 memoir as "a genuinely loving spiritual mentor and guide" and "a source of strength and friendship" during her First Lady years. Clinton's associates distanced her from Coe in 2008, saying that Clinton was not a member of The Fellowship and never contributed money it. They also said that Clinton had not heard sermons Coe gave using Nazi and Communist leaders as examples of gaining commitment. See {{cite news | url=http://deepbackground.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/04/03/857959.aspx | title=Political ties to a secretive religious group | author=[[Andrea Mitchell|Mitchell, Andrea]] and Popkin, Jim | publisher=[[NBC News]] | date=2008-04-03 | accessdate=2008-05-04}}</ref> Clinton has served on five Senate committees: [[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Committee on Budget]] (2001–2002),<ref name="umich">{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/congress/sncom012.html | title=Senate Temporary Committee Chairs | publisher=[[University of Michigan]] Documents Center | date=2001-05-24 | accessdate=2007-05-30}}</ref> [[U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services|Committee on Armed Services]] (since 2003),<ref name="hwar">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/magazine/03Hillary-t.html | title=Hillary's War | work=The New York Times Magazine | date=2007-05-29 | accessdate=2007-05-30 | author=[[Jeff Gerth|Gerth, Jeff]]; [[Don Van Natta, Jr.|Van Natta Jr., Don]]}}</ref> [[U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Committee on Environment and Public Works]] (since 2001),<ref name="umich"/> [[U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions|Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions]] (since 2001)<ref name="umich"/> and [[United States Senate Special Committee on Aging|Special Committee on Aging]].<ref name="hccom">{{cite web | url=http://clinton.senate.gov/senate/committees/index.cfm | title=Committees | publisher=Official Senate web site | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> She is also a Commissioner of the [[Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=AboutCommission.Commissioners&CFID=3874739&CFTOKEN=75235387 | title=About the Commission: Commissioners | publisher=[[Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe]] | accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> (since 2001).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2001/200109.shtml | title=Senate, House appoint Helsinki commissioners | work=The Ukrainian Weekly | date=2001-05-20 | accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> Following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, [[Charles Schumer]], she was instrumental in quickly securing $21&nbsp;billion in funding for the [[World Trade Center]] site's redevelopment.<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 231–232.</ref><ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 548.</ref> She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the [[Health effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks|health issues faced by 9/11 first responders]].<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 238–239.</ref> Clinton voted for the [[USA Patriot Act]] in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/~clinton/news/statements/details.cfm?id=249895 | title=Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report | publisher=Official Senate web site | date=2005-12-16 | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00029 | title=U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress - 2nd Session ... On the Conference Report (H.R. 3199 Conference Report) | publisher=[[United States Senate]] | date=2006-03-02 | accessdate=2008-04-24 }}</ref> Clinton strongly supported the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan]], saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the [[Taliban]] government.<ref>{{cite news | title = New Hope For Afghanistan's Women | url = http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,185643,00.html | work=Time | author = Clinton, Hillary | date = 2001-11-24 | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 [[Iraq War Resolution]], which authorized [[United States President]] [[George W. Bush]] to use military force against [[Iraq]], should such action be required to enforce a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution]] after pursuing with diplomatic efforts. (However, Clinton voted against the Levin Amendment to the Resolution, which would have required the President to conduct vigorous diplomacy at the U.N., and would have also required a separate Congressional authorization to unilaterally invade Iraq.<ref name="hwar"/> She did vote for the Byrd Amendment to the Resolution, which would have limited the Congressional authorization to one year increments, but the only mechanism necessary for the President to renew his mandate without any Congressional oversight was to claim that the Iraq War was vital to national security each year the authorization required renewal.)<ref name="hwar"/> [[Image:HillaryGallup2001-2007.PNG|thumb|330px|left|Hillary Rodham Clinton's [[Gallup Poll]] favorable/unfavorable ratings, 2001–2007.<ref name="gallup-chart"/>]] After the [[Iraq War]] began, Clinton made trips to both Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well.<ref>{{cite news | title = Clinton says insurgency is failing | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-02-19-iraq-senators_x.htm | publisher = Associated Press published for ''USA Today'' | date = 2005-02-19 | accessdate = 2006-08-29 }}</ref> Noting that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular [[United States Army]] by 80,000&nbsp;soldiers to ease the strain.<ref>{{cite news | title = Clinton wants increase in size of regular Army | date = 2005-07-14 | work = [[The Buffalo News]] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 | author = Turner, Douglas }} (no longer free)</ref> In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves." She criticized the administration for making poor decisions in the war, but said it was more important to solve the problems in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hillary Clinton says immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be 'a big mistake' | publisher = Associated Press for ''The Billings Gazette'' | date = 2005-11-21 | url = http://www.billingsgazette.com/newdex.php?display=rednews/2005/11/21/build/nation/39-clinton-iraq.inc | author = Fitzgerald, Jim | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Her stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic party who favored immediate withdrawal.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/11/AR2005121100846.html | title = Hillary Clinton Crafts Centrist Stance on War | work = The Washington Post | author = Balz, Dan | page = A01 | date = 2005-12-12 | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans, and lobbied against the closure of several military bases.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hillary's Military Offensive | url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/51434 | author = Meadows, Susannah | date = 2005-12-12 | work =Newsweek | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Senator Clinton voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the [[Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001]] and the [[Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003]].<ref name="pvs-hrc"/> Clinton voted against both the 2005 confirmation of [[John G. Roberts]] as [[Chief Justice of the United States]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/details.cfm?id=246324&& | title = Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the Nomination of John Roberts to be Chief Justice of the United States | date = [[2005-09-22]] | work = Clinton.Senate.gov | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> and the 2006 confirmation of [[Samuel Alito]] to the [[United States Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00002 |title= U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress - 2nd Session | publisher=[[United States Senate]] | date=2006-01-31 |accessdate=2008-04-24}}</ref> In 2005, Clinton called for the [[Federal Trade Commission]] to investigate how [[Hot Coffee mod|hidden sex scenes]] showed up in the controversial [[Computer and video games|video game]] ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]''.<ref>{{cite news | title = Clinton wades into GTA sex storm | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4682533.stm | date = 2005-07-14 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2006-08-29 }}</ref> Along with Senators [[Joe Lieberman]] and [[Evan Bayh]], she introduced the [[Family Entertainment Protection Act]], intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In July 2004 and June 2006, Clinton voted against the [[Federal Marriage Amendment]] that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.<ref name="pvs-hrc">{{cite web | url=http://www.votesmart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=55463 | title=Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton - Voting Record | publisher=[[Project Vote Smart]] | accessdate=2008-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13181735/ | title=Gay marriage ban defeated in Senate vote | publisher=Associated Press for MSNBC | date=2006-06-07 | accessdate=2008-04-14}}</ref> Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of [[American conservatism]],<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 401.</ref> Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff [[John Podesta]]'s [[Center for American Progress]];<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 313.</ref> shared aides with [[Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington]], founded in 2003;<ref name="gerth-267">Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 267–269.</ref> advised and nurtured the Clintons' former antagonist [[David Brock]]'s [[Media Matters for America]], created in 2004;<ref name="gerth-267"/> and following the [[United States Senate elections, 2004|2004 Senate elections]], successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader [[Harry Reid]] to create a Senate [[war room]] to handle daily political messaging.<ref name="gerth-267"/> ===Reelection campaign of 2006=== In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would seek a second Senate term. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] [[District Attorney]] [[Jeanine Pirro]], withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/12/21/ny.pirro/index.html | title = Sen. Clinton's GOP challenger quits race | publisher = CNN | date = 2005-12-21 | author = Hirschkorn, Phil | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Clinton easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from anti-war activist [[Jonathan Tasini]].<ref>{{cite news |title = GOP Primary Turnout Was Lowest In More Than 30 Years| work=Newsday | date=2006-09-17}}</ref> Clinton's eventual opponents in the general election were Republican candidate [[John Spencer (politician)|John Spencer]], a former mayor of [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]], along with several third-party candidates. Throughout the campaign, Clinton consistently led Spencer in the polls by wide margins. She won the election on [[November 7]], [[2006]] with 67&nbsp;percent of the vote to Spencer's 31&nbsp;percent,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.elections.state.ny.us/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_ussen.pdf | title = New York State Board of Elections, General Election Results | publisher = New York State | date = [[2006-12-14]] | accessdate = 2006-12-16 }}</ref> carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties.<ref>{{cite news | work=Newsweek | url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/44273 | title=Is America Ready? | date=2006-12-25 | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> Clinton spent $36&nbsp;million for her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections. She was criticized by some Democrats for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kornblut, Anne E. | coauthors=Zeleny, Jeff | work=The New York Times | title=Clinton Won Easily, but Bankroll Shows the Toll | date=2006-11-21}} page A1.</ref> In the following months she transferred $10&nbsp;million of her Senate funds toward her presidential campaign.<ref name="cnn040107">{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/04/01/clinton.money/index.html |title = Record millions roll in for Clinton White House bid |date = 2007-04-01 | publisher = CNN | accessdate = 2007-04-02}}</ref> ===Second term=== [[Image:Hillary Clinton armed services committee.jpg|thumb|right|Senator Clinton listens as [[Chief of Naval Operations]] Navy Admiral [[Mike Mullen]] responds to a question during his 2007 confirmation hearing with the [[Senate Armed Services Committee]].]] Clinton opposed the [[Iraq War troop surge of 2007]] and supported a February 2007 non-binding Senate resolution against it, which failed to gain [[cloture]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/18/ap/politics/mainD8NBQ8H80.shtml | title = Senate GOP foils debate on Iraq surge | publisher = [[Associated Press]] published by [[CBS News]] | date = 2007-02-17 | accessdate = 2008-04-27 }}</ref> In March 2007 she voted in favor of a war spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq within a certain deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines<ref>{{cite news | title=Bush Repeats Veto Threat on Spending Bill That Includes Iraq Withdrawal Timetable | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,262042,00.html | publisher=Fox News | date=2007-03-28 | accessdate=2008-04-27 }}</ref> but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007 a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80-14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bush to sign war funding bill Friday | url = http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/05/25/iraq_debate_moves_into_next_phase/ | work = The Boston Globe | date = 2007-05-25 | accessdate = 2007-05-25 }}</ref> Clinton responded to General [[David Petraeus]]'s September 2007 [[Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq]] by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www2.nysun.com/article/62426 | title=Clinton Spars With Petraeus on Credibility | author=Lake, Eli | work=The New York Sun | date=2007-09-12 | accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> In September 2007 she voted in favor of a Senate resolution calling on the [[U.S. State Department|State Department]] to label the [[Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps]] "a foreign terrorist organization", which passed 76-22.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,298157,00.html | title=Senate Approves Symbolic Rebuke of Iran | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=2007-09-26 | accessdate=2007-10-11}}</ref> In March 2007, in response to the [[dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy]], Clinton called on Attorney General [[Alberto Gonzales]] to resign.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hillary Clinton Calls for Gonzales' Resignation | url = http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2948538&page=1 | publisher=ABC News | date = 2007-03-13 | accessdate = 2007-03-24 }}</ref> In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the [[Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007]], Clinton cast a number of votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain [[cloture]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00228 | title=On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to Consider S.1639) | date=2007-06-26 | publisher=[[U.S. Senate]]|accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref> ==Presidential campaign of 2008== <!-- Note: This is a biography article. Additions to this section that fail to succinctly survey the campaign are subject to severe editing and will be moved to the article detailing issues and activity in the campaign: "Hillary Rodham Clinton presidential campaign, 2008" end note --> {{main|Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008}} Clinton had been preparing for a potential candidacy for United States President since at least early 2003.<ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 550–552.</ref> On [[January 20]] [[2007]], Clinton announced via her web site the formation of a presidential [[exploratory committee]] for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|United States presidential election of 2008]].<ref name=gerth-5/> She stated, "I'm in, and I'm in to win."<ref name=gerth-5>Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 5.</ref> No woman has ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States. In April 2007, the Clintons liquidated a [[blind trust]] that had been established when Bill Clinton became president in 1993, in order to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments in the trust as Hillary Clinton undertook her presidential race.<ref name="msn090407">{{cite news | title = Hillary Clinton: Midas touch at work | url = http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/MutualFunds/HillaryClintonMidasTouchAtWork.aspx?page=1 | publisher = [[MSN.com]] | author=Middleton, Tim | date =2007-09-04 | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> Later disclosure statements revealed that the couple's worth was now upwards of $50&nbsp;million,<ref name="msn090407"/> and that they had earned over $100&nbsp;million since 2000, with most of it coming from Bill Clinton's books, speaking engagements, and other activities.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7331834.stm | title=Clintons' earnings exceed $100m | publisher=BBC News | date=2008-04-05 | accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref> [[Image:Hillary Clinton . Feb 2008 051.JPG|thumb|left|Clinton speaking at a large campaign rally. [[South Hall (San Jose)|South Hall]], [[San Jose, California]], [[February 1]], [[2008]].]] Clinton led the field of candidates competing for the Democratic nomination in [[Opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008|opinion polls for the election]] throughout the first half of 2007. Most polls placed Senator [[Barack Obama]] of [[Illinois]] and former Senator [[John Edwards]] of [[North Carolina]] as Clinton's closest competitors in the early caucus and primary election states.<ref>{{cite news | author = Langer, Gary; Craighill, Peyton M | title =Clinton Leads '08 Dems; No Bounce for Obama | url =http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/PollVault/story?id=2810376 | publisher =ABC News | date =2007-01-21 | accessdate =2007-02-05 }}</ref> Clinton and Obama both set records for early fundraising, swapping the money lead each quarter,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/10/02/campaign.cash/ | title= Clinton outpaces Obama in fundraising for third quarter | publisher=CNN | date=2007-10-02 | accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref> while Clinton generally maintained her lead in the polls.<ref>{{cite news | author =Schneider, Bill | title =Poll: Liberals moving toward Clinton; GOP race tightens | publisher =CNN | date =2007-05-07 | url =http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/07/schneider.2008.polls/index.html | accessdate =2007-05-08}}</ref> In late August 2007, a major contributor to, and "[[bundling (fundraising)|bundler]]" for, Clinton's campaign, called a "[[HillRaiser]]", [[Norman Hsu]], was revealed to be a 15-years-long [[fugitive]] in an [[investment fraud]] case.<ref name="nyt083007">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/30/us/politics/30bundler.html | title=Clinton Donor Under a Cloud In Fraud Case | work=The New York Times | author=McIntire, Mike; Wayne, Leslie | date=2007-08-30 | accessdate= 2007-08-31 }}</ref> He was also suspected of having broken campaign finance law regarding his bundling collections.<ref name="wsj20070828"> {{cite news |author=Mullins, Brody | title =Big Source of Clinton's Cash Is an Unlikely Address| work=Wall Street Journal | date=2007-08-28| accessdate=2007-08-31| url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118826947048110677.html?mod=hps_us_whats_news}}</ref> The Clinton campaign said it would refund to 260&nbsp;donors the full $850,000 in bundled donations raised by Hsu,<ref name="ap09102007">{{cite news | title=Clinton to return $850,000 raised by Hsu | publisher=ABC News | url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Decision2008/wireStory?id=3583395 |author= Jordan, Lara Jakes| date=2007-09-10| accessdate= 2008-04-26 }}</ref> who was subsequently indicted on new investment fraud charges. By September 2007, opinion polling in the first six states holding Democratic primaries or caucuses showed that Clinton was leading in all of them, with the races being closest in [[Iowa]] and [[South Carolina]]. By October 2007, national polls had Clinton far ahead of any Democratic competitor.<ref name="fox100307">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299146,00.html | title=Hillary Clinton Leaps Ahead In Latest Democratic Poll | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=2007-10-03 | accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> At the end of October, Clinton suffered what writers for ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[ABC News]], [[The Politico]] and other outlets characterized as a rare [[Hillary Rodham Clinton presidential campaign, 2008#Poor debate performance in Philadelphia|poor debate performance]] against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.<ref name="wapo110107">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103093.html | title=Clinton Regroups As Rivals Pounce | author=[[Anne Kornblut|Kornblut, Anne E.]]; [[Dan Balz|Balz, Dan]] | work=The Washington Post | date=2007-11-01 | accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2007/10/hillary-gets-po.html | title=Hillary Gets Poor Grades at Drexel Debate | author=[[Jake Tapper|Tapper, Jake]] | work=Political Punch | publisher=ABC News | date=2007-10-31 | accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1007/6634.html | title=Obama, Edwards attack; Clinton bombs debate | last=Simon, Roger | publisher=The Politico | date=2007-10-31 | accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref> Subsequently, the race tightened considerably, especially in the early caucus and primary states of [[Iowa]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[South Carolina]], with Clinton losing her lead in some polls by December.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/09/506446.aspx | title=Clinton shouldn't worry just about IA | publisher=MSNBC | date=2007-12-09 | accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> [[Image:Hillary Clinton Feb 3 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Clinton campaigning at [[Augsburg College]] in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], two days before [[Super Tuesday (2008)|Super Tuesday 2008]].]] In the first vote of 2008, she placed third with 29.45&nbsp;percent of the state delegate selections in the [[January 3]], [[2008]] [[Iowa Democratic caucuses, 2008|Iowa Democratic caucus]] to Obama's 37.58&nbsp;percent and Edwards' 29.75&nbsp;percent.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iowacaucusresults.com/ | title=Iowa Democratic Party Caucus Results | publisher=[[Iowa Democratic Party]] | accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a win for him, sometimes by double digits, in the [[New Hampshire Democratic primary, 2008|New Hampshire primary]].<ref name="cbs010808">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/08/politics/main3689550.shtml | title=Analysis: Mrs. Comeback Kid & Obama's Wave | author=Meyer, Dick | publisher=CBS News | date=2008-01-08 | accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/nh/new_hampshire_democratic_primary-194.html | title=New Hampshire Democratic Primary | publisher=[[RealClearPolitics]] | date=2008-01-08 | accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> However, Clinton gained a surprise win<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUSN0264367920080109 | title=Clinton scores surprise win in New Hampshire | author=Whitesides, John | publisher=Reuters | date=2008-01-09 | accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> there on [[January 8]],<ref name="trib010808">{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-070108dems,0,7354989.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed | title=Clinton's stunning victory | work=Chicago Tribune | date=2008-01-08 | accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref> defeating Obama by 39&nbsp;percent to 37&nbsp;percent.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/new_hampshire/articles/2008/01/10/official_results/ | title=Official Results | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=2008-01-10 | accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> Explanations for her New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.<ref name="trib010808"/><ref name="lat011008">{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/01/10/news/na-newhamp10 | title=Clinton had voters' sympathy — and a message they liked | author=Decker, Cathleen; Barabak, Mark Z | work=Los Angeles Times | date=2008-01-10 | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days, when several remarks by Bill Clinton<ref name="nyt011108ca">{{cite news| url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/ | title=Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down ‘Fairy-Tale’ Remark About Obama | author=Hulse, Carl; Healy, Patrick | work=The New York Times | date=2008-01-11 | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref><ref name="cbs012608">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/26/politics/main3755521.shtml | title=Analysis: Bill Clinton's Lost Legacy | author=Ververs, Vaughn | publisher=CBS News | date=2008-01-26 | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> and other surrogates,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/13/clinton.obama/ | title=Drugs, race raised in Clinton-Obama fight | author=Levs, Josh | publisher=CNN | date=2008-01-14 | accessdate=2008-04-27}}</ref><ref name="cbs012608"/> and one remark by Hillary Clinton concerning [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]],<ref>Hillary Clinton said to a news correspondent asking for reaction to an Obama remark earlier in the day about his possibly representing false hope: “I would point to the fact that that Dr. King’s dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was able to get through Congress something that President Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had not even tried, but it took a president to get it done. That dream became a reality, the power of that dream became real in people’s lives because we had a president who said we are going to do it, and actually got it accomplished.” See for transcript: {{cite news| url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/ | title=Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down ‘Fairy-Tale’ Remark About Obama | author=Hulse, Carl; Healy, Patrick | work=The New York Times | date=2008-01-11 | accessdate=2008-01-28}} See for actual interview: {{cite news | url=http://bourbonroom.blogs.foxnews.com/2008/01/07/clintons-candid-assessment/ | title=Clinton’s Candid Assessment | author=Garrett, Major | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=2008-01-07 | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> were perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign.<ref name="nyt011108ca"/> Despite attempts by both Hillary Clinton and Obama to downplay the issue, Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with Clinton losing much of her support among African Americans.<ref name="ft011708">{{cite news | url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e706e626-c49e-11dc-a474-0000779fd2ac.html | title='Truce' has little impact on black vote | author=Luce, Edward | work=Financial Times | date=2008-01-17 | accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref><ref name="cbs012608"/> She lost by a 55–27&nbsp;percent margin to Obama in the [[January 26]] [[South Carolina Democratic primary, 2008|South Carolina primary]],<ref name="cnn012608">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/26/sc.primary/index.html | title=Obama claims big win in South Carolina | publisher=CNN | date=2008-01-26 | accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two [[February 5]] [[Super Tuesday, 2008|Super Tuesday]] states. Bill Clinton had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign,<ref name="cnn012808"/> and by now his role was seen as damaging enough to her<ref name="nyt012808b">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/us/politics/28dems.html?hp | title=Clinton’s Camp Seeks Gentler Role for Ex-President | author=Healy, Patrick | work=The New York Times | date=2008-01-28 | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> that a wave of supporters within and outside of the campaign said the former President "needs to stop."<ref name="cnn012808">{{cite news | url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/01/28/clinton-campaign-advisers-bill-clinton-needs-to-stop/#more-4808 | title=Clinton campaign advisers: Bill Clinton 'needs to stop' | author=[[Candy Crowley|Crowley, Candy]] | publisher=CNN | date=2008-01-28 | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as [[California Democratic primary, 2008|California]], [[New York Democratic primary, 2008|New York]], [[New Jersey Democratic primary, 2008|New Jersey]] and [[Massachusetts Democratic primary, 2008|Massachusetts]] while Obama won more states;<ref name="cnn022508st">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/dates/index.html#val=20080205 | title=Results: February 5 - Super Tuesday | publisher=CNN | date=2008-02-25 | accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> they almost evenly divided the total number of delegates<ref name="cnn022508st"/> and the total popular vote.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time-blog.com/swampland/2008/02/super_tuesday_the_most_interes.html | title=Super Tuesday: The Most Interesting Number of All | author=Tumulty, Karen | publisher=Time.com | date=2008-02-06 | accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> Obama then won the next eleven caucuses and primaries, often by large margins, and took the overall delegate lead from Clinton.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=4269510 | title= Obama defeats Clinton in Maine caucuses | publisher=ABC News | author=Adams, Glenn | date=2008-02-11 | accessdate=2008-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/us/politics/13elect.html | title=Obama and McCain Sweep 3 Primaries | author=Broder, John M.; Sussman, Dalia | work=The New York Times | date=2008-02-13 | accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref><ref name="cnn021908">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/19/feb19.contests/index.html | title=Obama, McCain extend winning streaks | publisher=CNN | date=2008-02-20 | accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> On [[March 4]], Clinton broke the string of losses by winning in [[Ohio Democratic primary, 2008|Ohio]] among other places,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/dates/index.html#val=20080304 | title=Results: March 4 - Multi-state Events | publisher=CNN | date=2008-03-04 | accessdate=2008-03-04}}</ref> while Obama scored wins then and in the following week.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/washingtondc/la-na-campaign12mar12,1,3341551.story | title=Obama cruises to easy win in Mississippi primary | author=Barabak, Mark Z | work=Los Angeles Times | date=2008-03-12 | accessdate=2008-03-12}}</ref> Throughout the campaign, Obama dominated caucuses,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/us/politics/09wyoming.html | title=Obama Wins Wyoming Caucuses | author=Bosman, Julie | work=The New York Times | date=2008-03-09 | accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref> and did well in primaries where African Americans or younger, college-educated, or more affluent voters were heavily represented; Clinton did well in primaries where Hispanics or older, non-college-educated, or working-class white voters predominated.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/03/18/pennsylvania-pitch-can-obama-connect-with-lower-income-whites/ | title=Pennsylvania Pitch: Can Obama Connect With Lower-Income Whites? | author=Phillips, Matt | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=2008-03-18 | accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/22/us/politics/22age.html | title=In Clinton vs. Obama, Age Is a Great Predictor | author=Seelye, Katherine Q | work=The New York Times | date=2008-04-22 | accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref> Former Democratic vice-presidential nominee [[Geraldine Ferraro]]'s claim that Obama's lead was solely due to his being African-American helped revive the racially tinged aspect of the contest;<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23578529/ | title=Ferraro remarks on Obama decried | publisher=Associated Press for MSNBC | date=2008-03-11 | accessdate=2008-03-22}}</ref> Ferraro resigned from the Clinton campaign's finance committee as Clinton repudiated the remarks.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/12/ferraro.comments/ | title= Ferraro steps down from Clinton campaign | author=Sinderbrand, Rebecca | publisher=CNN | date=2008-03-13 | accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> Meanwhile, some Democratic party leaders expressed concern that the drawn-out campaign between the two could damage the winner in the general election contest against presumptive Republican nominee [[John McCain]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1719899,00.html | title=Clinton's Collateral Damage | author=Tumulty, Karen; Von Drehle, David | work=Time | date=2008-03-06 | accessdate=2008-03-13}}</ref><ref name="nyt031608">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/us/politics/16delegates.html | title=For Democrats, Increased Fears of a Long Fight | author=Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff | work=The New York Times | date=2008-03-16 | accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> especially if an eventual triumph for Clinton was won via party-appointed [[superdelegates]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/nation_world/20080306_What_Clinton__Obama_need_to_win.html | title=What Clinton, Obama need to win | author=Eichel, Larry | work=The Philadelphia Inquirer | date=2008-03-06 | accessdate=2008-03-13}}</ref><ref name="nyt031608"/> Clinton's admission in late March — following the airing of video — that her campaign statements about having been under hostile fire from [[sniper]]s during a 1996 visit to U.S. troops at [[Tuzla Air Base]] in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] were not true<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/25/politics/main3967223.shtml | title=New CBS Video Contradicts Clinton Again | publisher=CBS News| | date=2008-03-25}}</ref> attracted considerable media attention, and the contradiction risked undermining both her credibility and her claims of foreign policy expertise as First Lady.<ref>{{cite web| title=Hillary Clinton backtracks over 'misleading' Bosnia sniper story|publisher=[[Times Online]]|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article3617816.ece|date=2008-03-25|accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref> On [[April 22]] she won the [[Pennsylvania Democratic primary, 2008|Pennsylvania primary]] by 9 points, keeping her campaign alive.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2008-04-25-voa1.cfm | title=Pennsylvania Win Helps Clinton Raise Millions, Adds to Obama Questions | publisher=Voice of America | date=2008-04-25 | accessdate=2008-04-25}}</ref> However, on [[May 6]], a narrow win in the [[Indiana Democratic primary, 2008|Indiana primary]] coupled with a large loss in the [[North Carolina Democratic primary, 2008|North Carolina primary]] damaged her chances and led to speculation about whether she could or would remain in the race.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/07/us/politics/07cnd-clinton.html | title=Uncertainties Mark Clinton’s Itinerary | author=Healy, Patrick | work=The New York Times | date=2008-05-07 | accessdate=2008-05-07}}</ref> She vowed to stay on through the remaining primaries,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN0728376020080508 | title=Hillary Clinton hoping for late comeback | author=Mason, Jeff | publisher=Reuters | date=2008-05-08 | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref> and a 41-point win in the [[May 13]] [[West Virginia Democratic primary, 2008|West Virginia primary]] left her "more determined than ever to carry on this campaign".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/05/13/obama-looks-the-other-way-as-clinton-prepares-for-win-in-west-virginia/ | title=Clinton Wins West Virginia Primary by Decisive Margin | publisher=[[Fox News]] | date=2008-05-13 | accessdate=2008-05-14}}</ref> On [[May 31]], the [[Democratic National Committee]] agreed to seat the [[Michigan]] and [[Florida]] delegates at the national convention, but to give each of them half a vote, narrowing the delegate gap between Clinton and Obama while increasing the number of delegates needed to win the nomination. However, Obama retained a lead even after Clinton won the [[Puerto Rico]] primary on [[June 1]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://freeinternetpress.com/story.php?sid=16916/ | title=Clinton Wins Puerto Rico Primary | publisher=Free Internet Press | work=The Associated Press | date=[[June 1]], [[2008]] | accessdate=2008-06-01}}</ref> Following the final primaries on [[June 3]], [[2008]], Obama had gained enough delegates to become the [[presumptive nominee]].<ref name="cnn060308">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/03/election.democrats/index.html | title= Obama: I will be the Democratic nominee | publisher=CNN | date=2008-06-03 | accessdate=2008-06-03}}</ref> In a speech before her supporters on [[June 7]], Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama, declaring, "The way to continue our fight now to accomplish the goals for which we stand is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24993082/ | title=Clinton ends historic bid, endorses Obama | publisher=Associated Press for MSNBC | date=2008-06-07 | accessdate=2008-06-07}}</ref> By campaign's end, Clinton had won 1,640&nbsp;pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763, a 3.6&nbsp;percentage point difference;<ref name="cnn-end">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/scorecard/#D | title=Election Center 2008: Delegate Scorecard | publisher=CNN | date=2008-06-04 | accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref> at the time of the clinching, Clinton had 286&nbsp;superdelegates to Obama's 395,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com/2008/06/election_stats.php | title=The Final Math | publisher=[[Talking Points Memo]] | date=2008-06-04 | accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref> with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.<ref name="cnn-end"/> Clinton and Obama each received over 17 million votes during the nomination process,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/democratic_vote_count.html | title=2008 Democratic Popular Vote | publisher=[[RealClearPolitics]] | accessdate=2008-07-08}} The popular vote count for a nomination process is unofficial, and meaningless in determining the nominee. It is difficult to come up with precise totals due to some caucus states not reporting popular vote totals and thus having to be estimated. It is further difficult to compare Clinton and Obama's totals, due to only her name having been on the ballot in the Michigan primary.</ref> with both breaking the previous record.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thefix/2008/06/clinton_puts_up_popular_vote_a.html | title=Clinton Puts Up Popular Vote Ad | author=Cillizza, Chris | work=The Washington Post | date=2008-06-01 | accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> Clinton also eclipsed, by a very large margin, [[Shirley Chisholm]]'s mark for most primaries and delegates won by a woman.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/327528/hillary_clinton_versus_shirley_chisholm | title=Hillary Clinton Versus Shirley Chisholm | author=Nichols, John | work=[[The Nation]] | date=2008-06-07 | accessdate=2008-07-08}} In 1972, Chisholm won 152 delegates and one no-delegates "beauty contest" primary.</ref> ==Political positions== {{main|Political positions of Hillary Rodham Clinton}} In a [[Gallup poll]] conducted during May 2005, 54&nbsp;percent of respondents considered Senator Clinton a liberal, 30&nbsp;percent considered her a moderate, and 9&nbsp;percent considered her a conservative.<ref>{{cite news | title=Poll: Mixed messages for Hillary Clinton | publisher=CNN | date=2005-05-26 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/05/26/hillary.clinton/index.html | accessdate=2007-02-05 }}</ref> Several organizations have attempted to measure her place on the [[political spectrum]] scientifically: *''[[National Journal]]'''s 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the then-current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8573139/ | title = Clinton burnishes hawkish image | date = 2005-07-14 | publisher = MSNBC.com | author= Curry, Tom | accessdate = 2006-08-23 }}</ref> ''National Journal''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/ | title=Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007 | author=Friel, Brian | coauthors=Cohen, Richard E.; Victor, Kirk | publisher=''[[National Journal]]'' | date=2008-01-31 | accessdate=2008-04-25}}</ref> *A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of [[Princeton University]], Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of [[Stanford University]] found her to be likely the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal Senator.<ref>{{cite journal | format = PDF | url = http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/TheMostLiberalSenator-Clinton.pdf | title = “The Most Liberal Senator”? Analyzing and Interpreting Congressional Roll Calls | journal = Political Science & Politics |date=October 2004 | author = Clinton, Joshua D.; Jackman, Simon; Rivers, Doug | pages = 805–811 }}</ref> *''[[The Almanac of American Politics]]'', edited by [[Michael Barone (pundit)|Michael Barone]] and [[Richard E. Cohen]], rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social, and Foreign; averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75&nbsp;liberal, 23&nbsp;conservative; Social = 83&nbsp;liberal, 6&nbsp;conservative; Foreign = 66&nbsp;liberal, 30&nbsp;conservative. Average = 75&nbsp;liberal, 20&nbsp;conservative.<ref>See {{cite book | title = [[The Almanac of American Politics]] | date = 2008 | author=[[Michael Barone (pundit)|Barone, Michael]] | coauthors=[[Richard E. Cohen|Cohen, Richard E.]] | publisher=National Journal | pages = 1126 }} And 2006 edition of same, 1152. The scores for individual years are [highest rating 100, format: liberal, (conservative)]: 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average = 68 (28).</ref> Various [[interest group]]s have given Senator Clinton scores or grades as to how well her votes align with the positions of the group: *Through 2007, she has an average lifetime 93&nbsp;percent "Liberal Quotient" from [[Americans for Democratic Action]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.adaction.org/pages/media/voting-records.php | title=Voting Records | publisher=[[Americans for Democratic Action]] | accessdate=2008-05-10}} Average consists of a 95 in 2001 through 2004 and 2006, a 100 in 2005, and a 75 in 2007 (the decline was due to missed votes while campaigning for president).</ref> *Through 2007, she has a lifetime 8&nbsp;percent rating from the [[American Conservative Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acuratings.org/2007senate.htm |title=2007 U.S. Senate votes |publisher=[[American Conservative Union]] |accessdate=2008-05-10}} Lifetime rating is given.</ref> *She received an 'A' (excellent) on the [[Drum Major Institute]]'s 2005 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues.<ref>{{cite web | title = Clinton SENATE VOTING SUMMARY | url = http://www.drummajorinstitute.com/congress/drum-major-voting-summary.php?name=Clinton&state=NY&database=senate | work = [[Drum Major Institute]] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> *The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] has given her a 75&nbsp;percent lifetime rating through September 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://action.aclu.org/site/VoteCenter?page=congScorecard | title=ACLU Congressional Scorecard | work=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] | accessdate=2007-10-15 }} Breakdown is 3/5 60% for 2001–2002, 7/9 78% for 2003–2004, 10/12 83% for 2005–2006, 4/6 67% for 2007– , for a total of 24/32 75%.</ref> *[[NARAL Pro-Choice America]] consistently gave her a 100&nbsp;percent [[pro-choice]] rating from 2002 to 2007.<ref>{{cite web | title = Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY) | url = http://www.naral.org/elections/statements/clinton.html | work = [[NARAL Pro-Choice America]] | accessdate = 2008-05-04 }}</ref> *The [[League of Conservation Voters]] has given her a lifetime 90&nbsp;percent pro-environment action rating through 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lcv.org/images/client/pdfs/LCV_2006_Scorecard_final.pdf | title='06 National Environmental Scorecard | publisher=[[League of Conservation Voters]] | date=October 2006 | accessdate=2007-12-26 | pages=15}}</ref> *[[Americans for Better Immigration]] has given her a lifetime grade of 'D-' (very near failing) through October 2007 on their Immigration-Reduction Report Card.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://grades.betterimmigration.com/testgrades.php3?District=NY&VIPID=896 | title=Immigration Voting Report Card for Sen. Hillary Clinton | publisher=[[Americans for Better Immigration]] | date=2007-10-25 | accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref> *The [[National Rifle Association]] gave her an 'F' (failing) rating in 2006 for her stance on [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]] issues.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MTFmZDc4ZDA2MzdkY2JkOTMzOWY5YjNiZGExYzdiYWQ= | title=Second Thoughts | author=[[Dave Kopel|Kopel, Dave]] | publisher=[[National Review Online]] | date=2006-11-02 | accessdate=2007-10-15}}</ref> ==Writings and recordings== As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a weekly [[Print syndication|syndicated]] newspaper column titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000, distributed by [[Creators Syndicate]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.creators.com/opinion/hillary-clinton.html | title = Hillary Rodham Clinton - Talking It Over | work = [[Creators Syndicate]] | accessdate = 2007-08-24 }}</ref> It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she encountered during her travels around the world.<ref name="Whitehouse.gov"/> In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of America in the book ''[[It Takes a Village|It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us]]''. The book was a [[New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' Best Seller]],<ref name="bernstein-446">Bernstein 2007, p. 446.</ref> and Clinton received the [[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album]] in 1997 for the book's audio recording.<ref name="bernstein-446"/> The title refers to an African proverb that states "It takes a village to raise a child". Other books released by Clinton when she was First Lady include ''Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets'' (1998) and ''[[An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History]]'' (2000). In 2001, she wrote the foreword to the children's book ''[[Beatrice's Goat]]''. In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, ''[[Living History]]''. In anticipation of high sales, publisher [[Simon & Schuster]] paid Clinton a near-record advance of $8&nbsp;million.<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 544.</ref> The book set a first-week sales record for a non-fiction work,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2003-06-17-hillary-list_x.htm | title=Clinton memoir tops Best-Selling Books list | author=Donahue, Deirdre | publisher=USA Today | date=2003-06-17 | accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-104982906.html | title = Hillary Clinton's Book Sales Top a Million | publisher = [[Xinhua News Agency]] | date = 2003-07-09 | accessdate = 2008-04-27 }}</ref> and was translated into twelve foreign languages.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hillaryclinton.com/about/firstlady/ | title = About Hillary | publisher = Hillaryclinton.com | accessdate = 2007-04-08 }}</ref> Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3472495.stm | title=Gorbachev and Clinton win Grammy | publisher=BBC News | date=2004-02-09 | accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> ==Cultural and political image== Hillary Clinton has frequently been featured in the media and popular culture from a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' writer [[Todd Purdum]] labeled Clinton "the First Lady as [[Rorschach test]]",<ref name="nyt072495"/> an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist [[Betty Friedan]], who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society."<ref name="khj1">{{cite book |author=[[Kathleen Hall Jamieson|Jamieson, Kathleen Hall]] |title=Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership |year=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0195089405 |pages=22–25 |chapter=Hillary Clinton as Rorschach Test}}</ref> Clinton has often been described in the popular media as a [[Polarization (politics)|polarizing]] figure,<ref name="nyt051892">{{cite news | author=[[Maureen Dowd|Dowd, Maureen]] | title=Hillary Clinton as Aspiring First Lady: Role Model, or a 'Hall Monitor' Type? | work=The New York Times | date=1992-05-18 | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE6DA1F3DF93BA25756C0A964958260 | accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref><ref name="nyt072495">{{cite news | author = [[Todd Purdum|Purdum, Todd S]] | title= The First Lady's Newest Role: Newspaper Columnist | work=The New York Times | date=1995-07-24 | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7D61339F937A15754C0A963958260 | accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref><ref name="wm0705">{{cite news | author=Sullivan, Amy | title=Hillary in 2008? | work=Washington Monthly |date=July/August 2005 | url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0507.sullivan1.html | accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite video |title=Hillary Clinton's Polarizing Force as a Candidate | people=[[Daniel Schorr]] |medium =audio | date2=2006-07-16 | publisher=[[National Public Radio]] | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5560786 | accessdate=2007-02-05}}</ref><ref name="time081906">{{cite news | title=How Americans View Hillary: Popular but Polarizing | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1229053,00.html | author=[[Ana Marie Cox|Cox, Ana Marie]] | date=2006-08-19 | work=Time | accessdate=2007-02-05}}</ref><ref name="hill101007"/> with some arguing otherwise.<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Susan Estrich|Estrich, Susan]] | title=The Case for Hillary Clinton | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2005 | isbn=0060839880}} pp. 66–68.</ref><ref name="hill101007">{{cite news | url = http://pundits.thehill.com/2007/10/10/hillary-clinton-not-polarizing-and-highly-electable/ | title=Hillary Clinton: Not Polarizing and Highly Electable| work=The Hill | date = 2007-10-10 | author=[[Lanny Davis|Davis, Lanny]] | accessdate=2008-03-03}}</ref> [[James Madison University]] political science professor Valerie Sulfaro's 2007 study used the [[American National Election Studies]]' "feeling thermometer" polls, which measure the degree of opinion about a political figure, to find that such polls during Clinton's First Lady years confirm the "conventional wisdom that Hillary Clinton is a polarizing figure", with the added insight that "affect towards Mrs. Clinton as first lady tended to be very positive or very negative, with a fairly constant one fourth of respondents feeling ambivalent or neutral."<ref name="sulfaro-paper">{{cite journal |author=Sulfaro, Valerie A. |year=2007 |month=September |title=Affective evaluations of first ladies: a comparison of Hillary Clinton and Laura Bush | url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33219066_ITM | format=Fee or registration required | journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=486–514 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2007.02608.x}}</ref> [[University of California, San Diego]] political science professor [[Gary Jacobson]]'s 2006&nbsp;study of [[partisan polarization]] found that in a state-by-state survey of job approval ratings of the state's senators, Clinton had the fourth-largest partisan difference of any senator, with a 50&nbsp;percentage point difference in approval between New York's Democrats and Republicans.<ref name="jacob-paper">{{cite paper |author=[[Gary Jacobson|Jacobson, Gary]] | title=Partisan Differences in Job Approval Ratings of George W. Bush and U.S. Senators in the States: An Exploration |publisher=Annual meeting of the [[American Political Science Association]] |date=August 2006 |format=Proceedings}}</ref> [[Northern Illinois University]] political science professor Barbara Burrell's 2000&nbsp;study found that Clinton's [[Gallup poll]] favorability numbers broke sharply along partisan lines throughout her time as First Lady, with 70 to 90&nbsp;percent of Democrats typically viewing her favorably while 20 to 40&nbsp;percent of Republicans did.<ref name="burrell-paper">{{cite journal |author=Burrell, Barbara|year=2000 |month=October |title=Hillary Rodham Clinton as first lady: the people’s perspective |journal=The Social Science Journal |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=529–546 |doi=10.1016/S0362-3319(00)00094-X}}</ref> [[University of Wisconsin]] political science professor Charles Franklin analyzed her record of favorable versus unfavorable ratings in public opinion polls, and found that there was more variation in them during her First Lady years than her Senate years.<ref name="franklin">{{cite web | url=http://politicalarithmetik.blogspot.com/2007/01/hillary-clinton-favorableunfavorable.html | title=Hillary Clinton, Favorable/Unfavorable, 1993&ndash;2007 | author=Franklin, Charles H | publisher=Political Arithmetik | date=2007-01-21 | accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> The Senate years showed favorable ratings around 50&nbsp;percent and unfavorable ratings in the mid-40&nbsp;percent range; Franklin noted that, "This sharp split is, of course, one of the more widely remarked aspects of Sen. Clinton's public image."<ref name="franklin"/> [[McGill University]] professor of history [[Gil Troy]] titled his 2006 biography of her ''Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady'', and wrote that after the 1992 campaign, Clinton "was a polarizing figure, with 42&nbsp;percent [of the public] saying she came closer to their values and lifestyle than previous first ladies and 41&nbsp;percent disagreeing."<ref>Troy 2006, p. 60.</ref> Troy further wrote that Hillary Clinton "has been uniquely controversial and contradictory since she first appeared on the national radar screen in 1992"<ref name="troy-4"/> and that she "has alternately fascinated, bedeviled, bewitched, and appalled Americans."<ref name="troy-4">Troy 2006, p. 4.</ref> Burrell's study found women consistently rating Clinton more favorably than men by about ten percentage points during her First Lady years.<ref name="burrell-paper"/> Jacobson's study found a positive correlation across all senators between being women and receiving a partisan-polarized response.<ref name="jacob-paper"/> [[Colorado State University]] communication studies professor Karrin Vasby Anderson describes the First Lady position as a "site" for American womanhood, one ready made for the symbolic negotiation of female identity.<ref name="kva1">{{cite book |author=Anderson, Karrin Vasby |editor=Molly Meijer Wertheimer |title=Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century |year=2003 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=0742529711 |pages=21 |chapter=The First Lady: A Site of 'American Womanhood'}}</ref> In particular, Anderson states there has been a cultural bias towards traditional first ladies and a cultural prohibition against modern first ladies; by the time of Clinton, the First Lady position had become a site of [[heterogeneity]] and [[paradox]].<ref name="kva1"/> Burrell, as well as biographers [[Jeff Gerth]] and [[Don Van Natta, Jr.]], note that Clinton achieved her highest approval ratings as First Lady late in 1998, not for any professional or political achievement of her own but for being seen as the victim of her husband's very public infidelity.<ref name="burrell-paper"/><ref name="gerth-195"/> [[Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|University of Pennsylvania]] communications professor [[Kathleen Hall Jamieson]] saw Hillary Clinton as an exemplar of the [[double bind]], who though able to live in a "both-and" world of both career and family, nevertheless "became a surrogate on whom we projected our attitudes about attributes once thought incompatible", leading to her being placed in a variety of [[no-win situation]]s.<ref name="khj1"/> [[University of Indianapolis]] English professor Charlotte Templin found [[political cartoon]]ists using a variety of stereotypes — such as gender reversal, radical feminist as emasculator and the wife the husband wants to get rid of — to portray Hillary Clinton as violating [[gender norms]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Templin, Charlotte | year=1999 |title=Hillary Clinton as Threat to Gender Norms: Cartoon Images of the First Lady |journal=Journal of Communication Inquiry |volume=23 | issue=1 | pages=20–36 |doi=10.1177/0196859999023001002}}</ref> [[List of books about Hillary Rodham Clinton|Over fifty books and scholarly works have been written about Hillary Clinton]], from many different perspectives. A 2006 survey by ''[[The New York Observer]]'' found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature",<ref name="obs031206">{{cite web | url=http://www.observer.com/node/38532 | title=Da Hillary Code | author= Smith, Ben | work=The New York Observer | date=2006-03-12 | accessdate=2007-10-03}}</ref> put out by [[Regnery Publishing]] and other conservative imprints,<ref name="obs031206"/> with titles such as ''[[Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House]]'', ''Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House'', and ''Can She Be Stopped? : Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless ....'' Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well<ref name="obs031206"/> (other than the memoirs written by her and her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, a number of fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7DE1E31F934A15753C1A9669C8B63 | author=Levy, Clifford J | title= Clinton Rivals Raise Little Besides Rage | work=The New York Times | date=2000-10-27 | accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> Van Natta, Jr. found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "[[bogeyman]]" to mention in fundraising letters,<ref name="nyt071099"/> on a par with [[Ted Kennedy]] and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning [[Newt Gingrich]].<ref name="nyt071099">{{cite news | author=[[Don Van Natta, Jr.|Van Natta Jr., Don]] | title= Hillary Clinton's Campaign Spurs A Wave of G.O.P. Fund-Raising | work=The New York Times | date=1999-07-10 | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E3D9123CF933A25754C0A96F958260 | accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref> Going into the early stages of her presidential campaign for 2008, a ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine cover showed a large picture of her, with two [[checkbox]]es labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her",<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20060828,00.html | title=The Presidential Ambitions of Hillary Clinton | date=2006-08-26 | work =Time | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> while ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/01/harpy_hero_heretic_hillary.html |title=Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary | author=[[Jack Hitt|Hitt, Jack]] | work=Mother Jones |date=January/February 2007 | accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> Democratic [[netroots]] activists consistently rated Clinton very low in polls of their desired candidates,<ref>{{cite news | author=[[David Brooks (journalist)|Brooks, David]] | title=The Center Holds | work=The New York Times | date=2007-09-25 | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/opinion/25brooks.html | accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref> while some conservative figures such as [[Bruce Bartlett]] and [[Christopher Ruddy]] were declaring a Hillary Clinton presidency not so bad after all<ref>{{cite web | author=[[Bruce Bartlett|Bartlett, Bruce]] | title=Get Ready for Hillary | publisher=Creators Syndicate | url=http://www.creators.com/opinion/bruce-bartlett/conservatives-for-hillary.html | date=2007-05-01 | accessdate=2007-09-30}} </ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/19/us/politics/19clinton.html?em&ex=1172034000&en=03978a5bd62bb606 | author=Kirkpatrick, David D. | title=As Clinton Runs, Some Old Foes Stay on Sideline | work=The New York Times | date=2007-02-19 | accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref> and an October 2007 cover of ''[[The American Conservative]]'' magazine was titled "The Waning Power of Hillary Hate".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.amconmag.com/2007/2007_10_22/index1.html | title=Contents: October 22, 2007 Issue | work=The American Conservative | date=2007-10-22 | accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> By December 2007, communications professor Jamieson observed that there was a large amount of [[misogyny]] present about Clinton on the Internet,<ref name="bmj120707">{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/12072007/transcript1.html | title=Transcript: December 7, 2007 | work=Bill Moyers Journal | publisher=PBS | date=2007-12-07 | accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> up to and including [[Facebook]] and other sites devoted to depictions reducing Clinton to sexual humiliation.<ref name="bmj120707"/> She noted that, in response to widespread commenting on the nature of Clinton's laugh,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/02/AR2007100201940.html | title=Hillary Chuckles; Pundits Snort | author=[[Howard Kurtz|Kurtz, Howard]] | work=The Washington Post | date=2007-10-03 | accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> that "We know that there's language to condemn female speech that doesn't exist for male speech. We call women's speech shrill and strident. And Hillary Clinton's laugh was being described as a cackle."<ref name="bmj120707"/> Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents before the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both ''The New York Times'' and ''[[Newsweek]]'' found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse.<ref name="nyt011008">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/us/politics/10women.html | title=Women’s Support for Clinton Rises in Wake of Perceived Sexism author=[[Jodi Kantor|Kantor, Jodi]] | work=The New York Times | date=2008-01-10 | accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref><ref name="nw012108">{{cite news | url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/91795 | title=Letting Hillary Be Hillary | author=[[Jon Meacham|Meacham, Jon]] | work=Newsweek | date=2008-01-21 | accessdate=2008-03-16}}</ref> ''Newsweek'' editor [[Jon Meacham]] summed the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying that the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics."<ref name="nw012108"/> ==Awards and honors== {{main|Hillary Rodham Clinton awards and honors}} Clinton has received over a dozen awards and honors during her career, from both American and international organizations, for her activities concerning health, women, and children. ==Electoral history== {{Election box begin | title=[[New York United States Senate election, 2000]] }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = Hillary Rodham Clinton |votes = 3,747,310 |percentage = 55.3 |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Rick Lazio]] |votes = 2,915,730 |percentage = 43.0 |change = }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin | title=[[United States Senate election in New York, 2006|New York United States Senate election, 2006]] }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = Hillary Rodham Clinton<br />(Incumbent) |votes = 3,008,428 |percentage = 67.0 |change = +11.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[John Spencer (politician)|John Spencer]] |votes = 1,392,189 |percentage = 31.0 |change = -12.0 }} {{Election box end}} ==Further reading== {{main|List of books about Hillary Rodham Clinton}} ==Footnotes== {{reflist|colwidth=25em}} ==References== *{{cite book |author=[[Carl Bernstein|Bernstein, Carl]] |title=A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton |year=2007 |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |location=New York |isbn=0-3754-0766-9 }} *{{cite book | author=[[David Brock|Brock, David]] | title=The Seduction of Hillary Rodham | publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|The Free Press]] | location=New York | year=1996 | isbn=0-684-83451-0}} *{{cite book |author=Clinton, Hillary Rodham |title=[[Living History]] |location=New York| year=2003 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=0-7432-2224-5 }} *{{cite book |author=[[Jeff Gerth|Gerth, Jeff]]|coauthors= [[Don Van Natta, Jr.|Van Natta, Jr., Don]] |title=Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton |year=2007 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=New York |isbn=0-316-01742-6 }} *{{cite book |author=Morris, Roger |title=Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America |year=1996 |location=New York||publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company|Henry Holt]] |isbn=0-8050-2804-8 }} *{{cite book | author=[[Barbara Olson|Olson, Barbara]] | title=Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton | location=Washington| publisher=[[Regnery Publishing]] | year=1999 | isbn=0-89526-197-9}} *{{cite book | author=[[Gil Troy|Troy, Gil]] | title=Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady | location=Lawrence, Kansas|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] | year=2006 | isbn=0-7006-1488-5}} ==External links== '''Official sites''' {{sisterlinks-author|Hillary Rodham Clinton}} *{{cite web|url=http://clinton.senate.gov|title=Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton|publisher=U.S. Senate}} * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0166921/ Hillary Clinton] at the [[Internet Movie Database]] *{{cite web|url=http://www.hillaryclinton.com|title=Hillary Clinton for President Official Web Site}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/hc42.html|title=Hillary Rodham Clinton|publisher=The White House}} Official Biography of First Lady Clinton. '''Congressional links''' {{CongLinks | surge = 908 | congbio = c001041 | fec = P00003392 | votesmart = WNY99268 | ontheissuespath = Hillary_Clinton.htm}} '''Site directory''' *{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Legislative_Branch/Senate/Members/Clinton,_Hillary_Rodham_%5bD-NY%5d|Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton}} {{s-start}} {{s-legal}} {{s-bef|before=[[F. William McCalpin]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Chairwoman of the [[Legal Services Corporation]]|years=1978 – 1980}} {{s-aft|after=[[F. William McCalpin]]}} {{s-hon}} |- {{s-vac|last=[[Barbara Jean Lunsford Pryor]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of Arkansas]]|years=1979 – 1981}} {{s-aft|after=[[Gay Daniels White]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Gay Daniels White]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of Arkansas]]|years=1983 – 1992}} {{s-aft|after=[[Betty Tucker]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Barbara Bush]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]|years=1993 – 2001}} {{s-aft|after=[[Laura Bush]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Barbara Bush]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities|Honorary Chair of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities]]|years=1993 – 2001|alongside=[[John Brademas]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Laura Bush]]}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{U.S. Senator box | state=New York | class=1 | before=[[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] | start=2001 | alongside=[[Charles Schumer]]}} {{s-prec|usa}} {{s-bef|before=[[George H. W. Bush]] (and Barbara Bush if present)}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence]]'''<br />''Former First Lady with [[Bill Clinton]]''|years=}} {{s-aft|after=U.S. ambassadors (while at their posts), otherwise [[Condoleezza Rice]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ben Nelson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence]]'''<br />''[[List of current United States Senators by seniority|United States Senators by seniority]]''|years=}} {{s-aft|after=[[Lisa Murkowski]]}} {{end}} {{Hillary Rodham Clinton}} {{Legal Services Corporation}} {{Rose Law Firm}} {{USFirstLadies}} {{Bill Clinton}} {{NY-FedRep}} {{Current U.S. Senators}} {{USSenNY}} {{United States presidential election, 2008 navigation}} {{NYStatewideOfficials}} {{video game controversy}} <!-- [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME=Clinton, Hillary Rodham |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Rodham, Hillary Diane |SHORT DESCRIPTION=U.S. Senator, U.S. First Lady |DATE OF BIRTH=[[October 26]], [[1947]] |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]] |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH=}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Clinton, Hillary Rodham}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American legal academics]] [[Category:American memoirists]] [[Category:American Methodists]] [[Category:Americans of Dutch descent]] [[Category:Americans of English descent]] [[Category:Americans of French Canadian descent]] [[Category:Americans of Scottish descent]] [[Category:Americans of Welsh descent]] [[Category:Arkansas lawyers]] [[Category:Female lawyers]] [[Category:Female United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:Female United States Senators]] [[Category:First Ladies of the United States]] [[Category:Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Hillary Rodham Clinton| ]] [[Category:New York Democrats]] [[Category:People from Park Ridge, Illinois]] [[Category:Spouses of United States state governors]] [[Category:United States Senators from New York]] [[Category:Current members of the United States Senate]] [[Category:Video game censorship]] [[Category:Wal-Mart people]] [[Category:Wellesley College alumni]] [[Category:Westchester County, New York politicians]] [[Category:Yale Law School alumni]] [[Category:College Republicans]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 2008]] [[af:Hillary Clinton]] [[ar:هيلاري كلينتون]] [[bn:হিলারি ক্লিনটন]] [[zh-min-nan:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[be-x-old:Хілары Клінтан]] [[bs:Hillary Clinton]] [[br:Hillary Clinton]] [[bg:Хилъри Клинтън]] [[ca:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[cs:Hillary Clintonová]] [[cy:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[da:Hillary Clinton]] [[de:Hillary Clinton]] [[et:Hillary Clinton]] [[el:Χίλαρι Κλίντον]] [[es:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[eo:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[eu:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[fa:هیلاری کلینتون]] [[fr:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[ga:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[gl:Hillary Clinton]] [[ko:힐러리 클린턴]] [[hi:हिलेरी रोढम क्लिंटन]] [[hr:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[io:Hillary Clinton]] [[id:Hillary Clinton]] [[is:Hillary Clinton]] [[it:Hillary Clinton]] [[he:הילרי רודהם קלינטון]] [[jv:Hillary Clinton]] [[ka:ჰილარი კლინტონი]] [[sw:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[ku:Hillary Clinton]] [[la:Hillaria Clinton]] [[lb:Hillary Clinton]] [[lt:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[hu:Hillary Clinton]] [[ml:ഹിലരി ക്ലിന്റണ്‍]] [[mr:हिलरी क्लिंटन]] [[ms:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[nl:Hillary Clinton]] [[ja:ヒラリー・クリントン]] [[no:Hillary Clinton]] [[nn:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[oc:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[pl:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[pt:Hillary Clinton]] [[ksh:Hillary Clinton]] [[ro:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[ru:Клинтон, Хиллари]] [[sq:Hillary Clinton]] [[simple:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[sk:Hillary Rodhamová-Clintonová]] [[sl:Hillary Clinton]] [[sr:Хилари Клинтон]] [[fi:Hillary Clinton]] [[sv:Hillary Clinton]] [[ta:இலரி கிளின்டன்]] [[te:హిల్లరీ క్లింటన్]] [[th:ฮิลลารี คลินตัน]] [[vi:Hillary Clinton]] [[tr:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[uk:Клінтон Гілларі]] [[wuu:希拉里·克林吞]] [[yi:הילערי ראדהעם קלינטאן]] [[zh-yue:希拉莉]] [[bat-smg:Hillary Rodham Clinton]] [[zh:希拉里·克林顿]]